Intensive mining of specular Hematite in the Kalahari ca. A.D. 800-1000

Current Anthropology

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 144-150

  Robbins, Lawrence H ^a   Murphy, Michael L ^a   Campbell, Alec C ^b   Brook, George A ^c  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Crocodile Pools   (Botswana)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000591055     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/204703     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. BEAUMONT, P. B. 1973. The ancient pigment mines of southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 69:140-46.
2. BROOK, G. A., J. B. COWART, S. A. BRANDT, AND L. SCOTT. 1997. Quaternary climatic change in southern and eastern Africa during the last 300 ka: The evidence from caves in Somalia and the Transvaal region of South Africa. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, n.s., suppl. 108:15-48.
3. BROOKS, A. S., P. E. HARE, J. E. KOKIS, G. H. MILLER, R. D. ERNST, AND F. WENDORF. 1990. Dating Pleistocene archaeological sites by protein diagenesis in ostrich eggshell. Science 248:60-64.
4. BURCHELL, WILLIAM. 1967 (1822-24), Travels in the interior of southern Africa. Vol. 2. Cape Town: Struik.
5. CAMPBELL, JOHN. 1835. Journal of travels in South Africa. London: Religious Tract Society.
6. CAMPBELL, A. C., J. DENBOW, AND E. WILMSEN. 1994. "Paintings like engravings: Rock art at Tsodilo," in Contested images: Diversity in Southern African rock art. research. Edited by T. A. Dowson and D. L. Williams, pp. 131-58. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
7. DENBOW, J. R., AND E. N. WILMSEN. 1986. Advent and course of pastoralism in the Kalahari. Science 234:1509-15.
8. FRIEDE, H. M., AND R. STEEL. 1976. Tin mining and smelting in the Transvaal during the Iron Age. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 76:461-70.
9. GRIFFIN, J. B. 1961. Lake Superior copper and the Indians: Miscellaneous studies of Great Lakes prehistory. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 17.
10. HALL, M. 1983. Tribes, traditions, and numbers: The American model in southern African Iron Age ceramic studies. South African Archaeological Bulletin 38:51-61.
11. HUFFMAN, T. N. 1980. Ceramics, classification, and Iron Age entities. African Studies 39:124-74.
12. _. 1996. Snakes and crocodiles: Power and symbolism in ancient Zimbabwe. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
13. HUFFMAN, T. N., H. D. VAN DER MERWE, M. R. GRANT, AND G. S. KRUGER. 1995. Early copper mining at Thakadu, Botswana. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 95 (March/April): 53-61.
14. HUMPHREYS, A. J. B. 1974. The occurrence of ostrich egg shells filled with specularite in the northern Cape. South African Journal of Science 70:48.
15. JACOBSON, L. 1977. A pottery cache from the Bethanie District, South West Africa. Cimbebasia 2:228-33.
16. JOVANOVIC, B. 1980. The origins of copper mining in Europe. Scientific American 242:114-20.
17. KINAHAN, J. 1991. Pastoral nomads of the Central Namib Desert: The people history forgot. Windhoek: New Namibia Books.
18. KNAPP, A. B., AND V. PIGOTT. 1997. The archaeology and anthropology of mining: Social approaches to an industrial past. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 38:300-304.
19. LEE, R. B. 1992. Science, or politics? The crisis in huntergatherer studies. American Anthropologist 94:31-54.
20. METHEUN, H. H. 1846. Life in the wilderness. London: Richard Bentley.
21. MILLER, DUNCAN. 1996. The Tsodilo jewelry: Metalwork from northern Botswana. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
22. PHALADI, S. G. G. 1991. Hunter-gatherers and non-huntergatherers: A lithic analysis from N!oma, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
23. ROBBINS, L. H. 1990. The Depression site: A Stone Age sequence in the northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana. National Geographic Research 6:329-38.
24. _. 1996. Evidence of intensive specularite mining at the Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. Paper presented at the 13th biennial Society of Africanist Archaeologists meeting, Poznan, September 3-6.
25. ROBBINS, L. H., AND A. C. CAMPBELL. 1990. Prehistory of mongongo nut exploitation. Botswana Notes and Records 22: 37-42.
26. ROBBINS, L. H., M. L. MURPHY, A. C. CAMPBELL, AND G. A. BROOK. 1996. Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave. Botswana Notes and Records 28:23-45.
27. ROBBINS, L. H., M. L. MURPHY, K. M. STEWART, A. C. CAMPBELL, AND G. A. BROOK. 1994. Barbed bone points, paleoenvironment, and the antiquity of fish exploitation in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana. Journal of Field Archaeology 21: 257-64.
28. SADR, K. 1997. Kalahari archaeology and the Bushman debate. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 38:104-12.
29. SEALY, J., AND R. YATES, 1996, Direct radiocarbon dating of early sheep bones: Two further results. South African Archaeological Bulletin 51:109-10.
30. SINCLAIR, P., T. SHAW, AND B. ANDAH. 1993. "Introduction," in The archaeology of Africa. Edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, and A. Okpoko. London: Routledge.
31. SOLWAY, J. S., AND R. B. LEE. 1990. Foragers, genuine or Spurious? CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 31:109-46.
32. SUMMERS, R. 1969. Ancient mining in Rhodesia and adjacent areas. National Museums of Rhodesia Museum Memoir 3.
33. SWAN, L. 1994. Early gold mining on the Zimbabwean Plateau. Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis Studies in African Archaeology 9.
34. THACKERAY, A. I., J. F. THACKERAY, AND P. B. BEAUMONT. 1983. Excavations at the Blinkldipkop specularite mine near Postmasburg, northern Cape. South African Archaeological Bulletin 38:17-25.
35. TORRENCE, R. 1986. Production and exchange of stone tools: Prehistoric obsidian in the Aegean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. VAN DER MERWE, N. J. 1980. "The advent of iron in Africa," in The coming of the age of iron. Edited by T. A. Wertime and J. D. Muhly. New Haven: Yale University Press.
37. WENNER, D. B., AND N. J. VAN DER MERWE. 1987. Mining for the lowest-grade ore: Traditional iron production in northern Malawi. Geoarchaeology 2:199-216.
38. WILMSEN, E. N., AND J. R. DENBOW. 1990. Paradigmatic history of San-speaking peoples and current attempts at revision. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 31:489-524.
39. YELLEN, J. E. 1990. The transformation of the Kalahari !Kung. Scientific American 262:96-105.
40. YELLEN, J. E., AND A. S. BROOKS. 1989. The Late Stone Age archaeology of the !Kangwa and /Xai /Xai Valleys, Ngamiland. Botswana Notes and Records 20:5-27.