Artificial intelligence-assisted online social therapy for youth mental health

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 8, Issue JUN, 2017, Pages

  D'Alfonso, Simon ^a,b   Santesteban Echarri, Olga ^a,c,d   Rice, Simon ^a,c   Wadley, Greg ^b   Lederman, Reeva ^b   Miles, Christopher ^a   Gleeson, John ^e   Alvarez Jimenez, Mario ^a,c  

^a THE NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI   (Spain)

^e AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chatbots; Computational health; Depression; Psychosis; Sentiment analysis; Youth mental health

Indexed keywords

EID: 85020481004     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00796     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. 3Scale NSL (2011). What is an API? Your Guide to the Internet Business (R)evolution. 3 Scale Infrastruct Program Web, 1-9.
2. Abdul-Kader, S. A., and Woods, J. (2015). Survey on chatbot design techniques in speech conversation systems. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 6, 72-80. doi: 10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060712
3. Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Bendall, S., Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Chinnery, G., Vargas, S., et al. (2013). On the HORYZON: moderated online social therapy for long-term recovery in fi rst episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 143, 143-149. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.009
4. Alvarez-Jimenez, M., and Gleeson, J. F. (2012). Connecting the dots: twenty-first century technologies to tackle twenty-first century challenges in early intervention. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry 46, 1194-1195. doi: 10.1177/0004867412464067
5. álvarez-Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J. F., Bendall, S., Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Killackey, E., et al. (2012). Internet-based interventions for psychosis: a sneak-peek into the future. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 35, 735-747. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2012.06.011
6. álvarez-Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J. F., Rice, S., Gonzalez-Blanch, C., and Bendall, S. (2016). Online peer-to-peer support in youth mental health: seizing the opportunity. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 25, 123-126. doi: 10.1017/s2045796015001092
7. Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Priede, A., Hetrick, S. E., Bendall, S., Killackey, E., Parker, A. G., et al. (2012). Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Schizophr Res. 139, 116-128. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.007
8. Bedi, G., Carrillo, F., Cecchi, G., Slezak, D. F., Sigman, M., Mota, N. B., et al. (2015). Automated analysis of free speech predicts psychosis onset in high-risk youths. Npj Schizophrenia 1, 1-7. doi: 10.1038/npjschz.2015.30
9. Bhargava, V., and Nikhil, M. (2009). An intelligent speech recognition system for education system. Available online at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8ea7/725bab4e390e4d8ab8ebee747d2a5340c3b2.pdf
10. Brewster, S. (2016). Customer service bots are getting better at detecting your agitation. MIT Technol. Rev. Available online at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602352/customer-service-bots-are-getting-better-at-detecting-your-agitation/
11. Burns, J., and Morey, C. (2008). "Technology and young people's mental health and wellbeing," in Challenges in Adolescent Health: An Australian Perspective, eds D. L. Bennet, S. J. Towns, E. J. Elliot, J. Merrick (Melbourne, VIC: International Academic Press), 61-71.
12. Chowdhury, G. (2003). Natural language processing. Annu. Rev. Inf. Sci. Technol. 37, 51-89. doi: 10.1002/aris.1440370103
13. Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Korten, A. E., Brittliffe, K., and Groves, C. (2004). A comparison of changes in anxiety and depression symptoms of spontaneous users and trial participants of a cognitive behavior therapy website. J. Med. Internet Res. 6, 1-11. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6.4.e46
14. Clarke, G., Eubanks, D., Reid, E., Kelleher, C., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., et al. (2005). Overcoming depression on the internet (ODIN) (2): a randomized trial of a self-help depression skills program with reminders. J. Med. Internet Res. 7, 1-12. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.2.e16
15. Collin, P., Rahilly, K., Richardson, I., and Third, A. (2011). Literature Review: The Benefits of Social Networking Services. Melbourne, VIC. Available online at: http://www.fya.org.au/app/theme/default/design/assets/publications/
16. Dennis, C.-L. (2003). Peer support within a health care context: a concept analysis. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 40, 321-332. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00092-5
17. Dredze, M., Paul, M., Bergsma, S., and Tran, H. (2013). "Carmen: a twitter geolocation system with applications to public health," in Workshops at the Twenty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Available online at: http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/WS/AAAIW13/paper/download/7085/6497
18. Easley, D., and Kleinberg, J. (2010). Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning About a Highly Connected World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
19. Gkotsis, G., Oellrich, A., Hubbard, T. J. P., Dobson, R. J. B., Liakata, M., Velupillai, S., et al. (2016). "The language of mental health problems in social media," in Proceedings of the 3rd Work Computational Linguistics Clinical Psychology from Linguist Signal to Clinical Reality (San Diego, CA), 63-73.
20. Gleeson, J. F., álvarez-Jiménez, M., and Lederman, R. (2012). Moderated online social therapy for recovery from early psychosis. Psychiatr. Serv. 63:719. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.20120p719
21. Hagen, P., Collin, P., and Metcalf, A. (2012). Participatory Design of Evidence-Based Online Youth Mental Health Promotion, Intervention and Treatment. Melbourne, VIC: Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre.
22. Houston, T. K., Houston, T. K., Cooper, L. A., Cooper, L. A., and Ford, D. E. (2002). Internet support groups for depression: a 1-year prospective cohort study. Am. J. Psychiatry 159, 2062-2068. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2062
23. Kappas, A., Küster, D., Basedow, C., and Dente, P. (2013). "A validation study of the Affectiva Q-Sensor in different social laboratory situations," in 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (Florence).
24. Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Gleeson, J. F., Bendall, S., and Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2014). Moderated online social therapy: designing and evaluating. ACM Trans. Comput. Interact. 2, 1-27. doi: 10.1145/2513179
25. Lokman, A. S., and Zain, J. M. (2009). "An architectural design of virtual dietitian (ViDi) for diabetic patients," in 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (Beijing), 408-411. doi: 10.1109/iccsit.2009.5234671
26. Lucas, G. M., Gratch, J., King, A., and Morency, L. P. (2014). It's only a computer: virtual humans increase willingness to disclose. Comput. Hum. Behav. 37, 94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.043
27. Margalit, L. (2016). The Psychology of Chatbots. (Accessed August 19, 2016). Available online at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/behind-online-behavior/201607/the-psychology-chatbots
28. Matthews, M., Abdullah, S., Gay, G., and Choudhury, T. (2014). Tracking mental well-being: balancing rich sensing and patient needs. Computer (Long Beach, CA). 47, 36-43.
29. McFarlane, W. R. (2004). Multifamily Groups in the Treatment of Severe Psychiatric Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
30. McFarlane, W. R., Lukens, E., Link, B., Dushay, R., Deakins, S. A., Newmark, M., et al. (1995). Multiple-family groups and psychoeducation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 679-687. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950200069016
31. Mikic, F. A., Burguillo, J. C., Llamas, M., Rodríguez, D. A., and Rodríguez, E. (2009). "CHARLIE: an AIML-based chatterbot which works as an interface among INES and humans," in IEEE Xplore Conference: EAEEIE Annual Conference.
32. Mohr, D. C., Cuijpers, P., and Lehman, K. (2011). Supportive accountability: a model for providing human support to enhance adherence to eHealth interventions. J. Med. Internet Res. 13:e30. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1602
33. Morgan, V., Waterreus, A., Jablensky, A., MacKinnon, A., McGrath, J., Carr, V., et al. (2011). People living with psychotic illness in 2010: the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry 46, 735-752. doi: 10.1177/0004867412449877
34. O'Keeffe, G. S., and Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Am. Acad. Pediatr. 127, 800-804. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054
35. Oppy, G., and Dowe, D. (2016). "The turing test," in Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed N. Z. Edward. Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/turing-test/
36. Pew Research Center. (2014). Pew Internet and American Life Project. Washington, DC. Available online at: http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2014/02/12-internet-users-in-2014.jpg
37. Rice, S., Gleeson, J., Davey, C., Hetrick, S., Parker, A. G., Lederman, R., et al. (2016). Moderated online social therapy for depression relapse prevention in young people: pilot study of a "next generation" online intervention. Early Interv. Psychiatry. doi: 10.1111/eip.12354. [Epub ahead of print].
38. Rice, S. M., Goodall, J., Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Gilbertson, T., Amminger, G. P., et al. (2014). Online and social networking interventions for the treatment of depression in young people: a systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 16, 1-16. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3304
39. Rickwood, D., Telford, N., Mazzer, K., Parker, A., Tanti, C., and McGorry, P. (2015). The services provided to young people by headspace centres in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 202, 533-537. doi: 10.5694/mja14.01695
40. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., and McGorry, P. D. (2014). Headspace-Australia's innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting? Med. J. Aust. 200, 108-111. doi: 10.5694/mja13.11235
41. Saeed, H. (2016). Chatbot's life. Best place to learn about bots. Developing a Chatbot? Learn the Difference Between AI, Machine Learning, and NLP. (Accessed March 20, 2017). Available online at: https://chatbotslife.com/developing-a-chatbot-learn-the-difference-between-ai-machine-learning-and-nlp-40a3f745aec4#.uooug0b3d
42. Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., and Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. Am. Psychol. 61, 774-788. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774
43. Shah, H. (2006). A.L.I.C.E.: an ACE in digitaland. triple C 4, 284-292.
44. Skowron, M., Rank, S., Garcia, D., and Holyst, J. A. (2017). "Zooming in: studying collective emotions with interactive affective systems," in Cyberemotions, Understanding Complex Systems, ed J. A. Holyst (Springer International Publishing Switzerland), 279-304.
45. Smola, A., and Vishwanathan, S. V. N. (2008). Introduction to Machine Learning. Cambridge: University Press.
46. Talbot, D. (2012). Wrist sensor tells you how stressed out you are. MIT Technol. Rev. Available online at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/508716/wrist-sensor-tells-you-how-stressed-out-you-are/
47. Tantam, D. (2006). The machine as psychotherapist: impersonal communication with a machine. Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 12, 416-426. doi: 10.1192/apt.12.6.416
48. Tausczik, Y. R., and Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 29, 24-54. doi: 10.1177/0261927X09351676
49. Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 49, 433-460. doi: 10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
50. Van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E. W. C., Kelders, S. M., and Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Understanding the usage of content in a mental health intervention for depression: an analysis of log data. J. Med. Internet Res. 16, 1-16. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2991
51. Verber, A. (2016). Chat-Bots vs. Google Search. (Accessed August 19, 2016). Available online at: https://medium.com/swlh/chat-bots-vs-google-search-b44d11a53f14#.mzypias25
52. Wadley, G., Lederman, R., Gleeson, J., and Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2013). "Participatory design of an online therapy for youth mental health," in OZCHI'13 Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration (Adelaide, SA). doi: 10.1145/2541016.2541030
53. Weisband, S., and Kiesler, S. (1996). "Self-disclosure on computer forms: meta-analysis and implications," in CHI 96-Electronic Proceedings. Available online at: http://www.sigchi.org/chi96/proceedings/papers/Weisband/sw_txt.htm doi: 10.1145/238386.238387
54. Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. ACM Commun 9, 36-45. doi: 10.1145/365153.365168