Structural drivers of vulnerability to zoonotic disease in Africa

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 372, Issue 1725, 2017, Pages

  Dzingirai, Vupenyu ^a   Bukachi, Salome ^c   Leach, Melissa ^b   Mangwanya, Lindiwe ^a   Scoones, Ian ^b   Wilkinson, Annie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE   (Zimbabwe)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

One health; Political economy; Structural violence; Zoonotic disease

Indexed keywords

DISEASE INCIDENCE; EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE; HEALTH RISK; HEALTH SERVICES; MARGINALIZATION; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SERVICE PROVISION; VIOLENCE; VULNERABILITY;

KENYA; RIFT VALLEY; SIERRA LEONE; ZIMBABWE;

AFRICA; ANIMAL; EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; HUMAN; INVESTMENT; LASSA FEVER; POLITICS; RIFT VALLEY FEVER; TRANSMISSION; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; WARFARE; ZOONOSIS;

AFRICA; ANIMALS; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA; HUMANS; INVESTMENTS; LASSA FEVER; POLITICS; RIFT VALLEY FEVER; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; WARFARE; ZOONOSES;

EID: 85020432707     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0169     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Brownstein JS, Rosen H, Purdy D, Miller JR, Merlino M, Mostashari F, Fish D. 2002 Spatial analysis of West Nile virus: rapid risk assessment of an introduced vector borne zoonosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2, 157–164. (doi: 10.1089/ 15303660260613729)
2. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P. 2008 Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451, 990–993. (doi: 10.1038/nature06536)
3. Ferguson J. 1994 The anti-politics machine: development depoliticisation and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
4. Gibbs PE. 2005 Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community. Vet. Rec. 157, 673–679. (doi: 10.1136/vr.157.22.673)
5. Craddock S, Hinchliffe S. 2015 One world, one health? Social science engagement with the one health agenda. Soc. Sci. Med. 129, 1–4. (doi: 10. 1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.016)
6. Watts M. 2015 Now and then: the origins of political ecology and rebirth of adaptation as a form of thought. In The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology (eds T Perreanault, G Bridge, J McCarthy), pp. 19–50. New York, NY: Routledge.
7. Wallerstein I. 1974 The modern world-system: capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century. New York, NY: Academic Press.
8. Ribot J. 2014 Cause and response: climate vulnerability in the anthropocene. J. Peasant Stud. 41, 667–705. (doi: 10.1080/03066150)
9. McCarthy J. 2001 States of nature and environmental closures in the American West. In Violent environments (eds N Peluso, M Watts), pp. 117–145. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
10. Duffy R. 2010 Nature crime: how we’re getting conservation wrong. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
11. Negri A, Hardt M. 2000 Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Peet R, Watts MJ. 2004 Liberation ecologies. New York, NY: Routledge.
13. Grossmann LS. 1998 The political ecology of bananas: contract farming, peasants and agrarian change in the Eastern Caribbean. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
14. Sundar N. 2001 Beyond the bounds? Violence at the margins of new legal geographies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
15. Watts M. 1983 Silent violence: food, famine and peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
16. Farmer P. 2001 Infections and inequalities: the modern plagues. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
17. Farmer P. 2003 Pathologies of power: health, human rights and the new war on the poor. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
18. Farmer P. 2013 To repair the world: Paul Farmer speaks to the next generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
19. Mangwanya L, Dzingirai V, Mukamuri BB. In press. Tsetse and livelihoods in the Zambezi Valley. Zambezia J. Humanities.
20. Dzingirai V et al. 2016 Zoonotic diseases: who gets sick, and why? Explorations from Africa. Crit. Public Health 27, 97–110. (doi: 10.1080/09581596.2016. 1187260)
21. Matawa F, Murwira A, Zengeya F, Artikinson P. 2016 Modelling the spatial-temporal distribution of tsetse (Glossina pallidipes) as a function of topography and vegetation greenness in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe. Appl. Geogr. 76, 198–206. (doi: 10. 1016/j.apgeog.2016.09.008)
22. Hughes D. 2006 Hydrology of hope: farms, conservation and whiteness in Zimbabwe. Am. Ethnologist 33, 269–287. (doi: 10.1525/ae. 2006.33.2.269)
23. Murombedzi JC. 1994 The dynamics of conflict in environmental management policy in the context of the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE). Dissertation, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
24. Reynolds P. 1991 Dance the civet cat: child labour in the Zambezi Valley. Columbus, OH: Ohio University Press.
25. Rutherford B. 2001 Working on the margins: black workers, white farmers in post colonial Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.
26. Duggan WR. 1980 The Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951 and the rural African middle class of Southern Rhodesia. Afr. Aff. 79, 238–239. (doi: 10. 1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097207)
27. Chimhowu A, Hulme D. 2003 Livelihood dynamics in planned and spontaneous resettlement in Zimbabwe: converging and vulnerable. World Dev. 34, 728–750. (doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.011)
28. Lan D. 1985 Guns and rain: guerrillas and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe. London, UK: James Currey.
29. Cilliers JC. 1985 Counter insurgency in Rhodesia. London, UK: Croom Helm.
30. Dzingirai V, Mangwanya L. 2015 Struggles over carbon in the Zambezi Valley: the case of Kariba REDD in Hurungwe Zimbabwe. In Carbon conflicts and forest landscapes in Africa (eds M Leach, I Scoones), pp. 142–163. New York, NY: Routledge.
31. Dzingirai V, Shereni W, Murwira A. 2014 Research update: Zimbabwe situation report. Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
32. Van den Bossche P. 2001 Some general aspects of the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in southern Africa. Int. J. Parasitol. 31, 592–598. (doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519 (01) 00146-1)
33. Derman W. 2011 Nature, development and culture in the Zambezi Valley. In Life and death matters: human rights, environment, and social justice (ed. BR Johnston), pp. 101–124. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
34. Bird C, Metcalf S. 1995 Two views from CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe’s Hurungwe District. Wildlife and Development Series 5. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development.
35. Kapfumvuti J. 2015 Kariba Redd and competition for livelihoods in Zimbabwe. Dissertation, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.
36. Spierenburg M. 2001 Moving into another spirit province: immigrants and the Mhondoro cult in northern Zimbabwe. In Mobile Africa: changing patterns of movement in Africa and beyond (eds M de Bruijn, H Van Dijk, D Foecke), pp. 47–62. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
37. Environment Africa. 2009 Baseline survey of livelihoods in Hurungwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Environment Africa.
38. WHO. 2015 Ebola Situation Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
39. Bausch DG, Schwarz L. 2014 Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea: where ecology meets economy. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e3056. (doi: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0003056)
40. Quammen D. 2014 Ebola: the natural and human history of a deadly virus. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
41. Sogoba N, Feldmann H, Safronetz D. 2012 Lassa fever in West Africa: evidence for an expanded region of endemicity. Zoonoses Public Health 59, 43–47. (doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01469.x)
42. Brooks GEJ. 1998 Ecological perspectives on Mande population movements, commercial networks, and settlement patterns from the Atlantic Wet Phase (ca. 5500–2500 B.C.) to the present. History Afr. 16, 23–40. (doi: 10.2307/3171777)
43. Fairhead J, Leach M. 1996 Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
44. Bonwitt J et al. 2016 Rat-atouille: a mixed method study to characterize rodent hunting and consumption in the context of Lassa fever. EcoHealth 13, 234–247. (doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1098-8)
45. Leach M et al. 2017 Local disease–ecosystem-livelihood dynamics: reflections from comparative case studies in Africa. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372, 20160163. (doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0163)
46. Moses L. 2013 Village-level distribution of Mastomys natalensis and arenavirus in Eastern Sierra Leone. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University.
47. Wilkinson A. Submitted. Emerging disease or emerging diagnosis: lassa fever and Ebola in Sierra Leone. Anthropological Q.
48. Schoepp RJ, Rossi CA, Khan SH, Goba A, Fair JN. 2014 Undiagnosed acute viral febrile illnesses, Sierra Leone. Emerging Infect. Dis. 20, 1176. (doi: 10.3201/ eid2007.131265)
49. Lo Lacono G et al. 2015 Using modelling to disentangle the relative contributions of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission: the case of Lassa fever. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9, e3398. (doi: 10.1371/ journal.pntd.0003398)
50. Leach M. 1994 Rainforest relations: gender and resource use among the Mende of Gola, Sierra Leone. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
51. Green T. 2012 Rise of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
52. Fyfe CA. 1962 History of Sierra Leone. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
53. McGovern M. 2012 Unmasking the state: making Guinea modern. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
54. Wilkinson A, Leach M. 2015 Briefing: Ebola—myths, realities, and structural violence. Afr. Aff. 114, 136–148. (doi: 10.1093/ afraf/adu080)
55. Leach M. 2015 The Ebola crisis and post-2015 development. J. Int. Dev. 27, 816–834. (doi: 10. 1002/jid.3112)
56. Reno W. 1995 Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
57. Fairhead J. 2016 Understanding social resistance to Ebola response in the forest region of the Republic of Guinea: an anthropological perspective. Afr. Stud. Rev. 59, 7–31.
58. The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 2015 Panama Papers: the power players. https://panamapapers.icij.org/the_power_players/.
59. Tran M. 2013 Sierra Leone’s smallholder farmers ‘worse off’ after large land deals. The Guardian, 26 July.
60. Pearce F. 2012 The landgrabbers: the new fight over who owns the earth. New York, NY: Random House.
61. Kentikelenis A, King L, McKee M, Stuckler D. 2015 The international monetary fund and the Ebola outbreak. Lancet Global Health. 3, e69–e70. (doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (14) 70377-8)
62. GAVI Vaccine Alliance. 2013 GAVI review of health system strengthening in Sierra Leone. Geneva, Switzerland: GAVI Vaccine Alliance.
63. Leach M, Fairhead J, Millimouno D. 2008 New therapeutic landscapes in Africa: parental categories and practices in seeking infant health in the Republic of Guinea. Soc. Sci. Med. 66, 2157–2167. (doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.039)
64. Wilkinson A. 2013 The process and practice of diagnosis: innovations in diagnostics for Lassa fever in Sierra Leone. Brighton, UK: University of Sussex.
65. Waldman L. 2015 Urbanisation, the peri-urban growth and zoonotic disease. IDS Practice Paper in Brief 22. Brighton, UK: IDS.
66. Wilkinson A, Brima A. 2016 The Ebola crisis: inequality and distrust. In World Social Science Report. Challenging inequalities: pathways to a just world (UNESCO, IDS, ISSC), pp. 144–145. Paris, France: UNESCO/International Social Science Council.
67. Rich KM, Wanyoike F. 2010 An assessment of the regional and national socio-economic impacts of the 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 52–57. (doi: 10.4269/ ajtmh.2010.09-0291)
68. Woods CW et al. 2002 An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerging Infect. Dis. 8 138–144. (doi: 10.3201/eid0802. 010023)
69. Nguku P et al. 2010 An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya: 2006–2007. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85, 5–13. (doi: 10.4269/ ajtmh.2010.09-0288)
70. Laitin D. 1977 Politics, language and thought: the Somali experience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
71. Howard RE. 1986 Human rights in Commonwealth Africa. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc.
72. Government of the Republic of Kenya. 2007 Vision 2030. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of State for Planning.
73. Government of Kenya. 2012 Laws of Kenya. Tana and Athi Rivers Development authority Act, Cpt 443 (Revised edition). Nairobi, Kenya: National Council for the Law reporting with the Authority of the Attorney General.
74. TARDA. 2016 About TARDA. http/ww.tarda.co.ke/ about-tarda.
75. Lebrun L, Hamerlynck D, Duvail O, Nyunja J. 2010 The importance of flexibility: an analysis of the large-scale Tana delta irrigation project in Kenya, implemented under an estate system. In Shared waters, shared opportunities (eds B Calas, CA Mumma Martinon), pp. 261–282. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
76. SIF (Secours Islamique France). 2013 SIF-Tana River, Tana Delta, Ijara, Lamu Assessment Report. May 2013. Nairobi, Kenya: SIF.
77. Kanyinga K. 2006 Ethnic inequalities and governance of the public sector in Kenya. In Ethnicity, inequalities and public sector governance (ed. Y Bangura), pp. 261–281. London, UK: Pelgrave Macmillan.
78. Jost CC, Nzietchueng S, Kihu S, Bett B, Njogu G, Swai ES, Mariner JC. 2010 Epidemiological assessment of the Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya and Tanzania in 2006 and 2007. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 65–72. (doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010. 09-0290)
79. Emerton L. 2003 Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning. Case studies in wetland valuation no. 6. In Integrating wetland economic values into river basin management (ed. IUCN). Colombo, Sri Lanka: IUCN.
80. Farah KO, Nyariki DM, Noor AA, Ngugi RK, Musimba NK. 2001 The socio-economic and ecological impacts of small-scale irrigation schemes on pastoralists and drylands in Northern Kenya. J. Soc. Sci. 7, 267–274.
81. Arum SO, Weldon CW, Orindi B, Landmann T, Tchouassi DP, Affognon HD, Sang R. 2015 Distribution and diversity of the vectors of Rift Valley fever along the livestock movement routes in the north eastern and coastal regions of Kenya. Parasites Vectors 8, 294. (doi: 10: 1186/513071-015-0907-1)
82. Rawlence B. 2016 City of thorns: nine lives in the world’s largest refugee camp. Toronto, Canada: Random House.
83. FAO. 1998 Pastoralists in eastern Africa hard hit by Rift Valley fever and other diseases. FAO Newsroom Historic Archives. See http://www.fao.org/english/ newsroom/highlights/1998/980203-e.htm.
84. Scoones I. 1995 Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa. London, UK: IT Publishers.
85. Muriuki GW, Njoka TJ, Reid RS, Nyariki DM. 2005 Tsetse control and land-use change in Lambwe Valley, south-western Kenya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 106, 99–107. (doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.04.005)
86. Adekunle OA, Oladele OI, Olukaiyeja TD. 2001 Indigenous control methods for pests and diseases of cattle in Northern Nigeria. Livestock Res. Rural Dev. 14. http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd14/2/ adek142.htm.
87. Bardosh K. 2014 Global aspirations, local realities: the role of social science research in controlling neglected tropical diseases. Infect. Dis. Poverty 3, 35. (doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-35)
88. Lapinski MK, Funk JA, Moccia LT. 2014 Recommendations for the role of social science research in One Health. Soc. Sci. Med. 129, 51–60. (doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.048)
89. Lam P. 2010 One world, one health—a utopian dream or a reality. One Health Newsletter, January.