Central Tibetan Plateau atmospheric trace metals contamination: A 500-year record from the Puruogangri ice core

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 601-602, Issue , 2017, Pages 1349-1363

  Beaudon, Emilie ^a   Gabrielli, Paolo ^a,b   Sierra Hernández, M Roxana ^a   Wegner, Anna ^a   Thompson, Lonnie G ^a,b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ice core; Metallurgy; Monsoon; Tibet; Trace elements; Westerlies

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; COAL COMBUSTION; DEPOSITION; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; LEAD; LEAD SMELTING; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; METALLURGY; POLLUTION; SILVER; SMELTING; SNOW; STEELMAKING; STRONTIUM; TITANIUM; TRACE ELEMENTS; URANIUM; ZINC; ZINC SMELTING;

ANTHROPOGENIC DEPOSITION; ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC CONTRIBUTIONS; CENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU; ICE CORE; MONSOON; TIBET; WESTERLIES;

ICE;

ALUMINUM; ANTIMONY; ARSENIC; BARIUM; BISMUTH; CADMIUM; CESIUM; CHROMIUM; COBALT; COPPER; GALLIUM; IRON; LEAD; LITHIUM; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; NICKEL; NIOBIUM; RUBIDIUM; SILVER; SODIUM; STRONTIUM; THALLIUM; TIN; TITANIUM; TRACE ELEMENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; URANIUM; VANADIUM; ZINC;

ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; COMBUSTION; DEVELOPING WORLD; ICE CAP; ICE CORE; METALLURGY; MONSOON; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; TRACE METAL; WESTERLY;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CHINA; COMBUSTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DUST; INDIA; INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION; IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY; METALLURGY; POLLUTION; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUMMER; TIBET; VOLCANO; WESTERLIES; WIND;

CHINA; INDIA; KYRGYZSTAN; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PHILIPPINES; PURUOGANGRI GLACIER; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU; USSR; XIZANG;

EID: 85020260116     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.195     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Aizen, V., Mayewski, P., Aizen, E., Joswiak, D., Surazakov, A., Kaspari, S., Grigholm, B., Krachler, M., Handley, M., Finaev, A., Stable-isotope and trace element time series from Fedchenko glacier (Pamirs) snow/firn cores. J. Glaciol., 55, 2009, 275291.
2. 18O records. Clim. Past 12 (2016), 201–211.
3. Antón, M., Spears, D., Somoano, M., Tarazona, M., Thallium in coal: analysis and environmental implications. Fuel 105 (2013), 13–18.
4. Austin, L.S., Millward, G.E., Simulated effects of tropospheric emissions on the global antimony cycle. Atmos. Environ. 22 (1988), 1395–1403 1967.
5. Baker, M.S., Elias, N., Guzmán, E., Soto-Viruet, Y., Mineral facilities of Northern and Central Eurasia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1255. 2010.
6. Barbante, C., Boutron, C.F., Morel, C., Ferrari, C., Jaffrezo, J.L., Cozzi, G., Gaspari, V., Cescon, P., Seasonal variations of heavy metals in central Greenland snow deposited from 1991 to 1995. J. Environ. Monit. 5 (2003), 328–335.
7. Bauer, K., Common property and power: insights from a spatial analysis of historical and contemporary pasture boundaries among pastoralists in Central Tibet. J. Polit. Ecol., 2006.
8. Bi, X., Feng, X., Yang, Y., Qiu, G., Li, G., Quantitative assessment of cadmium emission from zinc smelting and its influences on the surface soils and mosses in Hezhang County, Southwestern China. Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006), 4228–4233.
9. Bollasina, M., Ming, Y., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M., Naik, V., Contribution of local and remote anthropogenic aerosols to the twentieth century weakening of the South Asian Monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (2014), 680–687.
10. Bonasoni, P., Laj, P., Marinoni, A., Sprenger, M., Angelini, F., Arduini, J., et al. Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (2010), 7515–7531.
11. Chang, K.-S., Nuclei-formation of communist China's iron and steel industry. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 60 (1970), 257–283.
12. Chen, P., Kang, S., Bai, J., Sillanpää, M., Li, C., Yak dung combustion aerosols in the Tibetan Plateau: chemical characteristics and influence on the local atmospheric environment. Atmos. Res., 156, 2015, 5866.
13. Chu, G., Sun, Q., Wang, X., Sun, J., Snow anomaly events from historical documents in eastern China during the past two millennia and implication for low-frequency variability of AO/NAO and PDO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 2008.
14. Cong, Z., Kang, S., Liu, X., Wang, G., Elemental composition of aerosol in the Nam Co region, Tibetan Plateau, during summer monsoon season. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007), 1180–1187.
15. Cong, Z., Kang, S., Dong, S., Liu, X., Qin, D., Elemental and individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols from high Himalayas. Environ. Monit. Assess. 160 (2010), 323–335.
16. Cong, Z., Kang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements to central Tibetan Plateau. Appl. Geochem. 25 (2010), 1415–1421.
17. Cong, Z., Kang, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, S., Wang, Z., Liu, B., Wan, X., New insights into trace element wet deposition in the Himalayas: amounts, seasonal patterns, and implications. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 (2015), 2735–2744.
18. Craddock, P., Gurjar, L., Hegde, K., Zinc production in medieval India. World Archaeol. 15 (2010), 211–217.
19. Currell, M., Cartwright, I., Raveggi, M., Han, D., Controls on elevated fluoride and arsenic concentrations in groundwater from the Yuncheng Basin, China. Appl. Geochem. 26 (2011), 540–552.
20. Davis, M., Thompson, L., Yao, T., Wang, N., Forcing of the Asian monsoon on the Tibetan Plateau: evidence from high-resolution ice core and tropical coral records. J. Geophys. Res., 110, 2005.
21. Dean, W., Trace and Minor Elements in Evaporites. SC4, 1987, The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM) Marine Evaporites.
22. Dean, W., Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. 2013.
23. Duce, R.A., Hoffman, G.L., Zoller, W.H., Atmospheric trace metals at remote northern and southern hemisphere sites: pollution or natural?. Science 187 (1975), 59–61.
24. Eichler, A., Olivier, S., Henderson, K., Laube, A., Beer, J., Papina, T., Gäggeler, H., Schwikowski, M., Temperature response in the Altai region lags solar forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 2009.
25. Eichler, A., Tobler, L., Eyrikh, S., Gramlich, G., Malygina, N., Papina, T., Schwikowski, M., Three centuries of Eastern European and Altai lead emissions recorded in a Belukha ice core. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 4323–4330.
26. Eichler, A., Tobler, L., Eyrikh, S., Malygina, N., Papina, T., Schwikowski, M., Ice-core based assessment of historical anthropogenic heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Sb, Zn) emissions in the Soviet Union. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2014), 2635–2642.
27. Erel, Y., Dayan, U., Rabi, R., Rudich, Y., Stein, M., Trans boundary transport of pollutants by atmospheric mineral dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006), 2996–3005.
28. Fan, Q., Lai, Z., Long, H., Sun, Y., Liu, X., OSL chronology for lacustrine sediments recording high stands of Gahai Lake in Qaidam Basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Quat. Geochronol. 5 (2010), 223–227.
29. Farmer, A.A., Farmer, A.M., Concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in livestock feed and organs around a metal production centre in eastern Kazakhstan. Sci. Total Environ. 257 (2000), 53–60.
30. Ferrari, C., Clotteau, T., Thompson, L., Barbante, C., Cozzi, G., Cescon, P., Hong, S., Maurice-Bourgoin, L., Francou, B., Boutron, C., Heavy metals in ancient tropical ice: initial results. Atmos. Environ., 35, 2001, 58095815.
31. Flegal, R., Gallon, C., Ganguli, P., Conaway, C., All the lead in China. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2013), 1869–1944.
32. Fu, P., Huang, J., Li, C., Zhong, S., The properties of dust aerosol and reducing tendency of the dust storms in northwest China. Atmos. Environ. 42 (2008), 5896–5904.
33. Gabrielli, P., Barbante, C., Boutron, C., Cozzi, G., Gaspari, V., Planchon, F., Ferrari, C., Turetta, C., Hong, S., Cescon, P., Variations in atmospheric trace elements in Dome C (East Antarctica) ice over the last two climatic cycles. Atmos. Environ. 39 (2005), 6420–6429.
34. Gabrielli, P., Cozzi, G., Torcini, S., Cescon, P., Barbante, C., Trace elements in winter snow of the Dolomites (Italy): a statistical study of natural and anthropogenic contributions. Chemosphere 72 (2008), 1504–1509.
35. Gabrielli, P., Hardy, D., Kehrwald, N., Davis, M., Cozzi, G., Turetta, C., Barbante, C., Thompson, L., Deglaciated areas of Kilimanjaro as a source of volcanic trace elements deposited on the ice cap during the late Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev., 93, 2014, 110.
36. 18O reflects abrupt shifts in atmospheric circulation in the late 1970s. Clim. Dyn. 46 (2016), 291–302.
37. Goudie, A., Dust storms: recent developments. J. Environ. Manag. 90 (2009), 89–94.
38. Grigholm, B., Mayewski, P., Kang, S., Zhang, Y., Morgenstern, U., Schwikowski, M., et al. Twentieth century dust lows and the weakening of the westerly winds over the Tibetan Plateau. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (2015), 2434–2441.
39. Grigholm, B., Mayewski, P.A., Aizen, V., Kreutz, K., Wake, C.P., Aizen, E., Kang, S., Maasch, K.A., Handley, M.J., Sneed, S.B., Mid-twentieth century increases in anthropogenic Pb, Cd and Cu in central Asia set in hemispheric perspective using Tien Shan ice core. Atmos. Environ. 131 (2016), 17–28.
40. Guo, Q., Hydrogeochemistry of high-temperature geothermal systems in China: a review. Appl. Geochem. 27 (2012), 1887–1898.
41. Guo, Q., Wang, Y., Trace element hydrochemistry indicating water contamination in and around the Yangbajing geothermal field, Tibet, China. B Environ. Contam. Tox 83 (2009), 608–613.
42. Guo, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, W., Hydrogeochemistry and environmental impact of geothermal waters from Yangyi of Tibet, China. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 180 (2009), 9–20.
43. Gustafsson, O., Kruså, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R.J., Granat, L., Engström, E., Praveen, P.S., Rao, P.S., Leck, C., Rodhe, H., Brown clouds over South Asia: biomass or fossil fuel combustion?. Science 323 (2009), 495–498.
44. Han, Y., Fang, X., Zhao, T., Bai, H., Kang, S., Song, L., Suppression of precipitation by dust particles originated in the Tibetan Plateau. Atmos. Environ. 43 (2009), 568–574.
45. Hegde, K., Zinc and brass production in ancient India. Interdiscip. Sci. Rev. 14 (1989), 86–96.
46. Hillman, A., Yu, J., Abbott, M., Cooke, C., Bain, D., Steinman, B., Rapid environmental change during dynastic transitions in Yunnan Province, China. Quat. Sci. Rev. 98 (2014), 24–32.
47. Hillman, A., Abbott, M., Yu, J., Bain, D., Chiou-Peng, T., Environmental legacy of copper metallurgy and Mongol silver smelting recorded in Yunnan Lake sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2015), 3349–3357.
48. Hinkley, T., Lamothe, P., Wilson, S., Finnegan, D., Gerlach, T., Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 170 (1999), 315–325.
49. Hong, S., Lee, K., Hou, S., Hur, S., Ren, J., Burn, L., Rosman, K., Barbante, C., Boutron, C., An 800-year record of atmospheric As, Mo, Sn, and Sb in central Asia in high-altitude ice cores from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), Himalayas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009), 8060–8065.
50. Hou, Z., Cook, N.J., Metallogenesis of the Tibetan collisional orogen: a review and introduction to the special issue. Ore Geol. Rev., 2009.
51. Huang, X., Sillanpää, M., Duo, B., Gjessing, E., Water quality in the Tibetan Plateau: metal contents of four selected rivers. Environ. Pollut. Barking Essex, 156, 2008.
52. Hudson, A., Quade, J., Long-term east-west asymmetry in monsoon rainfall on the Tibetan Plateau. Geology 41 (2013), 351–354.
53. Huss, M., Farinotti, D., Distributed ice thickness and volume of all glaciers around the globe. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 2012, 117 2003. (2012 n/a–n/a).
54. HYDE database, History Database of the Global Environment. http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/productiondata/index-2.html, 2015.
55. Indoitu, R., Orlovsky, L., Orlovsky, N., Dust storms in Central Asia: spatial and temporal variations. J. Arid Environ. 85 (2012), 62–70.
56. Jin, Z., Han, Y., Chen, L., Past atmospheric Pb deposition in Lake Qinghai, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. J. Paleolimnol. 43 (2010), 551–563.
57. Joswiak, D., Yao, T., Wu, G., Tian, L., Xu, B., Ice-core evidence of westerly and monsoon moisture contributions in the central Tibetan Plateau. J. Glaciol. 59 (2013), 56–66 (11).
58. Kang, S., Mayewski, P., Qin, D., Yan, Y., Hou, S., Zhang, D., Ren, J., Kruetz, K., Glaciochemical records from a Mt. Everest ice core: relationship to atmospheric circulation over Asia. Atmos. Environ., 36, 2002, 33513361.
59. Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Kaspari, S., Qin, D., Cong, Z., Ren, J., Mayewski, P., Spatial and seasonal variations of elemental composition in Mt. Everest (Qomolangma) snow/firn. Atmos. Environ., 41, 2007, 72087218.
60. Kang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Grigholm, B., Kaspari, S., Qin, D., Ren, J., Mayewski, P., Variability of atmospheric dust loading over the central Tibetan Plateau based on ice core glaciochemistry. Atmos. Environ. 44 (2010), 2980–2989.
61. Kang, S., Huang, J., Wang, F., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, C., et al. Atmospheric mercury depositional chronology reconstructed from Lake sediments and ice core in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016), 2859–2869.
62. Kaspari, S., Mayewski, P., Handley, M., Kang, S., Hou, S., Sneed, S., Maasch, K., Qin, D., A high-resolution record of atmospheric dust composition and variability since A.D. 1650 from a Mount Everest ice core. J. Clim. 22 (2009), 3910–3925.
63. Kaspari, S., Mayewski, P., Handley, M., Osterberg, E., Kang, S., Sneed, S., Hou, S., Qin, D., Recent increases in atmospheric concentrations of Bi, U, Cs, S and Ca from a 350-year Mount Everest ice core record. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009.
64. Krachler, M., Zheng, J., Koerner, R., Zdanowicz, C., Fisher, D., Shotyk, W., Increasing atmospheric antimony contamination in the northern hemisphere: snow and ice evidence from Devon Island, Arctic Canada. J. Environ. Monit. 7 (2005), 1169–1176.
65. Krachler, M., Zheng, J., Fisher, D., Shotyk, W., Global atmospheric As and Bi contamination preserved in 3000 year old Arctic ice. Glob. Biogeochem. Cy, 23, 2009 (n/a–n/a).
66. Kreutz, K., Sholkovitz, E., Major element, rare earth element, and sulfur isotopic composition of a high-elevation firn core: sources and transport of mineral dust in central Asia. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, 2000 (n/a–n/a).
67. Lafitte, G., Spoiling Tibet: China and Resource Nationalism on the Roof of the World. 2013, Zed Books, London.
68. 2 and trace metals: a new approach. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac 52 (1988), 39–42.
69. Le Cloarec, M.F., Allard, P., Ardouin, B., Radioactive isotopes and trace elements in gaseous emissions from White Island, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 108 (1992), 19–28.
70. Lee, K., Hur, S., Hou, S., Hong, S., Qin, X., Ren, J., Liu, Y., Rosman, K., Barbante, C., Boutron, C., Atmospheric pollution from trace elements in the remote high-altitude atmosphere in central Asia as recorded in snow from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) of the Himalayas. Sci. Total Environ. 404 (2008), 171–181.
71. Lee, C., Qi, S., Zhang, G., Luo, C., Zhao, L., Li, X., Seven thousand years of records on the mining and utilization of metals from lake sediments in Central China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008), 4732–4738.
72. Lee, K., Hur, S., Hou, S., Burn-Nunes, L., Hong, S., Barbante, C., Boutron, C., Rosman, K., Isotopic signatures for natural versus anthropogenic Pb in high-altitude Mt. Everest ice cores during the past 800 years. Sci. Total Environ. 412–413 (2011), 194–202.
73. Li, W., Yang, D.T., The great leap forward: anatomy of a central planning disaster. J. Polit. Econ., 2005.
74. Li, Z., Yao, T., Tian, L., Xu, B., Li, Y., Atmospheric Pb variations in Central Asia since 1955 from Muztagata ice core record, eastern Pamirs. Chin. Sci. Bull. 51 (2006), 1996–2000.
75. Li, C., Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Elemental composition of Tibetan Plateau top soils and its effect on evaluating atmospheric pollution transport. Environ. Pollut. 157 (2009), 2261–2265.
76. Li, C., Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Geochemical evidence on the source regions of Tibetan Plateau dusts during non-monsoon period in 2008/09. Atmos. Environ. 59 (2012), 382–388.
77. Liu, Y., Hou, S., Hong, S., Hur, S., Lee, K., Wang, Y., High-resolution trace element records of an ice core from the eastern Tien Shan, central Asia, since 1953 AD. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2011, 116 (1984–2012).
78. Lüthi, Z., Škerlak, B., Kim, S.-W., Lauer, A., Mues, A., Rupakheti, M., Kang, S., Atmospheric brown clouds reach the Tibetan Plateau by crossing the Himalayas. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (2015), 6007–6021.
79. Marx, S.K., Kamber, B.S., McGowan, H.A., Scavenging of atmospheric trace metal pollutants by mineral dusts: inter-regional transport of Australian trace metal pollution to New Zealand. Atmos. Environ. 42 (2008), 2460–2478.
80. Marx, S.K., Rashid, S., Stromsoe, N., Global-scale patterns in anthropogenic Pb contamination reconstructed from natural archives. Environ. Pollut., 2016.
81. Maussion, F., Scherer, D., Mölg, T., Collier, E., Curio, J., Finkelnburg, R., Precipitation seasonality and variability over the Tibetan Plateau as resolved by the high Asia reanalysis. J. Clim., 2013, 131119065638006.
82. McConnell, J.R., Edwards, R., Coal burning leaves toxic heavy metal legacy in the Arctic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008), 12140–12144.
83. Merian, E., Anke, M., Ihnat, M., Stoeppler, M., Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance. 2004, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
84. Moore, J., Grinsted, A., Ion fractionation and percolation in ice cores with seasonal melting. Physics of Ice Core Records II, Suppl Issue of Low Temperature Science, 68, 2009.
85. Moore, J., Beaudon, E., Kang, S., Divine, D., Isaksson, E., Pohjola, V., Wal, R., Statistical extraction of volcanic sulphate from nonpolar ice cores. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012.
86. Nho, E.-Y., Cloarec, M.-F., Ardouin, B., Tjetjep, W.S., Source strength assessment of volcanic trace elements emitted from the Indonesian arc. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 74 (1996), 121–129.
87. Norrish, K., Hutton, J.T., An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1969.
88. Nriagu, J.O., Pacyna, J.M., Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333 (1988), 134–139.
89. Olendrzyński, K., Anderberg, S., Stigliani, W., Atmospheric emissions and depositions of cadmium, lead, and zinc in Europe during the period 1955–1987. Environ. Rev. 4 (1996), 300–320.
90. Pacyna, J., Pacyna, E., An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environ. Rev. 9 (2001), 269–298.
91. Pan, B., Yi, C., Jiang, T., Dong, G., Hu, G., Jin, Y., Holocene lake-level changes of Linggo Co in central Tibet. Quat. Geochronol. 10 (2012), 117–122.
92. Prakash, P., Stenchikov, G., Tao, W., Yapici, T., Warsama, B., Engelbrecht, J., Study of Arabian Red Sea coastal soils as potential mineral dust sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2016, 1–31.
93. Qian, W., Quan, L., Shi, S., Variations of the dust storm in China and its climatic control. J. Clim. 15 (2002), 1216–1229.
94. Querol, X., Fernández-Turiel, J.L., López-Soler, A., Trace elements in coal and their behaviour during combustion in a large power station. Fuel, 1995.
95. Ramanathan, V., Ramana, M., Roberts, G., Kim, D., Corrigan, C., Chung, C., Winker, D., Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448 (2007), 575–578.
96. Reddy, M., Basha, S., Joshi, H.V., Jha, B., Evaluation of the emission characteristics of trace metals from coal and fuel oil fired power plants and their fate during combustion. J. Hazard. Mater. 123 (2005), 242–249.
97. Rhode, D., Madsen, D.B., Brantingham, P.J., Yaks, yak dung, and prehistoric human habitation of the Tibetan Plateau. Dev. Quatern Sci. 9 (2007), 205–224.
98. Shao, Y., Dong, C.H., A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modelling and monitoring. Glob. Planet. Chang. 52 (2006), 1–22.
99. Shaw, D., The geochemistry of scapolite part II. Trace elements, petrology, and general geochemistry. J. Petrol., 1960.
100. Shaw, D., Reilly, G., Muysson, J., Pattenden, G., Campbell, F., An estimate of the chemical composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield. Can. J. Earth Sci. 4 (1967), 829–853.
101. Stein, A.F., Draxler, R.R., Rolph, G.D., Stunder, B.J.B., Cohen, M.D., Ngan, F., NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 96 (2015), 2059–2077.
102. Streets, D., Shindell, D., Lu, Z., Faluvegi, G., Radiative forcing due to major aerosol emitting sectors in China and India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (2013), 4409–4414.
103. Swaine, D., Why trace elements are important. Fuel Process. Technol. 65 (2000), 21–33.
104. Thompson, L., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., Lin, P.-N., A high-resolution millennial record of the south Asian monsoon from Himalayan ice cores. Science, 289, 2000, 19161919.
105. Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Bolzan, J.F., Dai, J., Yao, T., Gundestrup, N., Wu, X., Klein, L., Xie, Z., Holocene-late Pleistocene climatic ice core records from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Science 246 (1989), 474–477.
106. Thompson, L., Yao, T., Davis, M., Mosley-Thompson, E., Mashiotta, T., Lin, P.-N., Mikhalenko, V., Zagorodnov, V., Holocene climate variability archived in the Puruogangri ice cap on the central Tibetan Plateau. Ann. Glaciol., 43, 2006, 6169.
107. Tian, L., Yao, T., MacClune, K., White, J., Schilla, A., Vaughn, B., Vachon, R., Ichiyanagi, K., Stable isotopic variations in west China: a consideration of moisture sources. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, 2007.
108. Tian, H., Zhao, D., He, M.C., Wang, Y., Cheng, K., Temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric antimony emission inventories from coal combustion in China. Environ. Pollut. 159 (2011), 1613–1619.
109. Tian, H., Zhao, D., Cheng, K., Lu, L., He, M., Hao, J., Anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of antimony and its spatial distribution characteristics in China. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 2012, 39733980.
110. Tian, H.Z., Zhu, C.Y., Gao, J.J., Cheng, K., Hao, J.M., Wang, K., Hua, S.B., Wang, Y., Zhou, J.R., Quantitative assessment of atmospheric emissions of toxic heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in China: historical trend, spatial distribution, uncertainties, and control policies. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (2015), 10127–10147.
111. Uglietti, C., Gabrielli, P., Olesik, J., Lutton, A., Thompson, L., Large variability of trace element mass fractions determined by ICP-SFMS in ice core samples from worldwide high altitude glaciers. Appl. Geochem. 47 (2014), 109–121.
112. Uglietti, C., Gabrielli, P., Cooke, C., Vallelonga, P., Thompson, L., Widespread pollution of the South American atmosphere predates the industrial revolution by 240 y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 (2015), 2349–2354.
113. USGS (United States Geological Survey), The Mineral Industry of Kazakhstan. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1994/9422094.pdf, 1995.
114. Vejahati, F., Xu, Z., Gupta, R., Trace elements in coal: associations with coal and minerals and their behavior during coal utilization – a review. Fuel 89 (2010), 904–911.
115. Wang, J., Tomita, A., A chemistry on the volatility of some trace elements during coal combustion and pyrolysis. Energy Fuel 17 (2003), 954–960.
116. Wang, X., Yang, H., Gong, P., Zhao, X., Wu, G., Turner, S., Yao, T., One century sedimentary records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mercury and trace elements in the Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Pollut. 158 (2010), 3065–3070.
117. Webster, P.J., Magana, V.O., Palmer, T.N., Monsoons: processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998), 14451–14510.
118. Wedepohl, K., The composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1995, 12171232.
119. Williams, H.M., Turner, S.P., Pearce, J.A., Kelley, S.P., Nature of the source regions for post-collisional, potassic magmatism in southern and northern Tibet from geochemical variations and inverse trace element modelling. J. Petrol. 45 (2004), 555–607.
120. Wong, G., Hawley, R., Lutz, E., Osterberg, E., Trace-element and physical response to melt percolation in summit (Greenland) snow. Ann. Glaciol. 54 (2013), 52–62.
121. Wu, G., Zhang, C., Xu, B., Mao, R., Joswiak, D., Wang, N., Yao, T., Atmospheric dust from a shallow ice core from Tanggula: implications for drought in the central Tibetan Plateau over the past 155 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 59 (2013), 57–66.
122. Xu, M., Yan, R., Zheng, C., Qiao, Y., Han, J., Sheng, C., Status of trace element emission in a coal combustion process: a review. Fuel Process. Technol. 85 (2004), 215–237.
123. Xu, J., Grumbine, R., Shrestha, A., Eriksson, M., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Wilkes, A., The melting Himalayas: cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conserv. Biol. 23 (2009), 520–530.
124. Yan, L., Zheng, M., Influence of climate change on saline lakes of the Tibet Plateau, 1973–2010. Geomorphology 246 (2015), 68–78.
125. Yan, R., Gauthier, D., Flamant, G., Volatility and chemistry of trace elements in a coal combustor. Fuel 80 (2001), 2217–2226.
126. Yanai, M., Li, C., Song, Z., Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 1992.
127. Yang, B., Horses, silver, and cowries: Yunnan in global perspective. J. World Hist., 2004.
128. Yang, B., Bräuning, A., Zhang, Z., Dong, Z., Esper, J., Dust storm frequency and its relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007), 9288–9299.
129. Yang, X., Yao, T., Joswiak, D., Yao, P., Integration of Tibetan Plateau ice-core temperature records and the influence of atmospheric circulation on isotopic signals in the past century. Quat. Res. 81 (2014), 520–530.
130. Yang, Y., Fang, X., Galy, A., Zhang, G., Liu, S., Zan, J., et al. Carbonate composition and its impact on fluvial geochemistry in the NE Tibetan Plateau region. Chem. Geol. 410 (2015), 138–148.
131. Yang, S., Ding, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, W., Huang, X., Reply to Yu et al.: global temperature change as the ultimate driver of the shift in the summer monsoon rain belt in East Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 (2016), E2211–E2212.
132. Yao, T., Shi, Y., Thompson, L.G., High resolution record of paleoclimate since the Little Ice Age from the Tibetan ice cores. Quat. Int. 37 (1997), 19–23.
133. Yao, T., Duan, K., Xu, B., Wang, N., Guo, X., Yang, X., Precipitation record since AD 1600 from ice cores on the central Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Past 4 (2008), 175–180.
134. Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W., Gao, Y., Guo, X., et al. Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2 (2012), 663–667.
135. 18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: observations and simulations. Rev. Geophys. 51 (2013), 525–548.
136. You, Q., Kang, S., Aguilar, E., Yan, Y., Changes in daily climate extremes in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2005. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2008, 113 (1984–2012).
137. Yu, S., Li, P., Wang, L., Wang, P., Wang, S., Chang, S., Liu, W., Alapaty, K., Anthropogenic aerosols are a potential cause for migration of the summer monsoon rain belt in China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 (2016), E2209–E2210.
138. Zhang, B., The basic study of the Cs-bearing geyserite deposit in Targejia, Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica Engl. Ed. 88 (2014), 942–943.
139. Zhang, X., Arimoto, R., Cao, J., An, Z., Wang, D., Atmospheric dust aerosol over the Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106 (2001), 18471–18476.
140. Zhang, Q., Kang, S., Kaspari, S., Li, C., Qin, D., Mayewski, P., Hou, S., Rare earth elements in an ice core from Mt. Everest: seasonal variations and potential sources. Atmos. Res. 94 (2009), 300–312.
141. Zhang, X., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Changes in chemical components of aerosol particles in different haze regions in China from 2006 to 2013 and contribution of meteorological factors. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (2015), 12935–12952.
142. Zheng, M., Liu, X., Hydrochemistry of Salt Lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Aquat. Geochem. 15 (2009), 293–320.
143. Zhou, Y., Xing, X., Lang, J., Chen, D., Cheng, S., Wei, L., A comprehensive biomass burning emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution in China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 (2017), 2839–2864.
144. Zoller, W.H., Gladney, E.S., Duce, R.A., Atmospheric concentrations and sources of trace metals at the South Pole. Science 183 (1974), 198–200.