Socioeconomic indicators in epidemiologic research: A practical example from the LIFEPATH study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2017, Pages

  D'Errico, Angelo ^a   Ricceri, Fulvio ^a,b   Stringhini, Silvia ^c   Carmeli, Cristian ^c   Kivimaki, Mika ^d,e   Bartley, Mel ^d   McCrory, Cathal ^f   Bochud, Murielle ^c   Vollenweider, Peter ^c   Tumino, Rosario ^g   Goldberg, Marcel ^h,i   Zins, Marie ^h,i   Barros, Henrique ^j   Giles, Graham ^k   Severi, Gianluca ^l,m   Costa, Giuseppe ^a,b   Vineis, Paolo ⁿ  

^a ASL TO3   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^f TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^g ASP 7   (Italy)

^h UMS 011   (France)

ⁱ UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^j UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^k CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY CENTRE   (Australia)

^l INSERM   (France)

^m Human Genetics Foundation   (Italy)

ⁿ IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ATTENUATION; CLASSIFICATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; FATHER; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 85019978336     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178071     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Wright EO. Approaches in Class Analysis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2. Krieger N, Chen JT, Ebel G. Can we monitor socioeconomic inequalities in health A survey of U.S. health departments' data collection and reporting practices. Public Health Rep. 1997; 112(6): 481-91. PMID: 10822475
3. Davey Smith G, Hart C, Hole D, MacKinnon P, Gillis C, Watt G, et al. Education and occupational social class: Which is the more important indicator of mortality risk J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998; 52 (3):153-60. PMID: 9616419
4. Oakes JM, Rossi PH. The measurement of SES in health research: Current practice and steps toward a new approach. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56:769-84. PMID: 12560010
5. McFadden E, Luben R, Wareham N, Bingham S, Khaw KT. Occupational social class, educational level, smoking and body mass index, cause-specific mortality in men and women: A prospective study in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) cohort. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008; 23(8):511-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9267-x PMID: 18553139
6. Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam AJ, Schaap MM, Menvielle G, Leinsalu M, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(23):2468-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0707519 PMID: 18525043
7. Marmot M, Shipley M, Brunner E, Hemingway H. Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001; 55 (5):301-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.5.301 PMID: 11297647
8. Harald K, Pajunen P, Jousilahti P, Koskinen S, Vartiainen E, Salomaa V. Modifiable risk factors have an impact on socio-economic differences in coronary heart disease events. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2006; 40 (2):87-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017430500519872 PMID: 16608778
9. Ellison-Loschmann L, Sunyer J, Plana E, Pearce N, Zock JP, Jarvis D, et al. Socioeconomic status, asthma and chronic bronchitis in a large community-based study. Eur Respir J. 2007; 29(5):897-905. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00101606 PMID: 17215316
10. Mackenbach JP, Kunst AE, Cavelaars AE, Groenhof F, Geurts JJ. Socioeconomic inequalities in morbidity and mortality in western Europe. The EU Working Group on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health. Lancet. 1997; 349(9066):1655-9. PMID: 9186383
11. Dalstra JA, Kunst AE, Borrell C, Breeze E, Cambois E, Costa G, et al. Socioeconomic differences in the prevalence of common chronic diseases: An overview of eight European countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34(2):316-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh386 PMID: 15737978
12. Toch-Marquardt M, Menvielle G, Eikemo TA, KulhaÂnova I, Kulik MC, Bopp M, et al. Occupational class inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality among middle-aged men in 14 European populations during the early 2000s. PLoS One. 2014; 9(9):e108072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0108072 PMID: 25268702
13. Huisman M, Kunst AE, Bopp M, Borgan JK, Borrell C, Costa G, et al. Educational inequalities in causespecific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations. Lancet. 2005; 365(9458):493-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17867-2 PMID: 15705459
14. Laaksonen M, Talala K, Martelin T, Rahkonen O, Roos E, Helakorpi S, et al. Health behaviours as explanations for educational level differences in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: A follow-up of 60000 men and women over 23 years. Eur J Public Health. 2008; 18(1):38-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm051 PMID: 17569702
15. Feinglass J, Lin S, Thompson J, Sudano J, Dunlop D, Song J, et al. Baseline health, socioeconomic status, 10-year mortality among older middle-aged Americans: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study, 1992 2002. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007; 62(4):S209-17. PMID: 17673534
16. Vathesatogkit P, Batty GD, Woodward M. Socioeconomic disadvantage and disease-specific mortality in Asia: Systematic review with meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014; 68(4):375-83. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203053 PMID: 24407596
17. McDonough P, Duncan GJ, Williams D, House J. Income dynamics and adult mortality in the United States, 1972 through 1989. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87(9):1476-83. PMID: 9314800
18. Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S, Lin S, Scuderi B, Turner N, et al. The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. JAMA. 2016; 315(16):1750-66. https://doi.org/10. 1001/jama.2016.4226 PMID: 27063997
19. Davis K, Moore WE. Some principles of stratification. American Sociological Review 1945; 10 (2):242-9.
20. Weber M. Economy and Society, Vols. 1, 2. Berkeley, CA: Univ. Calif. Press, 1978.
21. Durkheim E. The Division of Labor in Society. Trans. Halls WD. New York: Free Press, 1997.
22. Parsons T. An Analytical Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification. American Journal of Sociology 1940; 45(6):841-62.
23. Treiman DJ. Occupational prestige in comparative perspective. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
24. Prandy K. The Revised Cambridge Scale of Occupations. Sociology 1990; 24(4):629-55.
25. Duncan OD. A Socioeconomic Index for all Occupations' in: Reiss AJ (Ed) Occupations and Social Status. New York: Free Press, 1961.
26. Marshall G, Newby H, Rose D, Vogler C. Social class in modern Britain. London, Routledge, 2005.
27. Erikson R, Goldthorpe JH. The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
28. Bartley M, Carpenter L, Dunnell K, Fitzpatrick R. Measuring inequalities in health: An analysis of mortality patterns using two social classifications. Sociology of Health & Illness 1996; 18(4): 455-475.
29. Stronks K, van de Mheen H, van den Bos J, Mackenbach JP. The interrelationship between income, health and employment status. Int J Epidemiol. 1997; 26(3):592-600. PMID: 9222785
30. Krokstad S, Westin S. Health inequalities by socioeconomic status among men in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2002; 30(2):113-24. PMID: 12028860
31. Cavelaars AE, Kunst AE, Geurts JJ, Helmert U, Lundberg O, Mielck A, Matheson J, Mizrahi A, Mizrahi A, Rasmussen N, Spuhler T, Mackenbach JP. Morbidity differences by occupational class among men in seven European countries: An application of the Erikson-Goldthorpe social class scheme. Int J Epidemiol. 1998; 27(2):222-30. PMID: 9602402
32. Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006a; 60(1):7-12.
33. Marmot M. The influence of income on health: Views of an epidemiologist. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002; 21(2):31-46.
34. Benzeval M, Judge K. Income and health: The time dimension. Soc Sci Med. 2001; 52(9):1371-90. PMID: 11286362
35. Galobardes B, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: Systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiol Rev. 2004; 26:7-21. https://doi. org/10.1093/epirev/mxh008 PMID: 15234944
36. Galobardes B, Smith GD, Lynch JW. Systematic review of the influence of childhood socioeconomic circumstances on risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Ann Epidemiol. 2006b; 16(2):91-104.
37. Hart CL, Hole DJ, Smith GD. Influence of socioeconomic circumstances in early and later life on stroke risk among men in a Scottish cohort study. Stroke. 2000; 31(9):2093-7. PMID: 10978035
38. Kuh D, Hardy R, Langenberg C, Richards M, Wadsworth ME. Mortality in adults aged 26-54 years related to socioeconomic conditions in childhood and adulthood: Post war birth cohort study. BMJ. 2002; 325(7372):1076-80. PMID: 12424168
39. Strand BH, Kunst A. Childhood socioeconomic position and cause-specific mortality in early adulthood. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 165(1):85-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj352 PMID: 17041134
40. Stringhini S, Dugravot A, Kivimaki M, Shipley M, Zins M, Goldberg M, et al. Do different measures of early life socioeconomic circumstances predict adult mortality Evidence from the British Whitehall II and French GAZEL studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011; 65(12):1097-103. https://doi.org/10. 1136/jech.2009.102376 PMID: 20675701
41. Lantz PM, House JS, Lepkowski JM, Williams DR, Mero RP, Chen J. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. JAMA. 1998; 279(21):1703-8. PMID: 9624022
42. Stringhini S, Sabia S, Shipley M, Brunner E, Nabi H, Kivimaki M, et al. Association of socioeconomic position with health behaviors and mortality. JAMA. 2010 24; 303(12):1159-66. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.297 PMID: 20332401
43. Nandi A, Glymour MM, Subramanian SV. Association among socioeconomic status, health behaviors, all-cause mortality in the United States. Epidemiology. 2014; 25(2):170-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000038 PMID: 24487200
44. Stringhini S, Batty GD, Bovet P, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Kumari M, et al. Association of lifecourse socioeconomic status with chronic inflammation and type 2 diabetes risk: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2013; 10(7):e1001479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001479 PMID: 23843750
45. Castagne R, Delpierre C, Kelly-Irving M, Campanella G, Guida F, Krogh V, et al. A life course approach to explore the biological embedding of socioeconomic position and social mobility through circulating inflammatory markers. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:25170. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25170 PMID: 27117519
46. Merkin SS, Karlamangla A, Roux AV, Shrager S, Seeman TE. Life course socioeconomic status and longitudinal accumulation of allostatic load in adulthood: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104(4):e48-55. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301841 PMID: 24524526
47. Nicod E, Stringhini S, Marques-Vidal P, Paccaud F, Waeber G, Lamiraud K, Vollenweider P, Bochud M. Association of education and receiving social transfers with allostatic load in the Swiss populationbased CoLaus study. Prev Med. 2014; 63:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.013 PMID: 24657126
48. Barboza SolõÂs C, Fantin R, Castagne R, Lang T, Delpierre C, Kelly-Irving M. Mediating pathways between parental socio-economic position and allostatic load in mid-life: Findings from the 1958 British birth cohort. Soc Sci Med. 2016; 165:19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.031 PMID: 27485729
49. KivimaÈ ki M, Singh-Manoux A, Ferrie JE, Batty GD. Post hoc decision-making in observational epidemiology is there need for better research standards Int J Epidemiol. 2013; 42(2):367-70. https://doi. org/10.1093/ije/dyt036 PMID: 23569177
50. Santos AC, Severo M, Barros H. Incidence and risk factors for the metabolic syndrome in an urban South European population. Preventive Medicine 2012; 50:99-105.
51. Zins M, Goldberg M; CONSTANCES team. The French CONSTANCES population-based cohort: Design, inclusion and follow-up. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015; 30(12):1317-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0096-4 PMID: 26520638
52. Clavel-Chapelon F, van Liere MJ, Giubout C, Niravong MY, Goulard H, Le Corre C, et al. E3N, a French cohort study on cancer risk factors. E3N Group. Etude EpideÂmiologique auprès de femmes de l'Education Nationale. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997; 6(5): 473-8. PMID: 9466118
53. Goldberg M, Leclerc A, Bonenfant S, Chastang JF, Schmaus A, Kaniewski N, et al. Cohort profile: The GAZEL Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2007; 36(1):32-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl247 PMID: 17101614
54. Palli D, Berrino F, Vineis P, Tumino R, Panico S, Masala G, et al. A molecular epidemiology project on diet and cancer: The EPIC-Italy Prospective Study. Design and baseline characteristics of participants. Tumori. 2003; 89(6):586-93. PMID: 14870823
55. Filippi M, Grand E, Leombruni R, Quaranta R. WHIP, Archivio lavoratori autonomi. WHIP Technical Report no. 4/2012. http://laboratoriorevelli.it/-pdf/TR-WHIP4.pdf
56. Firmann M, Mayor V, Vidal PM, Bochud M, PeÂcoud A, Hayoz D, et al. The CoLaus study: A populationbased study to investigate the epidemiology and genetic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008; 8:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-8-6 PMID: 18366642
57. Alwan H, Pruijm M, Ponte B, Ackermann D, Guessous I, Ehret G, et al. Epidemiology of masked and white-coat hypertension: The family-based SKIPOGH study. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e92522. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092522 PMID: 24663506
58. Whelan BJ, Savva GM. Design and methodology of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61 (Suppl 2):S265-8.
59. Marmot MG, Davey Smith G, Stansfeld S, Patel C, North F, Head J, et al. Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II study. Lancet. 1991; 337(8754):1387-93. PMID: 1674771
60. Hodge AM, Flicker L, O'Dea K, English DR, Giles GG. Diabetes and ageing in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013; 100(3):398-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. diabres.2013.03.024 PMID: 23582874
61. Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 159(7):702-6. PMID: 15033648
62. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986; 7:177-88 PMID: 3802833
63. Marinacci C, Grippo F, Pappagallo M, Sebastiani G, Demaria M, Vittori P, et al. Social inequalities in total and cause-specific mortality of a sample of the Italian population, from 1999 to 2007. Eur J Public Health. 2013; 23(4):582-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks184 PMID: 23302766
64. Schrijvers CT, Stronks K, van de Mheen HD, Mackenbach JP. Explaining educational differences in mortality: The role of behavioral and material factors. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89(4):535-40. PMID: 10191797
65. Naess O, Claussen B, Thelle DS, Smith GD. Four indicators of socioeconomic position: Relative ranking across causes of death. Scand J Public Health. 2005; 33(3):215-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940410019190 PMID: 16040463
66. Geyer S, HemstroÈm O, Peter R, VågeroÈ D. Education, income, occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology. Empirical evidence against a common practice. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006; 60(9):804-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.041319 PMID: 16905727
67. Beebe-Dimmer J, Lynch JW, Turrell G, Lustgarten S, Raghunathan T, Kaplan GA. Childhood and adult socioeconomic conditions and 31-year mortality risk in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 159(5):481-90. PMID: 14977644
68. Huijts T, Eikemo TA, Skalicka V. Income-related health inequalities in the Nordic countries: Examining the role of education, occupational class, age. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(11):1964-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.021 PMID: 20943303
69. Martikainen P, Blomgren J, Valkonen T. Change in the total and independent effects of education and occupational social class on mortality: Analyses of all Finnish men and women in the period 1971-2000. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61(6):499-505. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.049940 PMID: 17496258
70. Chandola T. Social class differences in mortality using the new UK National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 50(5):641-9. PMID: 10658845
71. Naess O, Strand BH, Smith GD. Childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position across 20 causes of death: A prospective cohort study of 800, 000 Norwegian men and women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61(11):1004-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.052811 PMID: 17933960
72. Tjepkema M, Wilkins R, Long A. Socio-economic inequalities in cause-specific mortality: A 16-year follow-up study. Can J Public Health 2013; 104(7):e472-e478. PMID: 24495823
73. Niedhammer I, Bourgkard E, Chau N; Lorhandicap Study Group. Occupational and behavioural factors in the explanation of social inequalities in premature and total mortality: A 12.5-year follow-up in the Lorhandicap study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011; 26(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9506-9 PMID: 20845063
74. Kravdal ∅. A broader perspective on education and mortality: Are we influenced by other people's education Soc Sci Med. 2008; 66(3):620-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.009 PMID: 18023954
75. Layte R, Banks J, Walsh C, McKnight G. Trends in socio-economic inequalities in mortality by sex in Ireland from the 1980s to the 2000s. Ir J Med Sci. 2015; 184(3):613-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-014-1189-x PMID: 25156180
76. Singh-Manoux A, Ferrie JE, Chandola T, Marmot M. Socioeconomic trajectories across the life course and health outcomes in midlife: Evidence for the accumulation hypothesis Int J Epidemiol. 2004; 33 (5):1072-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh224 PMID: 15256527
77. Atherton K, Power C. Health inequalities with the National Statistics-Socioeconomic classification: Disease risk factors and health in the 1958 British birth cohort. Eur J Public Health. 2007; 17(5):486-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl269 PMID: 17267523
78. Karimi M, Geoffroy-Perez B, Fouquet A, Latouche A, Rey G. Socioprofessional trajectories and mortality in France, 1976-2002: A longitudinal follow-up of administrative data. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015; 69(4):339-46. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204615 PMID: 25516611
79. Munch JR, Svarer M. Mortality and socio-economic differences in Denmark: A competing risks proportional hazard model. Econ Hum Biol. 2005; 3(1):17-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2004.10.001 PMID: 15722260
80. Steenland K, Hu S, Walker J. All-cause and cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status among employed persons in 27 US states, 1984-1997. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94(6):1037-42. PMID: 15249312
81. Sacker A, Firth D, Fitzpatrick R, Lynch K, Bartley M. Comparing health inequality in men and women: Prospective study of mortality 1986-96. BMJ. 2000; 320(7245):1303-7. PMID: 10807620
82. Osler M, Andersen AM, Batty GD, Holstein B. Relation between early life socioeconomic position and all cause mortality in two generations. A longitudinal study of Danish men born in 1953 and their parents. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005; 59(1):38-41. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020990 PMID: 15598724
83. Evans J, Mills C. In search of the wage-labour/service contract: New evidence on the validity of the Goldthorpe class schema, British Journal of Sociology 2000; 51(4):641-61. PMID: 11140888