Assessing MDG Achievements Through Under-5 Child Stunting in the East African Community: Some Insights from Urban Versus Rural Areas in Burundi and Rwanda Using DHS2010

Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 61-86

  Nkunzimana, Tharcisse ^a   Custodio, Estefania ^a   Pérez Hoyos, Ana ^a   Kayitakire, Francois ^a  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Burundi; Chronic malnutrition; East African Community (EAC); Rural; Rwanda; Urban

Indexed keywords

EID: 85019105656     PISSN: 2364107X     EISSN: 23641088     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30981-1_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (42)

1. Abuya, B.A., E.O. Onsomu, J.K. Kimani, and D. Moore. 2011. Influence of maternal education on child immunization and stunting in Kenya. Maternal Child Health Journal 15: 1389–1399.
2. Ahmed, A., H. Al-Mekhlafi, A. Al-Adhroey, I. Ithoi, A.M. Abdulsalam, and J. Surin. 2012. The nutritional impacts of soil-transmitted helminths infections among Orang Asli schoolchildren in rural Malaysia. Parasites & Vectors: 5–119.
3. Aliaga, A., and R. Ren. 2006. Optimal sample sizes for two-stage cluster sampling in demographic and health surveys. DHS working papers, series number 30. Calverton: Macro International.
4. Borja, J.B., and J. Malays. 2013. The impact of early nutrition on health: Key findings from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS). Malays Journal Nutrition 19: 1–8.
5. Burchi, F. 2010. Child nutrition in Mozambique in 2003: The role of mother’s schooling and nutrition knowledge. Economics & Human Biology 8(3): 331–345.
6. Cronk, L. 2007. Boy or girl: Gender preferences from a Darwinian point of view. Reproductive Biology Online 2: 23–32.
7. Custodio, E., M.A. Descalzo, J. Roche, I. Sánchez, L. Molina, M. Lwanga, C. Bernis, E. Villamor, and A. Baylin. 2009. Nutritional status and its correlates in Equatorial Guinean preschool children: Results from a nationally representative survey. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1: 29–58.
8. De Onis, M., M. Blossner, and E. Borghi. 2012. Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990–2020. Public Health Nutrition 15: 142–148.
9. East African Community Secretariat. 2015. Available at: http://www.eac.int
10. Filmer, D., J. Friedman, and N. Schady. 2009. Development modernization, and childbearing: The role of family sex composition. World Bank Economics Reviews 23: 371–398.
11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAO). 2014. Food Security/Suite of Food Security Indicators. Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/D/FS/E
12. Frost, M.B., R. Forste, and D.W. Haas. 2005. Maternal education and child nutritional status in Bolivia: Finding the links. Social Science and Medicine 60(2): 395–407.
13. Hasan, M.T., R.J. Soares Magalhaes, G.M. Williams, and A.A. Mamun. 2015. The role of maternal education in the 15-year trajectory of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh. Maternal & Child Nutrition (in press).
14. Herrador, Z., L. Sordo, E. Gadisa, J. Moreno, J. Nieto, A. Benito, A. Aseffa, C. Cañavate, and E. Custodio. 2014. Malnutrition and associated factors among school-aged children in rural and urban settings in Libokemkem and Fogera, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 9(9): e105880.
15. Hong, R., J.E. Banta, and J.A. Betancourt.2006. Relationship between household wealth inequality and chronic childhood under-nutrition in Bangladesh. International Journal for Equity in Health: 5–15.
16. Marasinghe, E., S. Chackrewarthy, C. Abeysena, and S. Rajindrajith. 2015. Micronutrient status and its relationship with nutritional status in preschool children in urban Sri Lanka. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24: 144–151.
17. Moestue, H. 2009. Can anthropometry measure gender discrimination? An analysis using WHO standards to assess the growth of Bangladeshi children. Public Health Nutrition 12: 1085–1091.
18. Moestue, H., and S. Huttly. 2008. Adult education and child nutrition: The role of family and community. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health 62(2): 153–159.
19. Mukuria, A., C. Aboulafia, and A. Themme.2005. The context of women’s health: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys, 1994–2001. Available at: http://www.popline.org/node/265588
20. Nandy, S., M. Irving, D. Gordon, S.V. Subramanian, and G.D. Smith. 2005. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: New evidence from India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83(3): 210–216.
21. Ngure, F.M., B.M. Reid, and J.H. Humphrey. 2014. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: Making the links. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1308: 118–128.
22. Pongou, R., M. Ezzati, and J.A. Salomon. 2006. Household and community socioeconomic and environmental determinants of child nutritional status in Cameroon. BMC Public Health: 6–98.
23. Rah, J.H., A.A. Cronin, B. Badgaiyan, V.M. Aguayo, S. Coates, and S. Ahmed. 2015. Household sanitation and personal hygiene practices are associated with child stunting in rural India: A cross-sectional analysis of surveys. BMJ Open 5(2): e005180.
24. Smith, L.C., M.T. Ruel, and A. Ndiaye. 2005. Why is child malnutrition lower in Urban than in Rural areas? Evidence from 36 developing countries. World Development 33(8): 1285–1305.
25. Stevens, G.A., M.M. Finucane, and L.M. De-Regil on behalf of Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anemia). 2013. Global, regional, and national trends in hemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: A systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Global Health 1: e16–e25.
26. Svedberger, P. 1998. Undernutrition in Sub Saharan Africa: Is there a sex bias? Available at: http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/previous/en_GB/wp-47/
27. Synnes, A.R., E.W. Ling, M.F. Whitfield, M. Mackinnon, L. Lopes, G. Wong, and S.B. Eiffer. 1994. Perinatal outcomes of a large cohort of extremely low gestational age infants (twenty-three to twenty-eight weeks of gestation). Journal of Pediatrics 125: 952–960.
28. UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, United Nations Population Division, World Bank). 2013. Available at: http://www.childmortality.org
29. UNDP. 2014. Human Development Report 2014 ‘Gender inequality index’. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
30. UNICEF. 2014a. UNICEF Global databases 2014 based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other nationally representative surveys. Available at: http://data.unicef.org/maternal-health/delivery-care
31. UNICEF. 2014b. Rapport Enquête Nutritionnelle (SMART). Burundi, May 2014.
32. UNICEF/WHO/WB. 2014. UNICEF-WHO-The World Bank: 2013 joint child malnutrition estimates: Levels and trends. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO; Washington, DC: The World Bank.
33. Wamani, H., T. Tylleskär, A.N. Astrøm, J.K. Tumwine, and S. Peterson. 2004. Mothers’ education but not fathers’ education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda. International Journal of Equity Health 3: 1–9.
34. Wamani, H., A.N. Astrøm, S. Peterson, J.K. Tumwine, and T. Tylleskär. 2007. Boys are more stunted than girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC Pediatric 10: 7–17.
35. WFP. 2012. Rwanda Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis and Nutrition Survey. December 2012. Data collected in March April 2012.
36. WHO. 2006. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height, and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: WHO.
37. WHO. 2007. The health of the people. The Africa regional health report. Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa.
38. WHO. 2014a. Technical Report: Indicators for the global monitoring framework on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Geneva: WHO
39. WHO. 2014b. Global health observatory data repository. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444?lang=en
40. WHO. 2015. WHO’s strategy on intestinal worms control. Available at: http://www.who.int/intestinal_worms/strategy/en/
41. WHO/UNICEF. 2014. Joint monitoring program for water supply and sanitation. Available at: http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/tables/
42. World Bank Development Research Group. World Development Indicators. World Databank. 2014. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators