Sodium and potassium intake in healthy adults in thessaloniki greater metropolitan area—the salt intake in northern greece (SING) study

Nutrients

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2017, Pages

  Vasara, Eleni ^a   Marakis, Georgios ^b   Breda, Joao ^c   Skepastianos, Petros ^d   Hassapidou, Maria ^d   Kafatos, Anthony ^e   Rodopaios, Nikolaos ^e   Koulouri, Alexandra A ^e   Cappuccio, Francesco P ^f,g  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b Directorate of Nutrition Policy and Research   (Greece)

^c WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE   (Denmark)

^d ALEXANDER TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS COVENTRY AND WARWICKSHIRE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Greece; Intake; MedDietScore; Potassium; Salt; Sodium

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; GREECE; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; MALE; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; NORMAL HUMAN; POTASSIUM INTAKE; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM INTAKE; URINALYSIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ADOLESCENT; MIDDLE AGED; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; DIET, MEDITERRANEAN; FEMALE; GREECE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POTASSIUM, DIETARY; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; SODIUM, DIETARY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85018362949     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu9040417     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Available online: http://www.healthdata. org/greece (accessed on 5 March 2017).
2. Hellenic Health Foundation. HYDRIA Project. Conclusions, Remarks and Recommendations for Policy Measures. Available online: http://www.hhf-greece.gr/images/book-hydria-120516print.pdf (accessed on 11 November 2016).
3. Cook, N.R., Cutler, J.A., Obarzanek, E., Buring, J.E., Rexrode, K.M., Kumanyika, S.K., Appel, L.J., Whelton, P.K. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: Observational follow-up of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). BMJ 2007, 334, 885-888.
4. Strazzullo, P., D’Elia, L., Kandala, N.B., Cappuccio, F.P. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009, 339, b4567.
5. Aburto, N.J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F.P., Meerpohl, J.J. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013, 346, f1326.
6. He, F.J., Li, J., MacGregor, G.A. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013, 346, f1325.
7. Mente, A., O’Donnell, M., Rangarajan, S., Dagenais, G., Lear, S., McQueen, M., Diaz, R., Avezum, A., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Lanas, F., et al. For the PURE, EPIDREAM and ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Investigators. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: A pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet 2016, 388, 465-475.
8. Cappuccio, F.P., Campbell, N.R.C. Population dietary salt reduction and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A commentary on recent evidence. J. Clin. Hypertens. 2017, 19, 4-5.
9. Cappuccio, F.P. Cardiovascular and other effects of salt consumption. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2013, 3, 312-315.
10. World Health Organization. Guideline. Sodium Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
11. Brown, I.J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., Elliott, P. Salt intakes around the world: Implications for public health. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 38, 791-813.
12. Cappuccio, F.P., Capewell, S. Facts, Issues, and Controversies in Salt Reduction for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Funct. Food Rev. 2015, 7, 41-61.
13. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Mapping Salt Reduction Initiatives in the WHO European Region, WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2013.
14. Intersalt cooperative research group. Intersalt: An international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988, 297, 319-328.
15. Land, M.A., Webster, J., Christoforou, A., Praveen, D., Jeffery, P., Chalmers, J., Smith, W., Woodward, M., Barzi, F., Nowson, C., et al. Salt intake assessed by 24 h urinary sodium excretion in a random and opportunistic sample in Australia. BMJ Open 2014, 4, e003720.
16. Aburto, N.J., Hanson, S., Gutierrez, H., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F.P. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: Systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013, 346, f1378.
17. Binia, A., Jaeger, J., Hu, Y., Singh, A., Zimmermann, D. Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Hypertens. 2015, 33, 1509-1520.
18. Ekmekcioglu, C., Elmadfa, I., Meyer, A.L., Moeslinger, T. The role of dietary potassium in hypertension and diabetes. J. Physiol. Biochem. 2016, 72, 93-106.
19. D’Elia, L., Barba, G., Cappuccio, F.P., Strazzullo, P. Potassium Intake, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease. A meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011, 57, 1210-1219.
20. Young, D.B., Lin, H., McCabe, R.D. Potassium’s cardiovascular protective mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 268 (4 Pt 2), R825-R837.
21. Morris, R.C., Jr., Schmidlin, O., Frassetto, L.A., Sebastian, A. Relationship and interaction between sodium and potassium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006, 25, 262S-270S.
22. Cook, N.R., Obarzanek, E., Cutler, J.A. Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: The Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study. Arch. Int. Med. 2009, 169, 32-40.
23. Weaver, C.M. Potassium and Health. Adv. Nutr. 2013, 4, 368S-377S.
24. Jaffe, M. Uber den Niederschlag welchen Pikrinsaure in normalen Harn erzeug und uber eine neue Raction des Creatinins. Z. Physiol. Chem. 1986, 10, 391-400.
25. Cappuccio, F.P., Ji, C., Donfrancesco, C., Palmieri, L., Ippolito, R., Vanuzzo, D., Giampaoli, S., Strazzullo, P. Geographic and socioeconomic variation of sodium and potassium intake in Italy: Results from the MINISAL-GIRCSI programme. BMJ Open 2015, 5, e007467.
26. Panagiotakos, D.B., Pitsavos, C., Arvaniti, F., Stefanadis, C. Adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern predicts the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity, among healthy adults, the accuracy of the MedDietScore. Prev. Med. 2007, 44, 335-340.
27. Pan American Health Organization—World Health Organization. Salt-Smart Americas: A Guide for Country-Level Action, Pan American Health Organization: Washington, DC, USA, 2013, pp. 1-159.
28. World Health Organization. Guideline. Potassium Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012, pp. 1-42.
29. Sahan, C., Sozmen, K., Unal, B., O’Flaherty, M., Critchley, J. Potential benefits of healthy food and lifestyle policies for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in Turkish adults by 2025: A modelling study. BMJ Open 2016, 6, e011217.
30. Ribiˇc, C.H., Zakotnik, J.M., Vertnik, L., Vegnuti, M., Cappuccio, F.P. Salt intake of the Slovene population assessed by 24 h urinary sodium excretion. Public Health Nutr. 2010, 13, 1803-1809.
31. World Health Organization (WHO). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease, Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
32. Yang, Q., Liu, T., Kuklina, E.V., Flanders, W.D., Hong, Y., Gillespie, C., Chang, M.H., Gwinn, M., Dowling, N., Khoury, M.J., et al. Sodium and potassium intake and mortality among US adults: Prospective data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch. Int. Med. 2011, 171, 1183-1191.
33. Yi, S.S., Curtis, C.J., Angell, S.Y., Anderson, C.A., Jung, M., Kansagra, S.M. Highlighting the ratio of sodium to potassium in population-level dietary assessments: Cross-sectional data from New York City, USA. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 17, 2484-2488.
34. Mariolis, A., Foscolou, A., Tyrovolas, S., Piscopo, S., Valacchi, G., Tsakountakis, N., Zeimbekis, A., Bountziouka, V., Gotsis, E., Metallinos, G., et al. MEDIS study group. Successful Aging among Elders Living in the Mani Continental Region vs. Insular Areas of the Mediterranean: The MEDIS Study. Aging Dis. 2016, 7, 285-294.
35. Girvalaki, C., Vardavas, C.I., Tsimpinos, G., Dimitreli, G., Hassapidou, M.N., Kafatos, A. Nutritional and chemical quality of traditional spreads and pies of Mediterranean diet of Greece. J. Food Nutr. Disor. 2013, 2, 1.
36. Birukov, A., Rakova, N., Lerchl, K., Engberink, R.H., Johannes, B., Wabel, P., Moissl, U., Rauh, M., Luft, F.C., Titze, J. Ultra-long-term human salt balance studies reveal interrelations between sodium, potassium, and chloride intake and excretion. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 104, 49-57.
37. Chappuis, A., Bochud, M., Glatz, N., Vuistiner, P., Paccaud, F., Burnier, M. Swiss Survey on Salt Intake: Main Results. 2011. Available online: http://my.unil.ch/serval/document/BIB_16AEF897B618.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2017).
38. Ortega, R.M., Lopez-Sobaler, A.M., Ballesteros, J.M., Pérez-Farinós, N., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E., Aparicio, A., Perea, J.M., Andrés, P. Estimation of salt intake by 24 h urinary sodium excretion in a representative sample of Spanish adults. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 105, 787-794.
39. Liu, K., Cooper, R., McKeever, J., McKeever, P., Byington, R., Soltero, I., Stamler, R., Gosch, F., Stevens, E., Stamler, J. Assessment of the association between habitual salt intake and high blood pressure: Methodological problems. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1979, 110, 219-226.
40. Lerchl, K., Rakova, N., Dahlmann, A., Rauh, M., Goller, U., Basner, M., Dinges, D.F., Beck, L., Agureev, A., Larina, I., et al. Agreement between 24-hour salt ingestion and sodium excretion in a controlled environment. Hypertension 2015, 66, 850-857.