Population Dietary Salt Reduction and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Commentary on Recent Evidence

Journal of Clinical Hypertension

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 4-5

  Cappuccio, Francesco P ^a   Campbell, Norm R C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIURETIC AGENT;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MORTALITY; NOTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM EXCRETION; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SODIUM URINE LEVEL; SODIUM INTAKE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET, SODIUM-RESTRICTED; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; SODIUM, DIETARY;

EID: 84995476639     PISSN: 15246175     EISSN: 17517176     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jch.12917     Document Type: Note

References (23)

1. World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium Intake for Adults and Children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012:1–46.
2. Sixty-Sixth World Health Assembly follow-up to the political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA66/A66_R10-en.pdf. Accessed September 9, 2016.
3. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, et al. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. Br Med J. 2013;346:f1326.
4. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129:981–989.
5. Mills KT, Chen J, Yang W, et al. Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA. 2016;315:2200–2210.
6. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2011;378:380–382.
7. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388:465–475.
8. Cobb LK, Anderson CA, Elliott P, et al. Methodological issues in cohort studies that relate sodium intake to cardiovascular disease outcomes: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:1173–1186.
9. Cogswell ME, Wang C-Y, Chen T-C, et al. Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-39 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:1502–1513.
10. Wang C-Y, Cogswell ME, Loria CM, et al. Urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride, but not iodine, varies by timing of collection in a 24-hour calibration study. J Nutr. 2013;143:1276–1282.
11. Ji C, Venezia A, Miller MA, et al. Comparisons of spot vs 24-h urine samples for estimating population salt intake: validation study in two independent samples of adults in Britain and Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24:140–147.
12. Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Dagenais G, et al. Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single-morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1005–1015.
13. Campbell N. Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single-morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries. J Hypertens. 2014;32:2499–2500.
14. Peng Y, Li W, Wang Y, et al. Validation and assessment of three methods to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from spot urine samples in Chinese adults. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149655.
15. O'Brien E. Salt – too much or too little? Lancet. 2016;388:439–440.
16. Liu K, Dyer AR, Cooper RS, et al. Can overnight urine replace 24-hour urine collection to assess salt intake? Hypertension. 1979;1:529–536.
17. Siani A, Iacoviello L, Giorgione N, et al. Comparison of variability of urinary sodium, potassium, and calcium in free-living men. Hypertension. 1989;13:38–42.
18. Lerchl k, Rakova N, Dahlmann A, et al. Agreement between 24-hour salt ingestion and sodium excretion in a controlled environment. Hypertension. 2015;66:850–857.
19. O'Donnell M, Yusuf S, Mente A, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2011;306:2229–2238.
20. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. PURE Investigators Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:612–623.
21. Taylor RS, Ashton KE, Moxham T, et al. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Cochrane Review). Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:843–853.
22. Anand SS, Dagenais GR, Mohan V, et al. Glucose levels are associated with cardiovascular disease and death in an international cohort of normal glycaemic and dysglycaemic men and women: the EpiDREAM cohort study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2012;19:755–764.
23. Cogswell ME, Mugavero K, Bowman BA, Frieden TR. Dietary sodium and cardiovascular disease risk––measurement matters. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:580–586.