The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ)–Development and Initial Validation of a New Existential Anxiety Scale in a Nonclinical and Clinical Sample

Journal of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 73, Issue 12, 2017, Pages 1692-1703

  van Bruggen, Vincent ^a   ten Klooster, Peter ^a   Westerhof, Gerben ^a   Vos, Joël ^b   de Kleine, Elian ^a   Bohlmeijer, Ernst ^a   Glas, Gerrit ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROEHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

anxiety; death anxiety; existential; psychopathology; questionnaire development

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; DEPRESSION; DEVICES; DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROSIS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; REPRODUCIBILITY; STANDARDS; UNCERTAINTY; VALIDATION STUDY; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANXIETY; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROTICISM; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; UNCERTAINTY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85017379791     PISSN: 00219762     EISSN: 10974679     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22474     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Self-regulation and the executive function of the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangey (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 197–217). New York: Guilford Press.
3. Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., Tennant, C., & Hurry, J. (1985). The list of Threatening Experiences: A subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat. Psychological Medicine, 15, 189–194.
4. Bryant, F. B., & Satorra, A. (2012). Principles and practice of scaled difference chi-square testing. Structural Equation Modeling, 19, 372–398.
5. Chen, F. F., Hayes, A., Carver, C. S., Laurenceau, J. P., & Zhang, Z. G. (2012). Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: A comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches. Journal of Personality, 80, 219–251. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x
6. Chen, Y. C. (2006). Differential dimensions of death anxiety in nursing students with and without nursing experience. Death Studies, 30, 919–929.
7. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
8. Cooper, M. (2003). Existential therapies. London: Sage.
9. De Beurs, E., Van Dyck, R., Marquenie, L., Lange, A., & Blonk, R. (2001). De DASS: een vragenlijst voor het meten van depressie, angst en stress [The DASS: a questionnaire for the measurement of depression, anxiety and stress]. Gedragstherapie [Behaviourtherapy], 34, 35–53.
10. De Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., & Van Dorsselaer, S. (2010). The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2): Design and methods. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19, 125–141. doi:10.1002/mpr.317
11. Donellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). The MINI-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the big five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18, 192–203.
12. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272
13. Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791–802. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
14. Fuchs, T. (2013). Existential vulnerability: Toward a psychopathology of limit situations. Psychopathology, 46, 301–308.
15. Glas, G. (2003). Anxiety–animal reactions and the embodiment of meaning. In B. Fulford, K. Morris, J. Z. Sadler & G. Stanghellini (Eds.), Nature and narrative–An introduction to the new philosophy of psychiatry (pp. 231–249). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Helsen, K., Van den Bussche, E., Vlaeyen, J. W., & Goubert, L. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Dutch Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Comparison of the full and short version. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.004
17. Hendriks, A. A. J. (1997). The construction of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory. Groningen: Rijkuniversiteit Groningen.
18. Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
19. Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., & Menzies, R. E. (2014). Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 580–593. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.002
20. Janoff-Bulman, R., & Yopyk, D. J. (2004). Random outcomes and valued commitments. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 122–138). New York: Guilford Press.
21. King, L. A., Heintzelman, S. J., & Ward, S. J. (2016). Beyond the search for meaning: A contemporary science of the experience of meaning in life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 211–216. doi:10.1177/0963721416656354
22. Koole, S. L., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing science to the psychology of the soul: Experimental existential psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 212–216.
23. Leary, M. R., & Tangey, J. P. (2003). The self as an organizing construct in the behavioral and social sciences. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangey (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 3–14). New York: The Guilford Press.
24. Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343.
25. Magwaza, A. S. (1999). Assumptive world of traumatized South African adults. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 622–630.
26. Neimeyer, R. A., Wittkowski, J., & Moser, R. P. (2004). Psychological research on death attitudes: An overview and evaluation. Death Studies, 28, 309–340.
27. Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 1322–1338. doi:10.1002/jclp.21908
28. Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 667–696.
29. Reise, S. P., Morizot, J., & Hays, R. D. (2007). The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16, 19–31. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9183-7
30. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514.
31. Spenkelink, S. J. C., & Doosje, S. (2010). Humor, de attitude ten opzichte van de dood en doodsangst [Humor, the attitude towards death and death anxiety] (Unpublished master's thesis). Utrecht University, Utrecht.
32. Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
33. Tillich, P. (1952). The courage to be. New Haven: Yale University Press.
34. van Bruggen, V., Vos, J., Westerhof, G., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2015). Systematic review of existential anxiety instruments. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55, 173–201. doi:10.1177/0022167814542048
35. Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Schreurs, B. H. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Does meaning-making help during organizational change? Career Development International, 14, 508–533. doi:10.1108/13620430910997277
36. Weems, C. F., Costa, N. M., Dehon, C., & Berman, S. L. (2004). Paul Tillich's theory of existential anxiety: A preliminary conceptual and empirical examination. Anxiety Stress and Coping, 17, 383–399. doi:10.1080/10615800412331318616
37. Wong, P. T. P. (2012). Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning (pp. 3–22). New York: Routledge.
38. Wong, P. T. P., Reker, G. T., & Gesser, G. (1994). Death attitude profile-revised. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Death anxiety handbook: research, instrumentation and application (pp. 121–148). New York: Taylor & Francis.
39. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.