The Dublin society in eighteenth-century irish political thought

Historical Journal

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 615-640

  Livesey, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85016837101     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X04003887     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. David Armitage, ‘The political economy of Britain and Ireland after the Glorious Revolution’, in Jane Ohlmeyer, ed., Political thought in seventeenth-century Ireland (Cambridge, 2000), p. 225.
2. Royal Dublin Society (RDS) Minute Book 1, organizational meeting of 25 June 1731.
3. The meeting was organized by Thomas Prior. For accounts of the foundation see Henry F. Berry, A history of the Royal Dublin Society (London, 1915), pp. 3–14
4. Terence de Vere White, The story of the Royal Dublin Society (Tralee, 1955), pp. 7–13.
5. See Mark Bevir and Frank Trentmann, ‘Markets in context: ideas, practices and governance’, in Mark Bevir and Frank Trentmann, eds., Markets in context: toward a post-marxist critique of markets (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 5–32.
6. For the classic account of governance see M. Foucault, ‘Govern-mentality’, in G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, eds., The Foucault effect: studies in governmentality (London, 1991), pp. 87–104.
7. André Bourde, Agronomicet agronomes en France au XVIIIe siècle (3 vols., Paris, 1967), 11, pp. 1031,1101.
8. Peter Clark, British clubs and societies: the origins of an associational world (Oxford, 2000), p. 430.
9. Joanna Innes and Nicholas Rogers, ‘Politics and government, 1700–1840’, in Peter Clark, ed., The Cambridge urban history of Britain, II: 1540–1840 (Cambridge, 2000), p. 536, for a table of petitions to parliament for improving acts.
10. Clark, British clubs and societies, p. 177.
11. British clubs and societies., p. 178.
12. Samuel Madden, A letter to the Dublin Society on the improving their fund and the manufacture, tillage etc. in Ireland (Dublin, 1734), p. 20. Sir Thomas Molyneux, another of the founders, was a friend of Newton and Evelyn.
13. RDS Minute Book I,16 Sept. 1761. Prior b. 1682 in Rathdowney in King's county (modern Laois) was educated at Kilkenny College and was close to Berkeley. He was also one of the founders of the Rotunda lying-in hospital with Bartholomew Mosse. Dobbs b. 1689 in Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim was an Irish MP, surveyor-general of Ireland and eventually governor of North Carolina. Madden b. 1686 in Dublin was a nephew of Molyneaux. Dobbs and Prior were on the first committee of the society, organized before the society drew’ up its constitution in December 1731. Madden never formally joined the society but was an active collaborator and contributed funds.
14. David Armitage, The ideological origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000), p. 8.
15. Nicholas Phillipson, ‘Towards a definition of the Scottish enlightenment’, in P. Fritz and D. Williams, eds., City and society in the eighteenth century (Toronto, 1973), pp. 125–147
16. Nicholas Phillipson, ‘Culture and society in the eighteenth-century province: the case of Edinburgh and the Scottish Enlightenment’, in Lawrence Stone, ed., The university in society (2 vols., London, 1975), 1, pp. 407–448
17. Nicholas Phillipson, ‘The Scottish Enlightenment’, in Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, eds., The Enlightenment in national context (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 19–40
18. Nicholas Phillipson, ‘Politics, politeness and the anglicization of early eighteenth-century Scottish culture’, in Roger Mason, ed., Scotland and England, 1286–1815 (Edinburgh, 1987), pp. 226–246.
19. Phillipson ‘Definition of Scottish Enlightenment’, p. 125.
20. On Davenant see Shelly Burtt, Virtue transformed: political argument in England, 1688–1740 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 4–9
21. Colin Kidd, Subverting Scotland7spast: Scottish whig historians and the creation of an Anglo-British identity, 1689–1830 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 49–50
22. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought mid the Atlantic republican tradition (Princeton, NJ, 1975), pp. 436–446
23. Istvan Hont, ‘Free trade and the economic limits to national politics: neo-Machiavellian political economy reconsidered’, in John Dunn, ed., The economic limits to modern politics (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 50–89.
24. For Davenant's relevance beyond the ‘Anglo-Dutch moment’, see Richard Whatmore, ‘“A gigantic manliness”: Paine's republicanism in the 1790s’, in Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore, and Brian Young, eds., Economy, polity, and society: British intellectual histoiy 1730–1950(Cambridge, 2000), p. 140.
25. Arthur Dobbs, An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland, I (Dublin, 1729), pp. 66–68.
26. Thomas Prior, A list of the absentees of Ireland and the yearly value of their estates and incomes spent abroad with observations on the present state and condition of the kingdom (Dublin, 1729), pp. 62–63.
27. Henry Maxwell, Reasons offer'd for creating a bank in Ireland in a letter to Hercules Rowley (Dublin, 1721), pp. 4, 40–3.
28. Charles Davenant, The political and commercial works of that celebrated writer Charles D'Avenant, ed. Charles Whitworth (5 vols., London, 1771), ‘An essay upon universal monarchy’, IV, pp. 1–42
29. for the intellectual context of this intervention, Steven C. A. Pincus, Protestantism and patriotism: ideologies and the making of English foreign policy (Cambridge, 1996).
30. Hont, ‘Free trade and the economic limits to modern polities’, p. 62.
31. Charles Davenant, ‘That foreign trade is beneficial to England’, in Political and commercial works, I, P. 349.
32. Hont, ‘Free trade and the economic limits to modern polities’, p. 42.
33. Davenant, ‘That foreign trade is beneficial to England’, p. 354.
34. Charles Davenant, ‘An essay upon the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’, in Political and commercial works, II, pp. 227–228.
35. John Robertson, ‘Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English whig doctrine’, in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner, eds., Political discourse in early modem Britain (Cambridge, 1993), p. 358.
36. Linda Colley, Britons: forging the nation, 1707–1837 (London, 1992), Pp. 24–25.
37. Charles Davenant, ‘Discourse on the public revenues and on the trade of England’, in p. 134
38. Davenant, ‘That foreign trade is beneficial to England’, Political and commercial works, I, p. 371.
39. Davenant, ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’, p. 187.
40. Burtt, Virtue Transformed, pp. 8–9.
41. Davenant, ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’, p. 203.
42. Davenant, ‘That foreign trade is beneficial to England’, p. 358.
43. Paul Kennedy argues this strategic vision emerged through England's wars against the Dutch, see Paul Kennedy, The rise and fall of British naval mastery (London, 1976), pp. 65–67.
44. Hont, ‘Free trade and the economic limits to modern polities’, pp. 78–89, for a full discussion of the economic problems posed by Ireland.
45. For the debate on the acts see Patrick Kelly, ‘The Irish woolen export prohibition act of 1699: Kearney revisited’, Irish Economic and Social History, 7 (1980), pp. 22–44.
46. John Cary, An essay on the state of England in relation to its trade, its poor and its taxes (Bristol, 1695)
47. John Gary, A vindication of the parliament of England (London, 1698).
48. See also William Atwood, The history and reasons of the dependency of Ireland upon the imperial crown of the kingdom of England (London, 1698).
49. Davenant, ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’, pp. 236–237
50. ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’., p. 246.
51. Armitage, The ideological origins of the British Empire, p. 148
52. stresses the political and institutional debate around this fact. See also J. H. Baker, ‘“United and knit to the imperial crown”: an English view of the Anglo-Hibernian constitution in 1670’, in D. S. Greer and N. M. Dawson, eds., Mysteries and solutions in Irish legal history (Dublin, 2000), pp. 73–95.
53. Davenant, ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’, p. 248.
54. ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’., 244.
55. For the medieval discourse of the ‘ community of the realm’ see James Lydon, ‘Ireland and the English crown, 1171–1541’, Irish Historical Studies, 29 (1995), pp. 281–294.
56. For the Tudor reinvention of Irish political discourse see Brendan Bradshaw, The Irish constitutional revolution of the sixteenth century (Cambridge, 1979)
57. Ciaran Brady, ‘England's defence and Ireland's reform: the dilemma of the Irish viceroys, 1541–1641’, in Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill, eds., The British frrohlem c. 1534–1707: state formation in the atlantic archipelago (London, 1996), pp. 89–117.
58. Davenant, ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’, p. 245.
59. ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’., p. 248.
60. ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’., p. 243.
61. ‘An essay on the probable methods of making a people gainers in the balance of trade’., p. 244.
62. Patrick Kelly, ‘William Molyneux and the spirit of liberty in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Eighteenth-century Ireland: irís an dá chultur, 3 (1988), pp. 133–148.
63. Anon., An inquiry into some of the causes of the ill situation of the affairs of Ireland (Dublin, 1731), p. 7.
64. Maxwell, Reasons offered for creating a Bank, p. 4.
65. Hercules Rowley, An answer to a book intitled: Reasons offered for erecting a hank in Ireland. In a letter to Henry Maxwell esq. (Dublin, 1721), p. 5.
66. See Patrick Kelly, ‘The politics of political economy in mid-eighteenth-century Ireland’, in S.J. Connolly, ed., Political ideas in eighteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 2000), pp. 105–29, for an overview of this literature.
67. Dobbs, An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland, I, p. 68.
68. An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland., p. 3.
69. An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland., pp. 4–7
70. An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland., p. 7
71. An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland, pp. 66–67.
72. This was later to be a view taken up by Smith. See Adam Smith to Henry Dundas, 1 Nov. 1779, in E. C. Mossner and I. S. Ross, eds., Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis, 1987), pp. 240–242.
73. Henry Maxwell, An essay upon the union of Ireland with England (London, 1703).
74. For an analysis of Maxwell, Jim Smyth, ‘“No remedy more proper”: Anglo-Irish unionism before 1707’, in Brendan Bradshaw and Peter Roberts, eds., British consciousness and identity: the making of Britain, 1533–1707 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 301–320.
75. Daniel Defoe, A plan of the English commerce (London, 1728), p. 37.
76. A plan of the English commerce., p. 48.
77. A plan of the English commerce., p. IX.
78. William Petty, The political anatomy of Ireland (London, 1691), p. 31.
79. Arthur Dobbs, An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland, II (Dublin, 1731), p. 77.
80. See Jim Smyth, ‘The communities of Ireland and the British state, 1660–1707’, in Bradshaw and Morrill, eds., The British problem c. 1534–1707, p. 254.
81. See R. Lawrence, The interest of Ireland (Dublin, 1682)
82. J. Howell, A discourse on the woollen manufacture of Ireland (Dublin, 1689).
83. For a full treatment of these themes see Jim Smyth, ‘“Like amphibious animals”, Irish Protestants, ancient Britons 1691–1707’, Historical Journal, 36 (1993), Pp. 785–797
84. Daniel Defoe, An essay at removing national prejudices against a union with Scotland (Edinburgh, 1706), P.15
85. Anon., An inquiry into some of the causes of the ill situation oftlie affairs of Ireland (Dublin, 1731), p. 13.
86. Smyth, ‘“No remedy more proper”: Anglo-Irish unionism before 1707’, p. 308.
87. James Kelly, ‘Political and public opinion in Ireland and the idea of an Anglo-Irish Union, 1650–1800’, in D. George Boyce, Robert Eccleshall, and Vincent Geoghegan, eds., Political discourse in seventeenth and eighteenth century Ireland (Basingstoke, 2001), pp. 110–144.
88. William Ferguson, ‘The making of the treaty of union 1707’, Scottish Historical Review’, 43 (1964), pp. 89–110.
89. Kidd, Subverting Scotland's past, p. 50.
90. J. G. A. Pocock, The limits mid divisions of British kistmy (Glasgow, 1979), Studies in Public Policy No. 31, Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, p. 6.
91. James Harrington, The commonwealth of Oceana (Cambridge, 1992), p. 6.
92. John Toland, Reasons why the bill for the better securing the dependency of Ireland upon the crown of Great Britain should not pass into law (London, 1720), p. 12.
93. Margaret Campbell to Hugh Campbell, 20 Oct. 1715, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, Loudon papers, LO 7384.
94. For a compelling account of Irish Protestant society in these terms see S.J. Connolly, Religion, law and power: the making of Protestant Ireland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1992).
95. Anon., Some remarks occasion'd by the Revd Mr Madden's scheme and objections raised against it, by one who is no projector (Dublin, 1732), p. 10.
96. T. C. Barnard, ‘Crises of identity among Irish Protestants, 1641–1685’, Past and Present, 127 (1990), p. 50
97. idem, ‘The uses of the 23 October 1641 and Irish Protestant celebrations’, English Historical Review, 105 (1991), pp. 889–920.
98. For an overview of changing views on this, and other questions in eighteenth-century historiography, S.J. Connolly, ‘Eighteenth-century Ireland’, in D. G. Boyce and Alan O'Day, eds., Themahing of modern Irish history: revisionism and the revisionist controversy (London, 1996), pp. 15–33.
99. Ian McBride, The siege of Deny in Ulster Protestant mythology (Dublin, 1997), pp. 12–13
100. A. T. Q. Stewart, The narrow ground: the roots of conflict in Ulster (London, 1989), pp. 49–52.
101. Toland, Reasons why the hill… should not pass, p. 5.
102. Alan Ford, ‘James Ussher and the creation of Irish Protestant identity’, in Bradshaw and Roberts, eds., British consciousness and identity, pp. 185–212.
103. Barnard, ‘Crises of identity’, pp. 63–80.
104. Jane Ohlmeyer, ‘Seventeenth-century Ireland and the new British and Atlantic histories’, American Historical Review, 104 (1999), p. 454.
105. For an overview of English models of Irishness in the period see Joop Leersen, Mere Irish and fíor-ghael: studies in the idea of Irish nationality, its development and literary expression prior to the nineteenth centuiy (Cork, 1996), pp. 32–76.
106. Anon., An inquiry into some oftlie causes of the ill situation of the affairs of Ireland (Dublin, 1731), p. 11.
107. William Petty, ‘The political anatomy of Ireland’, in Charles Henry Hull, ed., The economic writings of Sir William Petty (2 vols., Cambridge, 1899), 1, p. 159.
108. Harrington, The commonwealth of Oceana, 6.
109. Francis Hutcheson, A collection of letters and essays, on several subject's, lately published in the Dublin Journal 2 vols., London, 1729), 1, p. 259.
110. Dobbs, An essay on the trade mid improvement of Ireland, II, p. 13.
111. Robert Molesworth, An account of Denmark as it was in the year 1692 (London, 1694), p. 43.
112. An account of Denmark as it was in the year 1692., p. 83.
113. An account of Denmark as it was in the year 1692., p. 87.
114. Robert Molesworth, Some considerations for the promoting of agriculture and employing the poor (Dublin, 1723), P. 4
115. Thomas Prior, A list of the absentees of Ireland and the yearly value of their estates and incomes spent abroad with observations on the present state and condition of that kingdom (Dublin, 1729), p. 65.
116. A list of the absentees of Ireland and the yearly value of their estates and incomes spent abroad with observations on the present state and condition of that kingdom.
117. A list of the absentees of Ireland and the yearly value of their estates and incomes spent abroad with observations on the present state and condition of that kingdom., p. 73.
118. A list of the absentees of Ireland and the yearly value of their estates and incomes spent abroad with observations on the present state and condition of that kingdom., pp. 1–2.
119. Tim Kiern, ‘Monopoly, economic thought, and the Royal African Company’, in John Brewer and Susan Staves, eds., Early-modern conceptions of property (London, 1996), pp. 427–466.
120. Martin Martin, A description of the Western Isles of Scotland (London, 1703), p. 336.
121. A description of the Western Isles of Scotland., p. 2.
122. Madden, A letter to the Dublin Society, p. 11.
123. Dobbs, An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland, II, pp. 98–99.
124. Martin, A description oftlie Western Isles of Scotland, p. 348.
125. John Locke, Two treatises of government (Cambridge, 1988), p. 413.
126. S.J. Connolly, ‘The Glorious Revolution in Irish Protestant political thinking’, in S.J. Connolly, ed., Political ideas in eighteenth-centuiy Ireland (Dublin, 2000), p. 37.
127. Patrick Kelly, ‘Perceptions of Locke in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 89c (1989).
128. Thomas Bartlett, ‘The origin and progress of the Catholic question in Ireland, 1680–1800’, in T. P. Power and Kevin Whelan, eds., Endurance and emergence: Catholics in Ireland in the eighteenth century (Dublin, 1990), p. 6.
129. Though it has been largely ignored. For overviews see Kelly, ‘Politics of political economy’
130. Salim Rashid, ‘The Irish school of economic development: 1720–1750’, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 54 (1988), pp. 345–369.
131. Michel Foucault, ‘Governmentality’, in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, eds., The Foucault effect: essays in governmentality (Chicago, 1991), pp. 87–104.
132. Ian Hacking thinks Petty may have developed his ideas from John Graunt, see Ian Hacking, The emergence of probability (Cambridge, 1975), p. 105.
133. Petty, Political anatomy of Ireland, p. 24.
134. Political anatomy of Ireland., p. 29.
135. Political anatomy of Ireland., p. 89.
136. Hacking, Emergence of probability, p. 110.
137. Mary Poovey, A history of the modem fact: problems of knowledge in the sciences of wealth and society (Chicago, 1998), p. 135.
138. Davenant, ‘On the use of political arithmetic, in all considerations about the revenues and trade’, in Political and commercial works, p. 128.
139. David Dickson, New foundations: Ireland, 1660–1800 (Dublin, 2000), p. 115.
140. David Dickson, ‘Butter comes to market: the origins of commercial dairying in county Cork’, in Patrick O'Flanagan and Cornelius G. Buttimer, eds., Cork: history and society: interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county (Dublin, 1992).
141. Louis Cullen, The emergence of modem Ireland, 1600–1900 (London, 1981), pp. 141–149.
142. L. M. Cullen, ‘The contemporary and later politics of Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 8 (1993), pp. 7–38.
143. David Hayton, ‘Did Protestantism fail in early eighteenth-century Ireland? Charity schools and the enterprise of religious and social reformation c1690–1730’
144. Toby Barnard, ‘Improving clergymen, 1660–1760’, both in Alan Ford, James McGuire, and Kenneth Milne, eds., As by law established: the Church of Ireland since the Reformation (Dublin, 1995), pp. 166–86, and 136–51
145. T. C. Barnard, ‘Reforming Irish manners: the religious societies in Dublin during the 1690s’, HistoricalI Journal, 35 (1992), Pp. 805–838.
146. Peter Browne, Of drinking to the memory of the dead (Dublin, 1713).
147. Hayton, ‘Did Protestantism fail’, p. 167.
148. Barnard, ‘Improving clergymen’, p. 136.
149. On Protestant asceticism, Max Weber, The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. R. H. Tawney (London, 1930), pp. 95–154.
150. For a friendly critique of Weber see Charles Taylor, Sources of the self: the making of modern identity (Cambridge, MA, 1989), pp. 511–512.
151. On the problems facing all such disciplinary campaigns in the period, Michel Foucault, Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1979), p. 113.
152. Gerard Boote, Ireland's naturall history (London, 1652)
153. see T. C. Barnard, ‘The Hartlib circle and the cult and culture of improvement in Ireland’, in Mark Greengrass, Michael Leslie, and Timothy Raylor, eds., Samuel Hartlih and universal Reformation: studies in intellectual communication (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 281–297.
154. Toby Barnard, ‘Improving clergymen, 1660–1760’, in Ford, McGuire, and Milne, eds., By law established, pp. 146–148.
155. Francis Hutchinson, A second letter to a member of parliament recommending the improvement of the Irish fishery (Dublin, 1729), pp. 3–6, 21.
156. Hutcheson, Letters and essays, I, p. 160.
157. Letters and essays., p. 48.
158. Ian McBride, Scripture politics: Ulster Presbyterians and Irish radicalism in the late eighteenth century (Oxford, 1998), p. 51.
159. Francis Hutcheson, An inquiry into tiie original of our ideas of beauty and virtue in two treatises (2nd edn, London, 1726), p. 87.
160. The best overview of penal legislation remains Maureen Wall, ‘The penal laws, 1691–1760’, in Gerard O'Brien, ed., Catholic Ireland in the eighteenth century: collected essays of Maureen Wall (Dublin, 1989), pp. 1–60
161. see also L. M. Cullen, ‘Catholics under the penal laws’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, I (1986), pp. 23–36.
162. Tadgh O hAnnrachain, ‘“Though hereticks and politicians should misinterpret their goode zeal”: political ideology and Catholicism in early-modern Ireland’, in Ohlmeyer, ed., Political thought in seventeenth-century Ireland, pp. 155–175.
163. L. M. Cullen, ‘Catholic social classes under the penal laws’, in Power and Whelan, eds., Endurance and emergence, p. 73.
164. Patrick Kelly, ‘The improvement of Ireland’, Analecta Hihernica, 35 (1992), pp. 47–53.
165. Kevin Whelan, ‘An underground gentry? Catholic middlemen in eighteenth-century Ireland’, in The tree of liberty: radicalism, Catholicism and the construction of Irish identify 1760–1830 (Cork, 1996), pp. 27–33.
166. Cullen, ‘Catholic social classes under the penal laws’, p. 62.
167. David Dickson, ‘Catholics and trade in eighteenth-century Ireland: an old debate revisited’, in Power and Whelan, eds., Endurance and emergence, pp. 85–110.
168. Thomas Bartlett, The fall and rise of the Irish nation: the Catholic question, 1690–1830 (Dublin, 1992), p. 50
169. C. D. A. Leighton, Catholicism in a Protestant kingdom: a study of the Irish anckn regime (London, 1994), pp.67–85.
170. McBride, Scripture politics, p. 25.
171. On Jacobitism see Breandán Ó Buachalla, ‘Irish Jacobitism and Irish nationalism: the literary evidence’, in Michael O'Dea and Kevin Whelan, eds., Nations and nationalism: France, Britain, Ireland and the eighteenth-century context (Oxford, 1995), pp. 103–116.
172. Leighton, Catholicism in a Protestant kingdom, p. 94.
173. Catholicism in a Protestant kingdom., pp. 145–160.
174. See Lionel Rothkrug, Opposition to Louis XIV: the political and social origins of the Enlightenment (Princeton, 1965), pp. 234–297.
175. Thomas O'Connor, An Irish theologian in Enlightenment France: Luke Joseph Hooke 1714–96 (Dublin, 1995), pp. 18–19.
176. Rothkrug, Opposition to Louis XIV, p. 234.
177. Dobbs, An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland, II p. 92.
178. An essay on the trade and improvement of Ireland., p. 98.
179. RDS Minute Book I, 26 June 1731.
180. Samuel Madden, A letter to the Dublin Society on the improving of their fund and the manufacture, tillage etc. in Ireland (Dublin, n.d.), p. 6.
181. Samuel Madden, Reflections and resolutions proper far the gentlemen of Ireland as to their conduct for the service of their country (Dublin, 1738), pp. 12–13
182. Anon., Some remarks occasion'd by tlie Revd Mr Madden's scheme, p. 7.
183. Madden, Reflections and resolutions, 19.
184. Samuel Madden, A reply to the discourse which earned tlie premium at the academy of Dijon in 1750, on the question proposed by tlie said academy, hath the re-establishment of arts and sciences contributed to purge or corrupt our manners? (Dublin, 1751), p. 5.
185. Madden, Reflections and resolutions, pp. 178–181.