Nucleation efficiency of fillers in polymer crystallization studied by fast scanning calorimetry: Carbon nanotubes in polypropylene

Polymer

Volumn 116, Issue , 2017, Pages 160-172

  Schawe, Jürgen E K ^a   Pötschke, Petra ^b   Alig, Ingo ^c  

^a Mettler Toledo Schweiz GmbH   (Switzerland)

^b LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF POLYMER RESEARCH DRESDEN   (Germany)

^c FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR STRUCTURAL DURABILITY AND SYSTEM RELIABILITY LBF   (Germany)

Author keywords

Crystallization kinetics; Nano composite; Nucleation

Indexed keywords

CALORIMETERS; CALORIMETRY; CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS; EFFICIENCY; FILLED POLYMERS; FILLERS; ISOTHERMS; NANOCOMPOSITES; NUCLEATION; POLYPROPYLENES; YARN;

CRITICAL COOLING RATE; CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS; CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE; FAST-SCANNING CALORIMETRIES; ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE; ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION; POLYMER CRYSTALLINITY; POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION;

MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCN);

EID: 85016496416     PISSN: 00323861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.072     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. [1] Brückner, S., Meille, S.V., Petraccone, V.P., Piozzi, B., Polymorphism in isotactic polypropylene. Prog. Polym. Sci. 16 (1991), 361–404.
2. [2] Turner-Jones, A., Aizlewood, J.M., Beckett, D.R., Crystalline forms in isotactic polypropylene. Macromol. Chem. 75 (1964), 134–158.
3. [3] Gahleitner, M., Grein, C., Kheirandih, S., Wolfschwenger, J., Nucleation of polypropylene Homo- and copolymers. Intern. Polym. Process. 24 (2011), 2–20.
4. [4] Foresta, T., Piccarolo, S., Goldbeck-Wood, G., Competition between α and γ phases in isotactic polypropylene: effect of ethylene content and nucleating agent at different cooling rates. Polymer 42 (2001), 1167–1176.
5. [5] Somani, R.H., Hsiao, B.S., Nogales, A., Fruitwala, H., Srinivas, S., Tsou, A.H., Structure development during shear flow induced crystallization of i-PP: in situ wide-angle X-ray diffraction study. Macromolecules 34 (2001), 5902–5909.
6. [6] Mezghani, K., Phillips, P.J., The γ-phase of high molecular weight isotactic polypropylene II: the morphology of the γ-form crystallized at 200 MPa. Polymer 38 (1997), 5725–5733.
7. [7] Grebowicz, J., Lau, S.-F., Wunderlich, B., The thermal properties of polypropylene. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp. 71 (1984), 19–37.
8. [8] Androsch, R., Di Lorenzo, M.L., Schick, C., Wunderlich, B., Mesophases in polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(1-butene). Polymer 51 (2010), 4639–4662.
9. [9] Piccarolo, S., Morphological change in isotactic polypropylene as a function of cooling rate. J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. 31 (1992), 501–511.
10. [10] Mileva, D., Androsch, R., Radusch, H.-J., Effect of structure on light transmission in isotactic polypropylene and random propylene-1-butene copolymers. Polym. Bull. 62 (2009), 561–571.
11. [11] Zia, Q., Androsch, R., Radusch, H.J., Piccarolo, S., Morphology, reorganization and stability of mesomorphic nanocrystals in isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 47 (2006), 8163–8172.
12. [12] Coleman, J.N., Khan, U., Gun'ko, Y.K., Mechanical Reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater 18 (2006), 689–706.
13. [13] Bikiaris, D., Microstructure and properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites. Materials 3 (2010), 2884–2946.
14. [14] Grandy, B.P., Effect of carbon nanotubes on polymer physics. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 50 (2012), 591–623.
15. [15] Ganß, M., Satapathy, B.K., Thunga, M., Weidisch, R., Pötschke, P., Jehnichen, D., Structural interpretations of deformation and fracture behavior of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Acta Mater. 56 (2008), 2247–2261.
16. [16] Seo, Min-Kang, Lee, Jae-Rock, Park, Soo-Jin, Crystallization kinetics and interfacial behavior of polypropylene composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 404 (2005), 79–84.
17. [17] Assouline, E., Lustiger, A., Barber, A.H., Cooper, C.A., Klein, E., Wachtel, E., Wagner, H.D., Nucleation ability of multiwall carbon nanotubes in polypropylene composites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 41 (2003), 520–527.
18. [18] Lordi, V., Yao, N., Molecular mechanics of binding in carbon-nanotube–polymer composites. J. Mater. Res. 15 (2000), 2770–2779.
19. [19] Lu, K., Grossiord, N., Koning, C.E., Miltner, H.E., van Mele, B., Loos, J., Carbon nanotube/isotactic polypropylene composites prepared by latex technology: morphology analysis of CNT-induced nucleation. Macromolecules 41 (2008), 8081–8085.
20. [20] Li, C.Y., Li, L.Y., Cai, W.W., Kodjie, S.L., Tenneti, K.K., Nanohybrid shish-kebabs: periodically functionalized carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater 17 (2005), 1198–1202.
21. [21] Alig, I., Lellinger, D., Dudkin, S.M., Pötschke, P., Conductivity spectroscopy on melt processes polypropylene-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites recovery after shear crystallization. Polymer 48 (2007), 1020–1029.
22. [22] Brosse, A.-C., Tencé-Girault, S., Piccione, P.M., Leibner, L., Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the lamellae morphology of polyamide-6. Polymer 49 (2008), 4680–4686.
23. [23] Müller, A.J., Arnal, M.L., Trujillo, M., Lorenzo, A.T., Super-nucleation in nanocomposites and confinement effects on the crystallizable components within block copolymers, mikroarm star copolymers and nanocomposites. Eur. Polym. J. 47 (2011), 614–629.
24. [24] Chen, Y.H., Zhong, G.J., Lei, J., Li, Z.M., Hsiao, B.S., In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering study on isotactic polypropylene crystallization under the coexistence of shear flow and carbon nanotubes. Macromolecules 44 (2011), 8080–8092.
25. [25] Zhou, Zhen, Wang, Shifeng, Lu, Lan, Zhang, Yong, Zhang, Yinxi, Isothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene with silane functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 45 (2007), 1616–1624.
26. [26] Xu, D., Wang, Z., Role of multi-wall carbon nanotube network in composites to crystallization of isotactic polypropylene matrix. Polymer 49 (2008), 330–338.
27. [27] De Santis, F., Adamovsky, S., Titomanlio, G., Schick, C., Scanning nanocalorimetry at high cooling rate of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 39 (2006), 2562–2567.
28. [28] Schawe, J.E.K., Analysis of non-isothermal crystallization during cooling and reorganization during heating of isotactic polypropylene by fast scanning DSC. Thermochim. Acta 603 (2015), 85–93.
29. [29] van Drongelen, M., van Erp, T.B., Peters, G.W.M., Quantification of non-isothermal, multi-phase crystallization of isotactic polypropylene: the influence of cooling rate and pressure. Polymer 53 (2012), 4758–4769.
30. [30] Cavallo, D., Gardella, L., Alfonso, G.C., Mileva, D., Androsch, R., Effect of comonomer partitioning on the kinetics of mesophase formation in random copolymers of propene and higher α-olefins. Polymer 53 (2012), 4429–4437.
31. [31] Mollova, A., Androsch, R., Mileva, D., Gahleitner, M., Funari, S.S., Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene containing beta-phase nucleating agent at rapid cooling. Eur. Polym. J. 49 (2013), 1057–1065.
32. [32] Schawe, J.E.K., Vermeulen, P.A., van Drongelen, M., A new crystallization process in polypropylene highly filled with calcium carbonate. Colloid Polym. Sci. 293 (2015), 1607–1614.
33. [33] Androsch, R., Monami, A., Kucera, J., Effect of an alpha-phase nucleating agent on the crystallization kinetics of a propylene/ethylene random copolymer at largely different supercooling. J. Cryst. Growth 408 (2014), 91–96.
34. [34] Schawe, J.E.K., Influence of processing conditions on polymer crystallization measured by fast scanning calorimetry. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 116 (2014), 1165–1173.
35. [35] Zhuravlev, E., Wurm, A., Pötschke, P., Androsch, R., Schmelzer, J.W.P., Schick, C., Kinetics of nucleation and crystallization of poly(ε-caprolactone) – multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Eur. Polym. J. 52 (2014), 1–11.
36. [36] Alonso, M., Velasco, J.I., Saja, J.A., Constrained crystallization and activity of filler in surface modified talc polypropylene composites. Eur. Polym. J. 33 (1997), 255–262.
37. [37] Papageorgiou, G.Z., Achilias, D.S., Bikiaris, D.N., Karayannidi, G.P., Crystallization kinetics and nucleation activity of filler in polypropylene/surface-treated SiO2 nanocomposites. Thermochim. Acta 427 (2005), 117–128.
38. [38] Kim, S.H., Ahn, S.H., Hirai, T., Crystallization kinetics and nucleation activity of silica nanoparticle-filled poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate). Polymer 44 (2003), 5625–5634.
39. [39] Dobreva, A., Stoyanov, A., Gutzow, I., Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data on the nonisothermal kinetics of crystallization in polymer melts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Sym 48 (1991), 473–480.
40. [40] Dobreva, A., Gutzow, I., Activity of substrates in the crystalized nucleation of glass-forming melts. II Experimental evidence. J. Non-Cryst Solids 162 (1993), 13–25.
41. [41] Pötschke, P., Krause, B., Stange, J., Münstedt, H., Elongational viscosity and foaming behavior of PP modified by electron irradiation or nanotube addition. Macromol. Symp. 254 (2007), 400–408.
42. [42] Wunderlich, B., The ATHAS database on heat capacities of polymers. Pure Appl. Chem. 67 (1995), 1019–1026.
43. [43] Schawe, J.E.K., Pogatscher, S., Material characterization by fast scanning calorimetry: practice and applications. Schick, C., Mathot, V., (eds.) Fast Scanning Calorimetry, 2016, Springer, 3–80, 10.1007/978-3-319-31329-0_1.
44. [44] Androsch, R., Di Lorenzo, M.L., Schick, C., Wunderlich, B., Mesophases in polyethylene, polypropylene and poly(1-butene). Polymer 51 (2010), 4639–4662.
45. [45] Schawe, J.E.K., Vermeulen, P.A., van Drongelen, M., Two processes of α-phase formation in polypropylene at high supercooling. Thermochim. Acta 616 (2015), 87–91.
46. [46] Marco, C., Ellis, G., Gómez, M.A., Arribas, J.M., Comparative study of the nucleation activity of third-generation sorbitol-based nucleating agents for isotactic polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84 (2002), 2440–2450.
47. [47] Rhoades, A.M., Williams, J.L., Androsch, R., Crystallization Kinetics of polyamide 66 at processing-relevant cooling conditions and high supercooling. Thermochim. Acta 603 (2015), 103–109.
48. [48] Schawe, J.E.K., Cooling rate dependence of the crystallinity at nonisothermal crystallization of polymers: a phenomenological model. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133, 2016, 42977.
49. [49] Schawe, J.E.K., Mobile amorphous, rigid amorphous and crystalline fraction in isotactic polypropylene during fast cooling. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 127 (2017), 931–937.
50. [50] Zhuravlev, E., Madhavi, V., Lustiger, A., Androsch, R., Schick, C., Crystallization of polyethylene at large undercooling. ACS Macro Lett. 5 (2016), 365–370.
51. [51] Cebe, P., Partlow, B.P., Kaplan, D.L., Wurm, A., Zuravlev, E., Schick, C., Using flash DSC for determination of the liquid state heat capacity of silk fibroin. Thermochim. Acta 615 (2015), 8–14.
52. [52] Silvestre, C., Cimmino, S., Duraccio, D., Schick, C., Isothermal crystallization of isotactic poly(propylene) studied by superfast calorimetry. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 28 (2007), 875–881.
53. [53] Duran, H., Steinhart, M., Butt, H.-J., Floudas, G., From heterogeneous nucleation of isotactic poly(propylene) confined to nanoporous alumina. Nano Lett. 11 (2011), 1671–1675.
54. [54] Ibarretxe, J., Groeninckx, G., Bremer, L., Mathot, V.B.F., Quantitative evaluation of fractionated and homogeneous nucleation of polydisperse distributions of water-dispersed maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene micro- and nano-sized droplets. Polymer 50 (2009), 4584–4595.
55. [55] Jin, Y., Hilltner, A., Baer E, E., Effect of sorbitol nucleating agent on fractionated crystallization of polypropylene droplets. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., 45, 2007 1788–1297.
56. [56] Fillon, B., Thierry, A., Wittmann, J.C., Lotz, B., Self-nucleation and reorganization of Polymers. Isotactic polypropylene, β Phase: β-α conversion and β-α growth transitions. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 31 (1993), 1407–1424.
57. [57] Michell, R.M., Mugica, A., Zubitur, M., Müller, A.J., Self-nucleation of crystalline phases within homopolymers, polymer blends, copolymers, and nanocomposites. Adv. Polym. Sci., 2015, 1–42, 10.1007/12_2015_327.
58. [58] Ostwald, W., Studien über die Bildung und Umwandlung fester Körper. 1. Abhandlung: Übersättigung und Überkaltung. Z. Phys. Chem. 22 (1897), 289–330.
59. [59] Avrami, M., Kinetics of phase change. I. General theory. J. Chem. Phys. 7 (1939), 1103–1112.
60. [60] Avrami, M., Kinetics of phase change. II. Transformation–time relations for random distribution of nuclei. J. Chem. Phys. 8 (1940), 212–224.
61. [61] Avrami, M., Kinetics of phase change. III. Granulation, phase change and microstructure. J. Chem. Phys. 9 (1941), 177–184.
62. [62] Kolmogorov, A.N., K statisticheskoi teorii kristallizacii metallov. Izvestiya Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Math. 1 (1937), 355–359.
63. [63] Johnson, W.A., Mehl, R.F., Reaction kinetics in processes of nucleation and growth. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engin. 135 (1939), 416–458.
64. [64] Wurm, A., Lellinger, D., Minakov, A.A., Skipa, T., Pötschke, P., Nicula, R., Alig, I., Schick, C., Crystallization of poly(ε-caprolactone)/MWCNT composites: a combined SAXS/WAXS, electrical and thermal conductivity study. Polymer 55 (2014), 2220–2232.
65. [65] Abdou, J.P., Reynolds, K.J., Pfau, M.R., van Staden, J., Braggin, G.A., Tajaddod, N., Minus, M., Reguero, V., Vilatela, J.J., Zhang, S., Interfacial crystallization of isotactic polypropylene surrounding macroscopic carbon nanotube and graphene fibers. Polymer 91 (2016), 136–145.
66. [66] Ozawa, T., Kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization. Polymer 12 (1971), 150–158.
67. [67] Wunderlich, B., Macromolecular Physics, vol. 2, 1976, Academic Press, New-York.
68. [68] Schultz, J.M., Polymer Crystallization. 2001, Oxford University Press, Oxford (.
69. [69] Turnbull, D., The kinetics of precipitation of barium sulphate from aqueous solution. Acta Metall. 1 (1953), 684–691.
70. [70] Aaron, H.B., Fainstein, D., Kotler, G.R., Diffusion-limited phase transformation: a comparison and critical evaluation of the mathematical approximations. J. Appl. Phys. 41 (1970), 4404–4410.
71. [71] Parker, R.L., Crystal growth mechanisms: energetics, kinetics, and transport. Solid State Phys. 25 (1970), 152–299.