Transnationalism and early european integration: The nouvelles equipes internationales and the geneva circle 1947–1957

Historical Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 773-798

  Gehler, Michael ^a   Kaiser, Wolfram ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015837884     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X0100200X     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht (London, 1999)
2. idem, ‘De Gaulle between grain and grandeur: the political economy of French EC policy, 1958–1970 (Part I)’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 2/2 (2000), pp. 3–43
3. idem, ‘De Gaulle between grain and grandeur: the political economy of French EC policy 1958–1970 (Part 2)’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 2 (2000), pp. 4–68.
4. For various criticisms of the selective and partly manipulative use of sources and existing historical literature in Moravcsik's theory-driven works see also in volume 2/3 (2000) of the Journal of Cold War Studies, Jeffrey Vanke, ‘Reconstructing de Gaulle’, pp. 87–100
5. Mark Trachtenberg, ‘De Gaulle, Moravcsik, and Europe ’, pp. 101–116.
6. Despite being sympathetic to Moravcsik's general approach, Alan S. Milward, ‘A comment on the article by Andrew Moravcsik’, pp. 77–80, also hints at the unsound use of source material and argues that he goes too far in reducing de Gaulle's motives to commercial ones, especially in relation to the president's policy on British EEC entry.
7. For a theoretical criticism of Moravcsik's approach see, for example, Wolfgang Merkel, ‘Die Europäische Integration und das Elend der Theorie’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 25 (1999), pp. 302–38, at p. 313.
8. Instigated largely by the in many ways pathbreaking research and publications of Alan S. Milward, The European rescue of the nation-state (London, 1992)
9. (with Frances M. B. Lynch, Ruggero Ranieri, Federico Romero, and Vibeke Sørensen), The frontier of national sovereignty: history and theory, 1945–1992 (London, 1993)
10. The reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–1951 (London, 1984).
11. See especially Walter Lipgens, A history of European integration, 1945–1947 (Oxford, 1982; German edn, 1977).
12. On Christian Democrat parties in Western Europe after 1945 see the contributions to Michael Gehler, Wolfram Kaiser, and Helmut Wohnout, eds., Christdemokratie in Europa im 20. Jahrhundert/Christian Democracy in twentieth century Europe (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2001)
13. Emiel Lamberts, ed., Christian Democracy in the European Union [1945l 1995]: proceedings of the Leuven colloqium, 15–18 November 1995 (Katholiek Documentatie- en Onderzoekscentrum Leuven (KADOC) - Studies 21) (Leuven, 1997)
14. Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway, eds., Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965 (Oxford, 1996).
15. On transnational contacts of Catholic politicians after the First World War see Guido Müller, ‘Das “Secrétariat International des Partis Démocratiques d'Inspiration Chrétienne”, 1925- 1939 - ein vorweggenommenes Exil katholischer Demokraten in der Zwischenkriegszeit’, in Gehler, Kaiser, and Wohnout, eds., Christdemokratie in Europa, pp. 559–573
16. Roberto Papini, Il coraggio della democrazia: Sturzo e l'internazionale popolare tra le due guerre (Rome, 1995)
17. Alwin Hanschmidt, ‘Eine christlich-demokratische “Internationale” zwischen den Weltkriegen: Das “Secrétariat International des Partis Démocratiques d'Inspiration Chrétienne” in Paris’, in Winfried Becker and Rudolf Morsey, eds., Christliche Demokratie in Europa: Grundlagen und Entwicklungen seit dem ig. Jahrhundert (Cologne and Vienna, 1988), pp. 153–188.
18. On Catholic contacts in exile see Wolfram Kaiser, ‘Co-operation of European Catholic politicians in exile in Britain and the United States during world war II’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35 (2000), pp. 439–465.
19. For a general overview see also Peter M. R. Stirk, ‘Crisis and continuity in interwar Europe’, in idem, ed., European unity in context: the interwar period (London and New York, 1989), pp. 1–22.
20. Procès-verbal de la conférence politique internationale de Lucerne 27 février - 2 mars 1947, Bundesarchiv Bern (BAR), JII.181 1987/52, 2372.
21. Geneva Circle, 12 June 1950, French protocol, KADOC, Archief CEPESS, 3.1.11.
22. Concerning Koutzine see Pierre Turrettini to Direction Générale des Camps de Travail, 21 Aug. 1943
23. Curriculum Vitae Koutzine and ‘ Signalementsblatt’, 23 Sept. 1943
24. BAR, E.4264 1985/196.
25. Concerning Kindt-Kiefer see Nachrichtendienst Zürich/Polizeikorps Kanton Zürich, 12 Nov. 1943, BAR, E.4320 (13) 1973/17.
26. See also Heinrich Küppers, Joseph Wirth: Parlamentarier, Minister undKanzler der Weimarer Republik (Stuttgart, 1997), pp. 301–28, at pp. 303, 316 (fn 1144).
27. See also Jürgen Hollstein, ‘Zur Geschichte christlich-demokratischer Zusammenarbeit in Europa: Die “Nouvelles Equipes Internationales” [NEI]’, Libertas, 3–4 (1989), pp. 82–117.
28. August de Schryver to Bruno Heck, 5 Aug. 1957, with Aide Mémoire - Réunion Préparatoire de Bruxelles, 29 July 1957
29. Procès-verbal de la conference politique internationale de Lucerne 27 février - 2 mars 1947, BAR,JII.181 1987/52, 2372.
30. NEI, Secrétariat Général [Jules Soyeur], Notes préliminaires, no date [March 1947], KADOC, Archief A. E. de Schryver, 7.2.1.
31. Jules Soyeur, ‘Christian Democrats and industrial democracy: a new international body’, People & Freedom, 94 (1947), pp. 1–2.
32. See also the recollections of Bruno Dörpinghaus, ‘Die Genfer Sitzungen - Erste Zusammen-künfte führender christlich-demokratischer Politiker im Nachkriegseuropa’, in Dieter Blumenwitz, Klaus Gotto, Hans Maier, Konrad Repgen, and Hans-Peter Schwarz, eds., Konrad Adenauer und seine Zeit: Politik und Persönlichkeit des ersten Bundeskanzlers: Beitrage von Weg- und Zeitgenossen (Stuttgart, 1976), pp. 538–65, at p. 538.
33. See, for example, Adenauer to Kindt-Kiefer, 27 Mar. 1948, in Konrad Adenauer, Briefe über Deutschland, 1945–1955, selected and introduced by Hans Peter Mensing (Berlin, 1999), pp. 75–76.
34. For Kindt-Kiefer's wartime activities in Switzerland see Nachrichtendienst Zürich, 31 July 1942, BAR, E.4320 (13) 1973/17.
35. See also Ulrike Hörster-Philipp, Joseph Wirth, 1879–1956: Eine politische Biographie (Paderborn, 1998), pp. 628–9, 650–60.
36. On Koutzine's background see also the letter by Barbara Roth, Archiviste d'Etat adjointe, to Michael Gehler, 22 May 1998, quoting from Dossier Victor Koutzine (224'443), Département de l'intérieur, de l'environnement et des affaires régionales, Archives d'Etat, République et Canton de Genève, Archives de la Police des Etrangers. The authors would like to thank Barbara Roth for her informative reply.
37. Cf Bericht über die Sitzung des Büros der NEI am 18.9.1950 in Paris, Institut für Zeitgeschichte Wien (IfZg), NL 48 (Hurdes), DO 367.
38. Dörpinghaus, ‘Die Genfer Sitzungen’, pp. 539–40, 542.
39. See also, as general introductions, Josef Foschepoth, ed., Kalter Krieg und Deutsche Frage: Deutschland im Widerstreit der Mächte, 1945–1952 (Göttingen and Zurich, 1985)
40. Ludolf Herbst, Westdeutschland, 1945–1955: Unterwerfung, Kontrolle, Integration (Munich, 1986).
41. Roberto Papini, L'internationale démocrate-chrétienne: La coopération internationale entre les partis démocrates-chrétiens de 1925 à 1986 (Paris, 1988), p. 73. Papini's work is mostly not based on original sources.
42. Koutzine to Dörpinghaus, 5 Nov. 1949, Archiv für christlich-demokratische Politik St. Augustin (ACDP), I-009–017.
43. Dörpinghaus to Adenauer, 5 Nov. 1949
44. Koutzine to Adenauer, 23 July 1950, 3 Aug. 1950
45. Stiftung Bundeskanzler Adenauer Haus Rhöndorf (SBKA), Bestand 10 01–25, 10.01 CD/10.03 K
46. Dörpinghaus to Adenauer, 21 Jan. 1950, ACDP, I-009–13/1
47. Koutzine to Dörpinghaus, 11 Mar. 1951, ACDP, I-009–017.
48. See also Henning Köhler, Adenauer: Eine politische Biographie (Berlin and Frankfurt/Main, 1994), pp. 588, 590.
49. In 1955 Kindt-Kiefer also attempted to mediate for Adenauer in the Saar question, but without success. Cf. Hans-Peter Schwarz, Adenauer: Der Staatsmann, 1952–1967, vol. 11 (Stuttgart, 1991), pp. 229–231.
50. Geneva Circle, 13 Feb. 1950, Tagung des Kontaktausschusses in Genf, Archiv des Karl von Vogelsang-Instituts Wien (AKVI), BPL, Konvolut BMfUnterricht 1946–1950, Mappe NEI.
51. Geneva Circle, 2 Mar. 1952, Protokoll über die Sitzung in Genf, ACDP I-172–31.
52. The transnational party discourse was of course embedded in a wider Catholic discourse in post-war Western Europe, emanating from Pope Pius XII downwards, about the role of liberalism and socialism in bringing about the horrors of the twentieth century. For the broader intellectual context see, for example, Philippe Chenaux, Une Europe vaticane? Entre le Plan Marshall et les Traités de Rome (Brussels, 1990).
53. On the ideology and politics of collaboration of Pope Pius XII see the critical biography by John Cornwell, Hitler's pope (London, 1999).
54. Karl Wick, Die deutsche Frage, Exposé zuhänden der Konferenz christlicher Politiker, Luxembourg, 30–1 Jan., 1 Feb. 1948, BAR, JII.181 1987/52, 2662.
55. Pierre Frieden, Le problàme allemand, son aspect spirituel et culturel, NEI, Le problème allemand, Session de Luxembourg, 30–1 Jan., 1 Feb. 1948, BAR, JII.181 1987/52, 2350.
56. P. J. S. Serrarens, Le probleme allemand, son aspect politique, NEI, Le problème allemand, Session de Luxembourg, 30–1 Jan., 1 Feb. 1948, BAR, JII.181 1987/52.
57. NEI, Le problème allemand, Session de Luxembourg.
58. On the role of the term Abendland for the European debate in Germany after 1945 see Walter Lipgens, Die Anfänge der europäischen Einigungspolitik, 1945–1950: Erster Teil, 1945–1947 (Stuttgart, 1977), pp. 233–235.
59. For a modern intellectual history of the term, albeit only in a German and not in a comparative European context, see Axel Schildt, Zwischen Abendland und Amerika: Studien zur westdeutschen Ideenlandschaft der 50er Jahre (Munich, 1999).
60. A summary of the key elements of Adenauer's speech is to be found in ‘Christlich-demokratische Internationale?’, Rheinischer Merkur, 7 Feb. 1948.
61. Concerning Adenauer's early European policy and the NEI meeting in Luxemburg see also Hans-Peter Schwarz, Adenauer: Der Aufstieg, 1876–1952, vol. I (Stuttgart, 1986), pp. 557–558.
62. Frieden, Le problème allemand.
63. Wick, Die deutsche Frage. In relation to the West German Christian Democrats and their view of the ‘guilt’ question see the interesting article by Maria Mitchell, ‘Materialism and secularism: CDU politicians and national socialism, 1945–1949’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995), pp. 278–308, at p. 297.
64. For general context see Mary Heimann, ‘Christianity in Western Europe from the Enlightenment’, in Adrian Hastings, ed., A world history of Christianity (London, 1999), pp. 458–507.
65. For a very good synopsis of the controversial debate about Switzerland and the Second World War see Georg Kreis, ‘ Vier Debatten und wenig Dissens’, in idem and Bertrand Müller, eds., Die Schweiz und der Zweite Weltkrieg/La Suisse et la Seconde Guerre mondiale (special issue of vol. 47, no. 4 (1997) of Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte) (Basel, 1997), pp. 451–476.
66. See also Erwin Bucher, Zwischen Bundesrat und General: Schweizer Politik und Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Zurich, 1993).
67. Frieden, Le problème allemand.
68. Désiré Lamalle, Le problème allemand, son aspect économique, NEI, Le problème allemand, Session de Luxembourg, 30-I January, 1 Feb. 1948, BAR, JII.181 1987/52,2350.
69. In this context, see also Resolution, adoptée par la conference de NEI tenue à Luxembourg du 29 janvier au 2 février 1948, ACDP, IX-002–011/2.
70. On French policy towards Germany in this period see also in greater detail Raymond Poidevin, ‘Die Neuorientierung der französischen Deutschlandpolitik 1948/49’, in Foschepoth, ed., Kalter Krieg undDeutsche Frage, pp. 129–44, at p. 129
71. Reinhard Schreiner, Bidault, der MRP und die französische Deutschlandpolitik, 1944–1948 (Frankfurt, Berne, and New York, 1985), pp. 154–161.
72. Geneva Circle, 29 June 1948, Compte rendu d 'une rencontre à Genève, Archives Nationales Paris (AN), 457 AP 59.
73. Hurdes to Gruber, 2 Nov. 1948, with a photocopy of notes Hurdes had prepared on the Geneva Circle meeting of 21 Oct. 1948, Institut für Zeitgeschichte Innsbruck, Karl Gruber Archiv (KGA), Karton 4.
74. Institut für Zeitgeschichte Innsbruck, Karl Gruber Archiv (KGA).
75. Institut für Zeitgeschichte Innsbruck, Karl Gruber Archiv (KGA).
76. See also Jean-Claude Demory, Georges Bidault, 1899–1983: Biographie (Paris, 1995), pp. 178–89, 251–60, 268–70
77. see also Gérard Bossuat, La France, l'aide américaine et la construction européenne, 1944–1954 (Etudes générales, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France, Ministere des Finances, Editions), vol. I (2 vols., Paris, 1992), pp. 295–352, 353–409.
78. On the question of continuity and discontinuity concerning co-operation in coal and steel see especially John Gillingham, ‘Zur Vorgeschichte der Montan-Union Westeuropas: Kohle und Stahl in Depression und Krieg’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 34 (1986), pp. 381–405.
79. Demory, Georges Bidault, pp. 278–279.
80. Adenauer to Kindt-Kiefer, 30 Mar. 1948, document 796, in Hans Peter Mensing, ed., Adenauer Briefe, 1947–1949 (Berlin, 1984), p. 195.
81. Cf. Gillingham, ‘Vorgeschichte’, p. 404.
82. Proposition of Chancellor Adenauer, Koutzine to Bidault, 22 Mar. 1950, AN, 457 AP 59. The date of the meeting with Adenauer is not given, but it must have been shortly before Koutzine wrote the letter to Bidault. It is also unclear when exactly Adenauer conceived his proposal, but it was definitely a personal initiative to be transmitted through the existing party channels. It had not at that point been discussed by the Bonn government. See also fn 22 in Ulrich Lappenküper, ‘Der Schuman-Plan’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 42 (1994), pp. 403–45, at pp. 407–8.
83. On French-US contacts over the Schuman Plan see A. W. Lovett, ‘The United States and the Schuman Plan: a study in French diplomacy, 1950–1952’, Historical Journal, 39 (1996), pp. 425–455.
84. On the relations between Adenauer, Schuman, and Bidault see also Demory, Georges Bidault, pp. 295–298.
85. On the origins of the Schuman Plan and the evolution of the ECSC see, in particular, Raymond Poidevin and D. Spierenburg, The history of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (London, 1994; French edn, 1993)
86. the relevant chapters in the multilingual volume by Klaus Schwabe, ed., Die Anfänge des Schuman-Plans 1950/1951 (Brussels, 1988).
87. Cf Rolf Steininger, Wiederbewaffnung: Die Entscheidung für einen westdeutschen Verteidigungs-beitrag: Adenauer und die Westmachte, 1950 (Erlangen, Bonn, and Vienna, 1989), pp. 43–169.
88. Dörpinghaus, ‘Die Genfer Sitzungen’, p. 540.
89. See also Wilfried Loth, ‘Von der “Dritten Kraft” zur Westintegration: Deutsche Europa-Projekte in der Nachkriegszeit’, in Franz Knipping and Klaus-Jürgen Müller, eds., Aus der Ohnmacht zur Bündnismacht: Das Machtproblem in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1945–1960 (Paderborn, 1995), pp. 57–83.
90. Steininger, Wiederbewaffnung, pp. 15–17.
91. Geneva Circle, 22 Dec. 1948, protocol Koutzine, AN 519 AP 10.
92. See also Philippe Chenaux, ‘ Les démocrates-chrétiens et la construction de l'Europe (1947–1957)’, Revue politique, 1 (1991), pp. 87–101, at p. 96
93. Wolfram Kaiser, ‘Begegnungen christdemokratischer Politiker in der Nachkriegszeit’, in Martin Greschat and Wilfried Loth, eds., Die Christen und die Entstehung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Stuttgart, 1995), pp. 139–57, at p. 150.
94. Geneva Circle, 8 Mar. 1949, Bericht Hurdes von der Tagung des Koordinations-Komitees der christlich-demokratischen Parteien in Genf, Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Wien (ÖStA), Archiv der Republik (AdR), BKA/AA II-pol 1949, Zl. 82.250-pol/49 (80.161-pol/49), Int. 14
95. see also the protocol in ACDP, I-009–017.
96. La Tactique du Chancelier Adenauer [Victor Koutzine to Georges Bidault 1951], AN, 457 AP 59. This document is printed in French in Michael Gehler, ‘“Missverständnisse ” niedriger hängen? Adenauer opferte bewuβt die Einheit für die Westintegration’, Informationen für den Geschichts- und Gemeinschaftskundelehrer, 45 (1993), pp. 22–28, fn 9.
97. On this highly controversial question see the excellent literature review by Klaus Kellmann, ‘Deutsche Geschichte nach 1945: Neuerscheinungen vor, während und nach der Auflösung der DDR und der Vereinigung beider deutscher Staaten’, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 44 (1993), pp. 243–69, at pp. 247–53.
98. Geneva Circle, 24 Mar. 1952, protocol von Spreti, ACDP, I-172–31.
99. Geneva Circle, 16 June 1952, protocol Grubhofer, AKVI, Karton NEI c) e). For a well-balanced approach see Wilfried Loth, Die Teilung der Welt: Geschichte des Kalten Krieges, 1941–1955 (Munich, 2000), pp. 291–304.
100. For an older English edition, see idem, The division of the world: a history of the Cold War, 1941–1955 (London, 1988).
101. See also Torsten Ripper, ‘Die Stalin-Note vom 10. März 1952: Die Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Debatte’, Zeitgeschichte, 26 (1999), pp. 372–396.
102. Koutzine to Lenz, 14 Sept. 1953, ACDP, I-172–74.
103. Milward, The European rescue, pp. 195–196.
104. In relation to the Christian Democrat ‘founding fathers’ Adenauer and Schuman see Schwarz, Adenauer, 1952–1967, p. 147
105. Raymond Poidevin, Robert Schuman, homme d'Etat, 1886–1963 (Paris, 1986), p. 377.
106. For Christian Democrat party co-operation and institutional issues of European integration see also Wolfram Kaiser, ‘ Institutionelle Ordnung und strategische Interessen: Die Christdemokraten und “ Europa” nach 1945’, in Wilfried Loth, ed., Das europäische Projekt zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts (Opladen, 2001), pp. 81–98
107. idem, ‘“ L'ennemi héréditaire, c ‘est l ’Angleterre ”: Les démocrates-chrétiens français et allemands face aux questions institutionnelles (1947–1963)’, in Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, ed., France et Allemagne face aux institutions européennes (Brussels, 2001) -forthcoming.
108. Rouwhulde aan President De Gasperi, NEI congress, Bruges, 10 Sept. 1951, KADOC, Archief A. E. de Schryver, 7.2.4.8.
109. John Biggs-Davison, ‘ Christian Democrats meet the “Nouvelles Equipes” at Bruges’, The Tablet, 18 Sept. 1954.
110. Quoted in Poidevin, Robert Schuman, p. 381.
111. Geneva Circle, 31 Jan. 1955, protocol von Spreti, ADCP I-172–31.
112. protocol von Spreti.
113. Manifesto of Bruges, 10–12 Sept. 1954, KADOC, Archief R. Houben 246.2/3.
114. Manifesto of Bruges.
115. On Western neutralization ideas after the war see Axel Frohn, Neutralisierung als Alternative zur Westintegration: Die Deutschlandpolitik der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, 1945–1949 (Frankfurt, 1985)
116. Andreas Hillgruber, Alliierte Pläne fur eine “Neutralisierung” Deutschlands, 1945–1955 (Opladen, 1987), pp. 5–31.
117. Questionnaire by Houben, responses of the CDU/CSU and the French equipe (MRP), July 1954, KADOC, Archief R. Houben, 246.2./3.
118. Concerning the different European concepts of Adenauer and Erhard, which continued to shape the debate over European integration in the Federal Republic until the early 1960s, see also Daniel Koerfer, Kampf ums Kanzleramt: Erhard und Adenauer (Stuttgart, 1987)
119. Hanns Jürgen Küsters, ‘ Zollunion oder Freihandelszone? Zur Kontroverse über die Handelspolitik Westeuropas in den fünfziger Jahren’, in Helmut Berding, ed., Wirtschaftliche und politische Integration in Europa im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1984), pp. 295–308, at pp. 298–302.
120. Robert Houben, Gemeinsame Elemente einer christlichen politischen Doktrin auf dem Gebiet der Wirtschaft und des Sozialwesens, NEI congress, Bruges, 10–12 Sept. 1954, ACDP, IX-002–016.
121. NEI Comité Directeur, Paris, 19 Feb. 1955, ACDP, IX-002–003.
122. Jelle Zijlstra, Die politische und wirtschaftliche Integration Westeuropas, NEI congress, Salzburg, 14–16 Sept. 1955, BAR JII.181 1987/52, 2383.
123. NEI congress.
124. See also Martin Conway,‘ Introduction’, in Buchanan and Conway, eds., Political Catholicism, pp. 1–33, at p. 31.
125. On British policy towards the Messina process and continental reactions to British policy see Wolfram Kaiser, Using Europe, abusing the Europeans: Britain and European integration, 1945–1963 (London, 1999), chapter 2
126. James R. V. Ellison, ‘Accepting the inevitable: Britain and European integration’, in Wolfram Kaiser and Gillian Staerck, eds., British foreign policy, 1955–1964: contracting options (London, 2000), pp. 171–189.
127. Debate, NEI congress, Salzburg, 14–16 Sept. 1955, ACDP, IX-002–003.
128. See, by way of introduction, Wilfried Loth, Der Weg nach Europa: Geschichte der europäischen Integration, 1939–1957 (2nd edn, Göttingen, 1991), pp. 11 3–26
129. Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, Histoire de la construction europeenne de 1945 à nos jours (Paris, 1996), pp. 101–113.
130. Quoted in Poidevin, Schuman, p. 381.
131. On the development of the European People's Party see also the book written by its former secretary general, Thomas Jansen, The European People's Party: origins and development (London, 1998; German edn, Bonn, 1996)
132. from a German party perspective - Günter Rische and Ingo Friedrich, eds., Europa als Auftrag: Die Politik deutscher Christdemokraten im Europäischen Parlament, 1957–1997: Von den Römischen Verträgen zur Politischen Union (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 1997), pp. 9–84.
133. For the ÖVP see also Michael Gehler, ‘“ Politisch unabhängig”, aber “ ideologisch eindeutig europäisch”: Die ÖVP, die Vereinigung christlicher Volksparteien (NEI) und die Anfänge der europäischen Integration, 1947–1960’, in idem and Rolf Steininger, eds., Österreich und die europäische Integration, 1945–1993 (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 1993), pp. 291–326, at pp. 303–4.
134. On Paul Van Zeeland's détente initiatives see in greater detail Vincent Dujardin and Michel Dumoulin, Paul Van Zeeland, 1893–1973 (Brussels, 1997), pp. 213–231.
135. see also the meeting of the committee, now renamed East-West Commission, on 1 May 1958 which led to the adoption of a ‘ conservative’ resolution concerning détente for the 1958 NEI congress in Scheveningen in the Netherlands: Commission Est-Ouest, Paris, 1 May 1958, BAR, JII.181 1987/52, 2362.
136. See also, as a general introduction with further literature, Adrian Hastings, ‘Catholic history from Vatican I to John Paul II’, in idem, ed., Modern Catholicism: Vatican II and after (London and New York, 1991), pp. 1–13.
137. On British traditions of Christian Democracy see Tom Buchanan, ‘Great Britain’, in Buchanan and Conway, eds., Political Catholicism, pp. 248–274
138. Joan Keating, ‘The British experience: Christian Democrats without a party’, in David Hanley, ed., Christian Democracy in Europe: a comparative perspective (London, 1994), pp. 168–181.
139. The dominance of Social Democracy, their strong anti-Catholicism and Socialist‘ third way’ ideology also made closer co-operation between Scandinavian Conservatives and continental Christian Democrats more difficult. See also Wolfram Kaiser,‘ A better Europe? EFTA, the EFTA secretariat, and the European identities of the “outer seven”, 1958–1972’, in Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, Wilfried Loth, and Raymond Poidevin, eds., Institutions européennes et identités europénnes (Brussels, 1998), pp. 165–184.
140. For these applications and the ensuing negotiations see the relevant chapters in Anne Deighton and Alan S. Milward, eds., Widening, deepening and acceleration: the European Economic Community, 1957–1963 (Baden-Baden and Brussels, 1999).
141. See, for example, the analysis in Karl Josef Hahn, Die Haltung der christdemokratischen Parteien zu einer eventuellen Zusammenarbeit mit den Konservativen Parteien, 12 Feb. 1964, Katholiek Documentatie Centrum Nijmegen, Archief KVP, 1271
142. Franz Horner, Konservative und christdemokratische Parteien in Europa: Geschichte, Programmatik, Strukturen (Vienna and Munich, 1981), pp. 68–71.