Women, gender, and the promotion of empire: The victoria league, 1901–1914

Historical Journal

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 569-599

  Riedi, Eliza ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85015815389     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X02002558     Document Type: Article

References (283)

1. Lady Jersey, ‘The Victoria League’, National Review, 53 (1909), pp. 317–26, at p. 317. Italics mine.
2. Frans Coetzee, For party or country: nationalism and the dilemmas of popular conservatism in Edwardian England (New York, 1990), p. 3
3. John M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and empire (Manchester, 1984)
4. John M. MacKenzie, ed., Imperialism and popular culture (Manchester, 1986).
5. Barbara N. Ramusack and Antoinette Burton, ‘ Feminism, imperialism and race: a dialogue between India and Britain’, Womens History Review, 3 (1994), pp. 469–481
6. Clare Midgley, ed., Gender and imperialism (Manchester, 1998), introduction.
7. Helen Callaway, Gender, culture and empire: European women in colonial Nigeria (Basingstoke, 1987)
8. Claudia Knapman, White women in Fiji, 1835–1930 (London, 1986)
9. Janice Brownfoot, ‘Memsahibs in colonial Malaya: a study of European wives in a British colony and protectorate, 1900–1940’, in H. Callan and S. Ardender, eds., The incorporated wife (London, 1984)
10. ‘Sisters under the skin: imperialism and the emancipation of women in Malaya, c. 1891 -1941’, in J. A. Mangan, ed., Making imperial mentalities (Manchester, 1990).
11. For an introduction, see Margaret Strobel, European women and the second British empire (Bloomington, 1991).
12. Barbara N. Ramusack, ‘Cultural missionaries, maternal imperialists, feminist allies: British women activists in India, 1865–1945’
13. Antoinette Burton, ‘The white woman's burden: British feminists and “the Indian woman”, 1865–1915’, in N. Chaudhuri and M. Strobel, eds., Western women and imperialism: complicity and resistance (Bloomington, 1992)
14. Clare Midgley, ‘ Anti-slavery and the roots of “imperial feminism”’, in Midgely, ed., Gender
15. Antoinette Burton, Burdens of history: British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill, 1994).
16. See also Vron Ware, Beyond the pale: white women, racism and history (London, 1992), part 3.
17. Ian C. Fletcher, Laura E. Nym Mayhall, and Philippa Levine, eds., Women's suffrage in the British empire: citizenship, nation and race (London, 2000)
18. Angela Woollacott, To try her fortune in London: Australian women, colonialism and modernity (Oxford, 2001).
19. Andrew S. Thompson, Imperial Britain: the empire in British politics, c. 1880–1932 (London, 2000), pp. 15–20.
20. Imperial Britain: the empire in British politics, c. 1880–1932, p. 16.
21. Barbara Roberts, ‘A work of empire: Canadian reformers and British female immigration’, in Linda Kealey, ed., A not unreasonable claim: women and reform in Canada, 1880s-1920s (Toronto, 1979), p. 232.
22. For the emigration societies, see Una Monk, New horizons: a hundred years of women s migration (London, 1963)
23. A. James Hammerton, Emigrant gentlewomen (London, 1979)
24. Brian L. Blakeley, ‘Women and imperialism: the colonial office and female emigration to South Africa, 1901–1910’, Albion, 13 (1981), pp. 131–149
25. Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ‘The crying need of South Africa: the emigration of single British women to the Transvaal, 1901 - 1910’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 10 (1983), pp. 17–38
26. Julia Bush, ‘The right sort of woman: female emigrators and emigration to the British empire, 1890–1910’, Women s History Review, 3 (1994), pp. 385–409.
27. For the Primrose League, see Martin Pugh, The tories and the people, 1880–1935 (Oxford, 1985), ch. 3.
28. The best account of women and imperial propaganda is now Julia Bush, Edwardian ladies and imperial power (Leicester, 2000), which also discusses the emigration societies.
29. See also MacKenzie, Propaganda and empire, ch. 6
30. Anne Summers, ‘The character of Edwardian nationalism: three popular leagues’, in P. Kennedy and A. Nicholls, eds., Nationalist and racialist movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (London, 1981)
31. Andrew S. Thompson, ‘Thinking imperially? Imperial pressure groups and the idea of empire in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain’ (DPhil thesis, Oxford, 1994)
32. Imperial Britain
33. Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, ‘ Crusader for empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard’, in Chaudhuri and Strobel, eds., Western women and imperialism
34. ‘Journalism as active politics: Flora Shaw, The Times, and South Africa’, in Donal Lowry, ed., The South African War reappraised (Manchester, 2000).
35. Times, 2 July 1910.
36. Meriel Talbot, diary, 22 Oct. 1910
37. Maidstone, Kent Archives Office (KAO), Talbot papers, U 1612 F222. Male executive members before 1914 included Leo Amery; the journalist E. T. Cook
38. Victoria League executive committee minute book (hereafter Executive), 28 Jan. 1904.
39. For example, James G. Greenlee, Education and imperial unity, 1901–1926 (New York, 1987), pp. 3–6.
40. Burton, Burdens, p. 7.
41. A. S. Thompson, ‘Tariff reform: an imperial strategy, 1903–1913’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), pp. 1033–1054, at p. 1039.
42. Blakeley, ‘Women and imperialism’
43. Van-Helten and Williams, ‘The crying need of South Africa’.
44. Alice Balfour, Twelve hundred miles in a waggon (London, 1895), p. 102.
45. Evelyn Cecil, On the eve of war (London, 1900).
46. Mary Arnold-Forster, Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster: a memoir (London, 1910), ch. 9
47. Mary Arnold-Forster to Florence O 'Brien, Cape Town, 3 Oct. [1900], Dublin, Trinity College Library, Arnold-Forster papers, MS 500–1/259.
48. Violet Markham, Return passage (London, 1953), ch. 7
49. Violet Markham to Rosa Markham, 12 Sept. 1899, London, British Library of Political and Economic Science (BLPES), Violet Markham papers, 27/49.
50. Eliza Riedi, ‘Options for an imperialist woman: the case of Violet Markham, 1899–1914’, Albion, 32 (2000), pp. 59–84.
51. Edith Lyttelton, Alfred Lyttelton: an account of his life (London, 1917), part 2, chs. 7–8.
52. Edith Lyttelton to Kathleen Lyttelton, 4 Sept. 1900, Cambridge, Churchill College Archive Centre (CCAS), Chandos papers, Chan. 11 3/14
53. Edith Lyttelton, diary, 26 Sept. 1900
54. CCAS, Chandos papers, Chan. 6/3.
55. Violet Milner, My picture gallery (London, 1951), chs. 16–30.
56. Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (London, 1979; 1992 edn), p. 90
57. Violet Cecil to Olive Maxse, 3 Jan. 1900, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Violet Milner papers, C34/9.
58. Milner, Picture gallery, p. 153
59. Annie Hanbury-Williams to Violet Markham, 3 Apr. 1900, BLPES, Markham papers, 25/39.
60. Times, 17 Nov. 1900
61. Edith Lyttelton, diary, 10 Sept. 1900
62. CCAS, Chandos papers, Chan. 6/3.
63. Karel Schoeman, ‘A public life: the career of Katie Stuart (1862–1925)’, unpublished paper in the South African Library, Cape Town. I am indebted to Andrew S. Thompson for this reference.
64. Violet Cecil, ‘diary’, 2 Mar. 1901
65. Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/1. This ‘diary’ was compiled in 1957, ‘largely from letters. Nothing has been added but some things have been omitted’.
66. Minutes of preliminary meeting, Executive, 2 Apr. 1901.
67. Schoeman, ‘Public life’, p. 6.
68. Cecil, ‘diary’, 23 Feb., 2 Apr. 1901
69. Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/1
70. Milner, Picture gallery, p. 237.
71. Which granted the League £500 p.a. for a five-year term in 1907 and again in 1911. For the League's finances, see Bush, Edwardian ladies, Appendix 1, tables 1 and 2.
72. E. B. Sargant, ‘The Victoria League’, United Empire, 6 (1915), pp. 588–94, at p. 589.
73. Victoria League Annual Report (AR) 1911–1912, p. 35.
74. AR 1901–1903, p. 9; 1906–7, p. 9; 1907–8, p. 12
75. Sargant, ‘Victoria League’, p. 593.
76. For 1913 British and overseas membership figures, see Bush, Edwardian ladies, Appendix 1, tables 3 and 4.
77. Lyttelton to Violet Markham, 22 Jan. 1906, BLPES, Markham papers, 25/51
78. Talbot to Markham, 25 Jan. 1906, BLPES, Markham papers, 26/28.
79. Executive, 21 Sept. 1911
80. Violet Markham to Hilda Cashmore, 1 Oct. 1911, BLPES, Markham papers, 25/12.
81. Thompson, ‘Thinking imperially’, pp. 126–127.
82. Executive, 27 May 1914.
83. F. K. Prochaska, Women andphilanthropy in nineteenth century England (Oxford, 1980), pp. 5, 225
84. Anne Summers, ‘A home from home: women's philanthropic work in the nineteenth century’, in Sandra Burman, ed., Fit work for women (London, 1979).
85. Times, 16 July 1901
86. Cape Times, 9 Aug. 1901.
87. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 572.
88. Lord Methuen, quoted in the Times, 14 Oct. 1904.
89. The Guild also cared for Boer graves ‘wherever practicable, as it is when they are buried beside our own men’ - a gesture intended to promote reconciliation, though one Boer newspaper reacted with the headline ‘Hands off, ye Ghouls!’ (Times, 27 Sept. 1901
90. M. G. Fawcett, ‘ Impressions of South Africa in 1901 and in 1903 ’, Contemporary Review, 84 (1903), pp. 635–655, at p. 655.
91. Carman Miller, Painting the map red: Canada and the South African War, 1899–1902 (Montreal, 1993), pp. 435–436
92. Times, 27 Sept., 28 Oct. 1901
93. Executive, 19 Mar. 1908.
94. Times, 22 May 1902
95. Bob Bushaway, ‘Name upon name: the Great War and remembrance’, in Roy Porter, ed., Myths of the English (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 141–142
96. Mark Girouard, The return to Camelot: chivalry and the English gentleman (New Haven, 1981).
97. Times, 18 Nov. 1902, 20 Nov. 1906, 4 Jan. 1907.
98. See also H. H. Wilson, After Pretoria: the guerrilla war (London, 1902), p. 511.
99. Executive, 21 June 1901.
100. Paula M. Krebs, ‘The last of the gentlemen's wars: women in the Boer War concentration camp controversy’, History Workshop, 33 (1992), pp. 38–56
101. Gender, race, and the writing of empire: public discourse and the Boer War (Cambridge, 1999), ch. 2
102. S. B. Spies, ‘Women and the war’, in Peter Warwick, ed., The South African War: the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902 (London, 1980). 27,927 Boers (including 22,000 children) died in the camps
103. mortality rates in the African camps were even higher (Spies, ‘Women’, pp. 170–3).
104. Executive, 24 Oct. 1901.
105. Times, 26 June 1901.
106. Executive, 24 Oct. 1901
107. Report on the concentration camps in South Africa by the committee of ladies appointed by the secretary of state for war [Cd. 893] 1902, pp. 60, 67–8, 70, 161.
108. Fawcett to Edith Lyttelton (copy), 15 Nov. 1901, BLPES, Streatfield papers, 2/4
109. Report on the concentration camps, p. 6
110. AR 1901–1913, p. 10.
111. Leo Amery, The Times history of the war in South Africa (London, 1909), vi, pp. 34–36.
112. When peace was declared £600 remained: it was distributed to GLW philanthropic projects in Pretoria and Bloemfontein (Executive, 9 May 1902, 3 June 1904, 3 May 1905).
113. Report on the concentration camps, p. 4.
114. Violet Cecil, ‘diary’, 6 Sept. 1901
115. Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/1.
116. Milner, Picture gallery, pp. 137–8, 145
117. Violet Cecil, ‘The Johannesburg voter’, National Review, 47 (1906), pp. 100–104
118. Lucy Bean and Elizabeth van Heyningen, eds., The letters of Jane Elizabeth Waterston, 1866–1905 (Cape Town, 1983), p. 241.
119. For the Uitlander refugees, see S. B. Spies, Methods of barbarism? Roberts and Kitchener and civilians in the Boer republics, January 1900- May 1902 (Cape Town, 1977), pp. 19–21.
120. Violet Markham, ‘Miss Hobhouse and the concentration camps’, Times, 3 Sept. 1901
121. see also Krebs, Gender, p. 47.
122. Times, 22 Nov. 1902.
123. Chamberlain to Edith Lyttelton, 26July 1901, CCAS, Chandos papers, Chan. 11 3/27.
124. Georgina Frere, ‘Report of work done for the Victoria League in South Africa Nov. 1901 -May 1902’, Birmingham University Library, Chamberlain papers, JC29/6/11/13
125. AR 1901–1903, pp. 12–13
126. Times, 4 Mar., 2 Apr., 15 Oct. 1902.
127. Globe, 18 Nov. 1902
128. Violet Cecil, ‘ Part of our nation’, National Review, 40 (1902), pp. 532–533
129. Cecil, ‘diary’, 21 Nov., 25 Nov., 6 Dec. 1902, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/1
130. Times, 10 Dec. 1902.
131. AR 1901–1903, pp. 13–15.
132. Cf. Rudyard Kipling to Violet Cecil, 15 Nov. 1902, urging a Mansion House fund because ‘The [Afrikaner] Bond would realize that the Loyalists were not wholly without friends across the water It would be the best conceivable chance for the Empire to show what its real feelings to the Loyalists are the moral effect all round would be incalculable’ (Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, C395/5).
133. Executive, 7 June 1901.
134. K. S. Inglis, ‘Going home: Australians in England, 1870–1900’, in David Fitzpatrick, ed., Home or away? Immigrants in colonial Australia: visible immigrants: three (Canberra, 1992), pp. 105–106
135. Angela Woollacott, ‘ “All this is the empire, I told myself”: Australian women's voyages “home” and the articulation of colonial whiteness’, American Historical Review, 102 (1997), pp. 1003–1029.
136. Census of England and Wales 1911, vol. IX [Cd. 7017], pp. xiv-xv.
137. Grey to Markham, 17 Nov. 1906, Markham papers, 25/33.
138. Lyttelton to Milner, 15 Apr. 1904, Bodleian, Milner papers, 216/341
139. Lyttelton to Grey, 17 Feb. 1905, Durham, College Green Library (CGL), Albert, 4th Earl Grey papers, 215/3.
140. Talbot, ‘Early history of the Victoria League’, Welcome: the official journal of the Victoria League, 1 (1951), pp. 11–13, at p. 12.
141. Cecil, ‘diary’, 12 June 1902, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/1.
142. Talbot, ‘Early history’, p. 12.
143. Lady Wallace, The story of the Victoria League in Scotland, 1907–1957 (n.p., 1957), p. 6
144. Naomi Mitchison, Small talk: memoirs of an Edwardian childhood (London, 1973), p. 87.
145. AR 1903–1904, p. 9; 1912–13, p. 9.
146. Times, 23 May 1903
147. ‘Lally Bernard’ [Mrs Clare Fitzgibbon], ‘The Ladies’ Empire Club of London’, Canadian Magazine, 23 (1904), pp. 195–199
148. ‘An imperial club for London’, Spectator, 92 (1903), pp. 802–803.
149. Leonore Davidoff, The best circles (London, 1973), p. 21.
150. Lyttelton to Grey, 17 Feb. 1905, CGL, Grey papers, 215/3.
151. Van-Helten and Williams, ‘The crying need of South Africa’, p. 23.
152. Brian L. Blakeley, ‘The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the problems of empire settlement, 1917–1936’, Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421–444.
153. Kipling to Violet Cecil, 24 Sept. 1902, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, C395/2
154. Cecil, ‘diary’, 23 Jan. 1903, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/2.
155. Alicia Cecil to Miss Russell, 13 Dec. 1902 (copy) in ‘ Early Transvaal letters from Mrs Evelyn Cecil to S.A.C.S. in the Transvaal’, London, Fawcett Library, 1/SAX/3/1 (Box 41).
156. Times, 8 May 1909. Talbot's husband, Sir Reginald, had been governor of Victoria 1904–8.
157. Executive, 26 Oct. 1911
158. AR 1913–1914, p. 9.
159. Monthly Notes, Mar. 1913, p. 18, Mar. 1914, pp. 19–21
160. AR 1913–1914, p. 40.
161. Inglis, ‘Going home’, pp. 127–130
162. Woollacott, To try her fortune, pp. 35, 141.
163. Monthly Notes, Aug. 1912, p. 69.
164. J. G. Greenlee, ‘Imperial studies and the unity of the empire’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 7 (1979), pp. 321–35, at p. 321
165. ‘Education and empire’, Times, 24 Apr. 1907.
166. MacKenzie, Propaganda, chs. 7 and 9.
167. Times, 31 May 1902
168. J. G. Greenlee, ‘The A B C's of imperial unity’, Canadian Journal of History, 14 (1979), pp. 49–64
169. Milner to Violet Markham n.d. [1907], BLPES, Markham papers, 25/56(i).
170. Greenlee, ‘Imperial studies’, p. 323
171. Trevor R. Reese, The history of the Royal Commonwealth Society, 1868–1968 (London, 1968), ch. 6.
172. Milner to John Hanbury Williams, 27 Dec. 1900, in Cecil Headlam, ed., The Milner papers (London, 1933), II, p. 243
173. Milner, Picture gallery, p. 237.
174. Executive, 24 Oct. 1901, 13 Nov. 1902.
175. M. G. Fawcett, What I remember (London, 1924), p. 164
176. AR 1901–1903, p. 16
177. Times, 13 Nov. 1903.
178. Emily Hobhouse to Lady Hobhouse, 30 Aug. 1903, in Rykie van Reenen, ed., Emily Hobhouse: Boer War letters (Cape Town, 1984), p. 277.
179. MacKenzie, Propaganda, p. 162
180. Violet Cecil to Milner, 1 July 1903, Bodleian, Milner papers, 216/19.
181. AR 1901–1903, p. 22
182. Times, 13 Apr. 1905
183. AR 1906–1907, p. 15.
184. By 1915, 66,561 books had been sent overseas (Sargant, ‘Victoria League’, p. 591).
185. Executive, 7 July 1911
186. Times, 11 Dec. 1912
187. AR 1912–1913, pp. 16–17; 1913–14 pp. 17–18
188. Marjorie Harper, Emigration from North-East Scotland (Aberdeen, 1988), 11, pp. 256–259
189. AR 1909–1910, p. 18.
190. By 1914, 103,521 newspapers and magazines p.a. were being posted to the colonies by 1,969 senders (AR 1913–1914, p. 16).
191. AR 1909–1910, p. 22; 1905–6, p. 12
192. Times, 1 Dec. 1905.
193. AR 1909–1910, p. 14.
194. Executive, 19 May, 30 June 1904
195. AR 1905–1906, p. 20; 1909–10, p. 15.
196. Executive, 19 Jan. 1909.
197. For the proposed amalgamation, see Greenlee, Education pp. 53–57
198. League of the Empire, Report of the negotiations for amalgamation between the League of the Empire and the Victoria League (Aug. 1909).
199. Executive, 13 Nov. 1902
200. Times, 8 Aug. 1904
201. AR 1904–1905, p. 13; 1905–6, p. 18.
202. AR 1908–1909, inside front cover.
203. AR 1905–1906, pp. 18–20; 1908–9, pp. 19–20; 1913–14, pp. 11–12.
204. AR 1909–1910, pp. 10–11.
205. AR 1903–1904, p. 12
206. Cecil to Milner, 7 Jan. 1904, Bodleian, Milner papers, 216/229.
207. MacKenzie, Propaganda, pp. 162–166
208. Executive, 21 Sept. 1911.
209. Executive, 16 May, 17 Oct., 21 Nov. 1912, 19 June 1913.
210. Greenlee, ‘Imperial studies’, p. 324
211. Lady Jersey, ‘Victoria League’, p. 325.
212. Cecil, ‘Diary’, 3 May 1904, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, F2/2.
213. A. Milner, The nation and the empire (London, 1913), pp. 172–173.
214. AR 1910–1911, p. 45.
215. Patricia Hollis, ‘Women in council: private spheres, public space’, in Jane Rendall, ed., Equal or different: women's politics, 1800–1914 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 192–195.
216. Anna Davin, ‘Imperialism and the cult of motherhood’, History Workshop, 5 (1978), pp. 9–65
217. Deborah Dwork, War is good for babies and other young children (London, 1987), ch. 1.
218. Rosebery quoted in Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and social reform: English social-imperial thought, 1895–1914 (London, 1960), p. 63.
219. See also G. R. Searle, The quest for national efficiency (Berkeley, 1971).
220. Violet Markham, May Tennant: a portrait (London, 1949), pp. 15–39
221. Jane Lewis, Women and social action in Victorian and Edwardian Britain (Stanford, 1991), pp. 262–301.
222. AR 1904–1905, p. 22.
223. Violet Markham to Rosa Markham, 24 Oct. 1905, BLPES, Markham papers, 27/58.
224. The factory and shop acts of the British dominions: a handbook compiled by Miss Violet Markham; together with a general view of the English law ; and a preface by Mrs H. J. Tennant [issued by the industrial subcommittee of the Victoria League] (London, 1908).
225. For reviews see e.g. Contemporary Review, 93 (1908), Literary Supplement, pp. 20–21
226. Spectator, 100 (1908), pp. 192–193.
227. Factory and shop acts, p. v.
228. Monthly Notes, June 1914
229. Meriel Talbot, ‘Practical imperialism’, Britannic Review, 1 (1914), pp. 351–356.
230. Maud Selborne's ‘ Imperialism and motherhood’, NationalReview, 63 (1914), pp. 984–8, used the conference findings to argue that‘ the possession of political power makes the best mothers of infants’.
231. See e.g. C. F. G. Masterman et al., The heart of the empire: discussions of the problems of modern city life in England (London, 1902)
232. Davin, ‘Imperialism’, pp. 12–18.
233. Mrs W. G. Lumbers (attrib.), The Imperial Order, Daughters of the Empire golden jubilee, 1900–1950 (Toronto, 1950)
234. J. Castell Hopkins, ed., Canadian annual review for 1910 (Toronto, 1911), p. 124.
235. Talbot, diary, 21 Jan. 1910, KAO, Talbot papers, U1612 F221.
236. John Eddy and Deryck Schreuder, The rise of colonial nationalism (Sydney, 1988), ch. 2.
237. Talbot, diary, 4 May, 11 May, 29 Apr., 18 May 1910, KAO, Talbot papers, U1612 F221.
238. Nordheimer resigned in 1911 after an internal Imperial Order, Daughters of the Empire revolt; her successor, Mary Gooderham, proved more sympathetic to the Victoria League (‘Hisses and cheers for the rival factions in the IODE convention’, Toronto Daily Star, 19 Oct. 1911).
239. Talbot, diary, Cape Town, 30 Sept. 1910, KAO, Talbot papers, U1612 F222
240. Guild of Loyal Women of South Africa, Federal leaflet July ign special number (Cape Town, 1911)
241. Victoria League of South Africa, Report by provisional committee to the first meeting of the provincial council of the League for the Transvaal Province held on 20 November 1912; Constitution of the Victoria League of South Africa.
242. Executive, 21 Mar., 20 June 1912.
243. Bush, Edwardian ladies, ch. 6.
244. Markham, diary, 15 Dec. 1912
245. BLPES, Markham papers, 27/8.
246. Cf. Edith Lyttelton to Milner, 9 July 1903, on the Victoria League's relations to colonial Leagues: ‘complete autonomy and help and sympathy whenever possible - imitating I hope in this way a far larger confederation’ (Bodleian, Milner papers, 216/102).
247. Monthly Notes, Mar. 1913, p. 20.
248. Talbot, diary, 14 Mar. 1910
249. KAO, Talbot papers, U 1612 F221.
250. A. S. Thompson, ‘The language of imperialism and the meanings of empire: imperial discourse in British politics, 1895–1914’, Journal of British Studies, 36 (1997), pp. 147–177, at pp. 151–2
251. idem, ‘Thinking imperially’, pp. 225–226.
252. Rozina Visram, Ayahs, lascars and princes: the story of Indians in Britain, 1700–1947 (London, 1986), pp. 178–179.
253. Executive, 7 Feb., 27 June 1907.
254. For the Northbrook Society and the National Indian Association, see Antoinette Burton, At the heart of the empire: Indians and the colonial encounter in late-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, 1998), pp. 55–63.
255. See also Bush, Edwardian ladies, pp. 119–121.
256. Executive, 7 Nov. 1907.
257. Violet Cecil to Lord Edward Cecil, 10 Nov. 1907, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, C705/23.
258. Curzon to Violet Cecil, 11 Nov. 1907, Bodleian, Violet Milner papers, C251/9.
259. Executive, 5 Dec. 1907
260. Lord Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling (London, 1978), p. 223. Violet Cecil, Kipling's friend and neighbour, perhaps encouraged his ultimatum.
261. Executive, 5 Dec. 1907.
262. A comparable episode, involving the inclusion of Jamaican children in the League's Personal Correspondence scheme, ended more positively when, at the instigation of the Victoria League's Jamaica branch secretary, Mrs Roots, the words ‘of European descent’ were omitted from the regulations (Executive, 17 July 1913).
263. Visram, Ayahs, p. 179.
264. See also Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 92–112
265. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial masculinity: the ‘manly Englishman’ and the ‘effeminate Bengali’ in the late nineteenth century (Manchester, 1995), p. 16.
266. Antoinette Burton, ‘Making a spectacle of empire: Indian travellers in fin-de-siecle London’, History Workshop, 42 (1996), pp. 127–146, at pp. 132, 139–41.
267. Burton, Heart of the empire, p. 64.
268. Greenlee, Education, p. iii.
269. E.g. Violet Cecil to Joseph Chamberlain, 9 Aug. 1899, Birmingham University Library, Chamberlain papers, JC30/3/9/6
270. Violet Cecil to Arthur Balfour, 23 Jan. 1900, 9 May [1900], Edinburgh, Scottish Record Office, Balfour papers, GD433/2/39/18, GD433/2/39/22
271. Violet Cecil to Lord Crewe, 18 Feb. 1906, Cambridge University Library, Crewe papers, C/34.
272. Violet Cecil to Milner, 30 Jan. 1904, Bodleian, Milner papers, 216/231–2.
273. Riedi, ‘Options’, pp. 73–74.
274. Donal Lowry, ‘Making fresh Britains across the seas: imperial authority and anti-feminism in Rhodesia’, in Fletcher et al., eds., Women s suffrage, pp. 175–179.
275. Brian Harrison, Separate spheres: the opposition to women s suffrage in Britain (London, 1978), pp. 75–78.
276. Riedi, ‘Options’, pp. 79–83.
277. Antoinette Burton, ‘ The feminist quest for identity: British imperial suffragism and “global sisterhood”, 1900–1915 ’, Journal of Women's History, 3 (1991), pp. 46–81
278. idem, Burdens, pp. 48–50
279. Angela Woollacott, ‘Australian women's metropolitan activism: from suffrage, to imperial vanguard, to Commonwealth feminism’, in Fletcher et al., eds., Women s suffrage, pp. 207–212.
280. Meriel Talbot to Lord Gladstone, 8 Mar. 1912, London, British Library, Gladstone papers, MSS Add. 46072, fo. 201
281. Margaret Bondfield, A life's work (London, 1949), p. 85.
282. Linda Walker, ‘Party political women: a comparative study of Liberal women and the Primrose League, 1890–1914’, in Rendall, ed., Equal or different, p. 173.
283. John M. MacKenzie, ‘ Introduction’, in MacKenzie, ed., Imperialism and popular culture, p. 7.