The language of imperialism and the meanings of empire: Imperial discourse in British politics, 1895-1914

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 147-177

  Thompson, Andrew S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949116068     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386132     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Fabianism and the Empire: A Manifesto by the Fabian Society (London), 1900), p. 1.
2. J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London), 1902), p. 1.
3. R. Koebner and H. D. Schmidt, Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840-1960 (Cambridge), 1964), pp. xiiixvi.
4. D. Eastwood, "Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism," Journal of British Studies 31 (1992): 265-87
5. H. Cunningham, "The Language of Patriotism, 1750-1914," History Workshop Journal 12 (1981): 8-33.
6. F. Coetzee, For Party or Country? Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford), 1990)
7. B. Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperialist Thought, 1895-1914 (London), 1960)
8. R. J. Scally, The Origins of the Lloyd George Coalition: The Politics of Social-Imperialism, 1900-1918 (Princeton, N.J., 1975).
9. A. S. Thompson, "Thinking Imperially? Imperial Pressure Groups and the Idea of Empire in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain" (D.Phil, thesis, Oxford University, 1994), chaps. 2, 3.
10. D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Sussex), 1977), chap. 4
11. P. Auspos, "Radicalism, Pressure Groups, and Party Politics: From the National Education League to the National Liberal Federation," Journal of British Studies 20 (1980): 184-204.
12. G. L. Bernstein, Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England (London), 1986), pp. 10, 23-24.
13. T. W. Heyck, The Dimensions of British Radicalism: The Case of Ireland, 1874-95 (Urbana, 111., 1974), pp. 6-11
14. A. M. McBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884-1918 (Cambridge), 1962), chaps. 9, 10, 11.
15. Hobson went to South Africa in 1899 as a special correspondent for the Manchester Guardian, and Robertson was sent to South Africa by the Morning Post in 1900 to report on the operation of martial law.
16. M. Freeden, ed., Minutes of the Rainbow Circle, 1894-1924 (London), 1989).
17. Robert Blake in The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (London), 1979), p. 166
18. R. Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working Class Responses to the Boer War, 1899-1902 (Bristol, 1972)
19. B. Porter in "The Edwardians and Their Empire," in Edwardian England, ed. D. Read (London), 1982), pp. 128-29
20. A. P. Thornton considers the implications of the Boer War for the imperial idea in Britain in The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (London),1959), p. 109.
21. In their study, Imperialism, pp. 221, 248-49
22. D. Gilmour in Curzon (London) (1994), chaps 22-25.
23. Geoffrey Drage, Alfred Lyttelton, and Gilbert Parker. The ISAA organized public meetings in working men's clubs, distributed large amounts of political literature, and formed three branches in Manchester, Newcastle, and Scotland. Its general council and colonial parliamentary committee were overwhelmingly Conservative in complexion.
24. Chamberlain's speech at the Royal Colonial Institute, March 31, 1897, quoted in
25. W. D. Handcock, ed., English Historical Documents, 1874-1914 (London), 1977), p. 390.
26. A. N. Porter, The Origins of the South African War: Joseph Chamberlain and the Diplomacy of Imperialism (Manchester), 1980), p. 58.
27. J. Chamberlain, Home Rule and the Irish Question (London), 1887)
28. J. Loughlin, "Joseph Chamberlain, English Nationalism and the Ulster Question," History 77 (1992): 202-19.
29. George Wyndham to Alfred Milner, April 28, 1899, Milner Papers, dep. 209, fols. 123-26, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
30. Wyndham to Milner, May 18, 1899, Milner Papers, dep. 209, fols. 99-100, Bodleian.
31. Real Causes of the War, and Some Reasons for the Final Settlement, speech by Mr. Drage M.P. at the Drill Hall, Derby, December 7, 1899, ISAA pamphlet, copy contained in the Geoffrey Drage Papers, Christ Church library, Oxford University.
32. Resolution of Sir Gilbert Parker on land settlement in the Annual Report of the ISAA (Cambridge), 1905-6)
33. Sir John Gilmour on land settlement in the Report of the AGM of ISAA (London), 1903).
34. The author consulted the reports in the library of the Royal Commonwealth Society in London. Since then, the archive of the Royal Commonwealth Society has been moved to Cambridge University Library.
35. Milner to George Parkin, July 13, 1901, Milner Papers, dep. 180, fol. 64, Bodleian.
36. Annual Report of ISAA (1903-4); ISAA pamphlet 9, South Africa: Orange River Colony Land Settlement Scheme for Country Settlements, n.d., Drage Papers, Christ Church Library Oxford University.
37. Annual Report of ISAA (1904-5).
38. H. Cunningham, "The Conservative Party and Patriotism," in Englishness: Politics and Political Culture, 1880-1920, ed. R. Colls and P. Dodd (London), 1986).
39. R. McKibbin, "Why Was There No Marxism in Great Britain?" English Historical Review 391 (1984): 316.
40. K. Robbins, Nineteenth Century Britain: Integration and Diversity (Oxford), 1988)
41. J. M. Mackenzie, "Essay and Reflection: On Scotland and the Empire," International History Review 15 (1993): 714-39
42. L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (London), 1992).
43. L. Colley, "Britishness and Otherness," Journal of British Studies 31 (1992): 311
44. Colley, Britons, pp. 1-9.
45. W. T. Stead, Her Majesty the Queen. Studies of the Sovereign and the Reign. A Memorial Volume of the Great Jubilee (London), 1897)
46. London Illustrated News, Her Majesty's Glorious Jubilee (London), 1897)
47. The Diamond Jubilee of Victoria (London), 1897)
48. All About the Diamond Jubilee (London), 1897).
49. Fabianism and the Empire (n. 1 above), p. 98.
50. Minutes of members' meetings, February 23, 1900, Fabian Society Papers C39, Nuffield College Library, Oxford University; Fabian News (February 1900), Fabian Society Papers, Nuffield College.
51. Extract from Daily Chronicle, in the minutes of the Fabian Society members' meeting, February 23, 1900, Fabian Society Papers C39, Nuffield College.
52. Semmel (n. 5 above), chap. 3; Scally, The Origins of the Lloyd George Coalition, esp. pp. 26-27.
53. Fabianism and the Empire, p. 7.
54. P. Crook, Darwinism, War and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the "Origin of Species" to the First World War (Cambridge), 1994).
55. Fabianism and the Empire, p. 50.
56. Minutes of the Fabian Society members' meeting, March 10, 1899
57. Fabian Society Papers C39, Nuffield College. Paul was a leader writer for the Daily News.
58. Strange Case of the Fabian Society," New Age, December 16, 1899, in minutes of the Fabian Society members' meeting, December 12, 1899, Fabian Society Papers C39, Nuffleld College.
59. L. S. Amery, My Political Life: England before the Storm, 1896-1914 (London), 1953), 1:223.
60. Quoted in H. H. Hewison, Hedge of Wild Almonds: South Africa and the Quaker Conscience, 1890-1910 (Portsmouth, 1989), p. 122.
61. Minutes of the Fabian Society executive committee, October 20, 1899, Fabian Society Papers C7, Nuffield College.
62. Minutes of the Fabian Society executive committee, October 27, 1899, Fabian Society Papers C7, Nuffield College.
63. Minutes of the Fabian Society executive committee, May 10, 1901, October 28, 1902, and June 12, 1903, Fabian Society Papers C8, Nuffield College.
64. H. C. G. Matthew, The Liberal Imperialists: The Ideas and Politics of a Post- Gladstonian Elite (London), 1973), p. 89.
65. R. Spence Watson, The National Liberal Federation, from Its Commencement to the General Election (London), 1907), pp. 242-44.
66. J. A. Spender, The Life of the Right Hon. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (London), 1923), pp. 335-36.
67. J. M. Robertson, Wrecking the Empire (London), 1901). Robertson was a Liberal M.P. between 1906 and 1918.
68. Birrell was chief secretary for Ireland, January 1907-July 1916.
69. Birrell, like Lowe, sought to evoke the association of the word "imperialism" with foreign-particularly French-despotism.
70. H. Cunningham, "The Language of Patriotism," in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Vol. 1: History and Politics, ed. R. Samuel (London), 1989).
71. J. M. Robertson, Patriotism and the Empire (London), 1899), p. 138.
72. J. M. Robertson, The Future of Liberalism (Bradford, 1895), p. 29.
73. Empire Tradei and Armaments. An Exposure, IAPC Pamphlet (London) 1896 preface.
74. Spence Watson, The National Liberal Federation (n. 54 above), p. 292.
75. Robertson, Wrecking the Empire (n. 57 above), p. xxxvi.
76. L. T. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction (London), 1904), pp. 28-56.
77. B. Porter, Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonisation in Africa, 1895-1914 (New York, 1968), pp. 84, 94.
78. Speech Delivered on Behalf of the ISAA by Mr George Wyndham. Edinburgh March 9 1898, copy contained in the Milner Papers, dep 337, fol 11, Bodleian.
79. A. K. Russell, Liberal Landslide: The General Election of 1906 (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 196-97.
80. Birrell's speech at the 1904 NLF annual meeting, quoted in Spence Watson, p. 102.
81. Our Imperial Responsibilities to the Transvaal. An Address by Gilbert Parker to the Junior Constitutional Club, Picadilly, March 23, 1904, ISAA pamphlet no. 11. In 1906 the ISAA organized a South African Products Exhibition in London to demonstrate the value of the region to the British economy.
82. Westbourne Park Record (January 1899), quoted in M. R. Watts
83. John Clifford and Radical Nonconformity, 1836-1923" (D.Phil, thesis, Oxford University, 1967), p. 290.
84. J. Clifford, God's Greater Britain. Letters and Addresses by John Clifford (London), 1899), p. 11.
85. J. Clifford, Brotherhood and the War in South Africa (London), 1900), p. 24.
86. F. Lee, Fabianism and Colonialism: The Life and Thought of Lord Sydney Olivier (London), 1988).
87. R. MacDonald, What I Saw in South Africa (London), 1902), p. 53.
88. J. M. Robertson, The Meaning of Liberalism (London), 1912), p. 128.
89. Wanted: A Judicial Enquiry," India (July 1897): 241.
90. S. Howe, Anti-colonialism in British Politics: The Left and the End of Empire, 1918- 1964 (Oxford), 1993), p. 37.
91. Imperialism 'with a Difference,' " India (September 28, 1900): 160.
92. Robertson, The Meaning of Empire, p. 126.
93. Marshall Pike, "Are Our Wage-Earners Imperialists?" Navy (April 1914): 139.
94. Navy League Journal (November 1904): 284.
95. Navy League Journal (June 1906): 139.
96. Navy League Journal (February 1907).
97. Navy League Journal (November 1905): 279.
98. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London), 1983), pp. 13-16
99. E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1870: Programme, Myth and Reality (Cambridge), 1990), pp. 9-13.
100. G. Stedman Jones on the Chartist movement and working-class consciousness, "Rethinking Chartism," in The Languages of Class: Studies in English Working-Class History, 1832-1982 (Cambridge), 1983).
101. Envoy to the Colonies," Navy League Journal (February 1904).
102. Navy League Journal (May 1904): 142.
103. The Objects of the Navy League, not dated, copy contained in the Patrick Hannon Papers, House of Lords Record Office, London. mNavy (January 1914): 1.
104. Lecture given in Oxford, Branch Reports, Navy (April 1912): 110.
105. Annual Report of the ISAA (1899-1900); "Speech by Gilbert Parker to the AGM of the ISAA," July 1905 in the Annual Report of the ISAA (1905).
106. Navy League Annual (1908-9).
107. S. R. Mehrotra, India and the Commonwealth, 1885-1929 (London), 1965), pp. 243-44.
108. G. N. Curzon, The Place of India in the Empire: Address Delivered before the Philosophical Institute of Edinburgh, October 19th, 1909 (London), 1909).
109. R. Price, "Society, Status and Jingoism: The Social Roots of Lower Middle-Class Patriotism, 1870-1900," in The Lower Middle Class in Britain 1870-1914, ed. G. Crossick (London), 1977).
110. G. Phillips, The Diehards: Aristocratic Society and Politics in Edwardian England (London), 1979).
111. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion: 1688-1914 (London), 1993), chap. 1.