Using computerized text analysis to assess threatening communications and behavior

Threatening Communications and Behavior: Perspectives on the Pursuit of Public Figures

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 3-32

  Chung, Cindy K ^b   Pennebaker, James W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014237460     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/13091     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Abbasi, A., and H. Chen. 2005. Applying authorship analysis to extremist-group Web forum messages. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 20(5):67-75.
2. Adams, S.H. 2002. Communication Under Stress: Indicators of Veracity and Deception in Written Narratives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
3. Adams, S. 2004. Statement analysis: Beyond the words. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73(April):22-23.
4. Atkinson, J.W., and D.C. McClelland. 1948. The projective expression of needs. II. The effect of different intensities of hunger drive on Thematic Apperception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(6):643-658.
5. Biber, D. 1988. Variation Across Speech and Writing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6. Biber, D., S. Conrad, and R. Reppen. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bond, G.D., and A.Y. Lee. 2005. Language of lies in prison: Linguistic classification of prisoners' truthful and deceptive natural language. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(3):313-329.
8. Bucci, W., and B. Maskit. 2005. Building a weighted dictionary for referential activity. In Y. Qu, J.G. Shanahan, and J. Wiebe, eds., Computing Attitude and Affect in Text (pp. 49-60). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
9. Bucci, W., and B. Maskit. 2007. Beneath the surface of the therapeutic interaction: The psychoanalytic method in modern dress. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55:1355-1397.
10. Burgoon, J.K., and D.B. Buller. 2008. Interpersonal deception theory. In L. A. Baxter and D. O. Braithewaite, eds., Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives (pp. 227-239). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
11. Buss, D.M., ed. 2005. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
12. Chung, C.K., and J.W. Pennebaker. 2007. The psychological functions of function words. In K. Fiedler, ed., Social Communication (pp. 343-359). New York: Psychology Press.
13. Chung, C.K., and J.W. Pennebaker. 2008. Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language. Journal of Research in Personality, 42:96-132.
14. Chung, C.K., and J.W. Pennebaker. Unpublished. Predicting weight loss in blogs using computerized text analysis. Derived from Ph.D. thesis of the same name, by C.K. Chung. Available: http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/6541/chungc16811.pdf?sequence=2 [accessed October 2010].
15. Chung, C.K., C. Jones, A. Liu, and J.W. Pennebaker. 2008. Predicting success and failure in weight loss blogs through natural language use. Proceedings of the International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM 2008), pp. 180-181.
16. Cohn, M.A., M.R. Mehl, and J.W. Pennebaker. 2001. Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychological Science, 15:687-693.
17. Dietz, P.E., D.B. Matthews, C. Van Duyne, D.A. Martell, C.D.H. Parry, T. Stewart, J. Warren, and J.D. Crowder. 1991. Threatening and otherwise inappropriate letters to Hollywood celebrities. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36:185-209.
18. Douglas, K.S., L.S. Guy, and S.D. Hart. 2009. Psychosis as a risk factor for violence to others: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5):679-706.
19. Farberow, N.L., and E.S. Shneidman, eds. 1961. The Cry for Help. New York: McGraw-Hill.
20. Fazel, S., G. Gulati, L. Linsell, J.R. Geddes, and M. Grann. 2009. Schizophrenia and violence: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 6(8):1-15, article number e1000120.
21. Fazio, R.H., and M.A. Olson. 2003. Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54:297-327.
22. Foltz, P.W. 1996. Latent semantic analysis for text-based research. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 28(2):197-202.
23. Gottschalk, L.A. 1997. The unobtrusive measurement of psychological states and traits. In C.W. Roberts, ed., Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts (pp. 117-129). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Gottschalk, L.A., M.K. Stein, and D.H. Shapiro. 1997. The application of computerized content analysis of speech to the diagnostic process in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(5):427-441.
25. Graesser, A.C., D.S. McNamara, M.M. Louwerse, and Z. Cai. 2004. Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36:193-202.
26. Graesser, A.C., L. Han, M. Jeon, J. Myers, J. Kaltner, Z. Cai, P. McCarthy, L. Shala, M. Louwerse, X. Hu, V. Rus, D. McNamara, J. Hancock, C. Chung, and J. Pennebaker. 2009. Cohesion and classification of speech acts in Arabic discourse. Paper presented at the Society for Text and Discourse, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
27. Hall, J.A., E.J. Coats, and L. Smith LeBeau. 2005. Nonverbal behavior and the vertical dimension of social relations: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 131(6):898-924.
28. Hancock, J.T., L. Curry, S. Goorha, and M.T. Woodworth. 2008. On lying and being lied to: A linguistic analysis of deception. Discourse Processes, 45(1):1-23.
29. Hancock, J.T., D.I. Beaver, C.K. Chung, J. Frazee, J.W. Pennebaker, A.C. Graesser, and Z. Cai. 2010. Social language processing: A framework for analyzing the communication of terrorists and authoritarian regimes. Behavioral Sciences in Terrorism and Political Aggression, Special Issue: Memory and Terrorism, 2:108-132.
30. Hancock, J.T., N.N. Bazarova, and D. Markowitz. Unpublished. A linguistic analysis of Bush administration statements on Iraq. J.T. Hancock, Department of Communication, Cornell University.
31. Handelman, L.D., and D. Lester. 2007. The content of suicide notes from attempters and completers. Crisis, 28(2):102-104.
32. Hart, R.P. 1984. Verbal Style and the Presidency: A Computer-Based Analysis. New York: Academic Press.
33. Hayeri, N., C.K. Chung, and J.W. Pennebaker. Unpublished. Computer-based text analysis across cultures: Viewing language samples through English and Arabic eyes. C.K. Chung and J.W. Pennebaker, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin.
34. Heckhausen, H. 1963. Eine Rahmentheorie der Motivation in zehn Thesen [A theoretical framework of motivation in 10 theses]. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 10:604-626.
35. Hogenraad, R. 2003. The words that predict the outbreak of wars. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 21:5-20.
36. Hogenraad, R. 2005. What the words of war can tell us about the risk of war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(2):137-151.
37. Hogenraad, R., and R. Garagozov. 2008. The Age of Divergence: Georgia and the Lost Certainties of the West. Report to the Sixth General Meeting, World Public Forum, "Dialogue of Civilizations," Rhodes, Greece.
38. Hui, N.H.H., V.W.K. Tang, G.H.H. Wu, and B.C.P. Lam. 2009. ON-line to OFF-life? Linguistic comparison of suicide completer and attempter's online diaries. Paper presented at the International Conference on Psychology in Modern Cities, Hong Kong.
39. James, D.V., P.E. Mullen, J.R. Meloy, M.T. Pathe, F.R. Farnham, L. Preston, and B. Darnley. 2007. The role of mental disorder in attacks on European politicians, 1990-2004. Acta Psychiatry Scandinavia, 116:334-344.
40. James, D.V., P.E. Mullen, M.T. Pathe, J.R. Meloy, F.R. Farnham, L. Preston, and B. Darnley. 2008. Attacks on the British Royal Family: The role of psychotic illness. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 36(1):59-67.
41. James, D.V., P.E. Mullen, M.T. Pathe, J.R. Meloy, L.F. Preston, B. Darnley, and F.R. Farnham. 2009. Stalkers and harassers of royalty: The role of mental illness and motivation. Psychological Medicine, 39(9):1479-1490.
42. Junghaenel, D.U., J.M. Smyth, and L. Santner. 2008. Linguistic dimensions of psychopathology: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(1):36-55.
43. Landauer, T.K., and S.T. Dumais. 1997. A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104(2):211-240.
44. Landauer, T.K., P.W. Foltz, and D. Laham. 1998. An introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25(2-3):259-284.
45. Liberman, M. 2009. The Linguistic Data Consortium. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Available: http://www.ldc.upenn.edu [accessed April 2010].
46. McAdams, D.P. 2001. The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2):100-122.
47. Mehl, M., J.W. Pennebaker, D.M. Crow, J. Dabbs, and J. Price. 2001. The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR): A device for sampling naturalistic daily activities and conversations. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 33(4):517-523.
48. Mehl, M.R., S.D. Gosling, and J.W. Pennebaker. 2006. Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90:862-877.
49. Mergenthaler, E. 1996. Emotion-abstraction patterns in verbatim protocols: A new way of describing psychotherapeutic processes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6):1306-1315.
50. Mullen, P.E., D.V. James, J.R. Meloy, M.T. Pathe, F.R. Farnham, L. Preston, and B. Darnley. 2008. The role of psychotic illness in attacks on public figures. In J.R. Meloy, L. Sheridan, and J. Hoffman, eds., Stalking, Threatening and Attacking Public Figures (pp. 55-82). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
51. Newman, M.L., J.W. Pennebaker, D.S. Berry, and J.M. Richards. 2003. Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5):665-675.
52. Newman, M.L., C.J. Groom, L.D. Handelman, and J.W. Pennebaker. 2008. Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples. Discourse Processes, 45:211-246.
53. Oberlander, J., and A.J. Gill. 2006. Language with character: A stratified corpus comparison of individual differences in e-mail communication. Discourse Processes, 42(3):239-270.
54. Oxman, T.E., S.D. Rosenberg, P.P. Schnurr, and G.J. Tucker. 1982. Diagnostic classification through content analysis of patients' speech. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145:464-468.
55. Pennebaker, J.W., and C.K. Chung. 2005. Tracking the social dynamics of responses to terrorism: Language, behavior, and the Internet. In S. Wessely and V.N. Krasnov, eds., Psychological Responses to the New Terrorism: A NATO Russia Dialogue (pp. 159-170). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press.
56. Pennebaker, J.W., and C.K. Chung. 2007. Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. In H. Friedman and R. Silver, eds., Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 263-284). New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Pennebaker, J.W., and C.K. Chung. 2008. Computerized text analysis of al-Qaeda statements. In K. Krippendorff and M. Bock, eds., A Content Analysis Reader (pp. 453-466). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58. Pennebaker, J.W., and L.A. King. 1999. Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6):1296-1312.
59. Pennebaker, J.W., and L.D. Stone. 2003. Words of wisdom: Language use over the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85:291-301.
60. Pennebaker, J.W., M.E. Francis, and R.J. Booth. 2001. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC 2001. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers.
61. Pennebaker, J.W., M.R. Mehl, and K. Niederhoffer. 2003. Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54:547-577.
62. Pennebaker, J.W., R.J. Booth, and M.E. Francis. 2007. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2007). Available: http://www.liwc.net [accessed April 2010].
63. Peterson, C. 1992. Explanatory style: Motivation and personality. In C.P. Smith, J.W. Atkinson, D.C. McClelland, and J. Veroff, eds., Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis (pp. 376-382). New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Poppin, R. 2000. Computer-Assisted Text Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
65. Post, J.M. 2005. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders: With Profiles of Saddam Hussein and Bill Clinton. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
66. Post, J.M., K.G. Ruby, and E.D. Shaw. 2002. The radical group in context: 1. An integrated framework for the analysis of group risk for terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 25(2):73-100.
67. Post, J.M., E. Sprinzak, and L.M. Denny. 2009. The terrorists in their own words: Interviews with incarcerated Middle Eastern terrorists. In J. Victoroff and A.W. Kruglanski, eds., Psychology of Terrorism: Classic and Contemporary Insights (pp. 109-117). New York: Psychology Press.
68. Prochaska, J.O., C.C. DiClemente, and J.C. Norcross. 1992. In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47(9):1102-1114.
69. Prochaska, J.O., J.C. Norcross, and C.C. DiClemente. 1995. Changing for Good. New York: Avon.
70. Ramirez-Esparza, N., J.W. Pennebaker, A.F. Garcia, and R. Suria. 2007. La psicologia del uso de las palabras: Un programa de computadora que analiza textos en Espanol [The psychology of word use: A computer program that analyzes text in Spanish]. Revista Mexicana de Psicologia, 24:85-99.
71. Ramirez-Esparza, N., C.K. Chung, E. Kacewicz, and J.W. Pennebaker. 2008. The psychology of word use in depression forums in English and in Spanish: Testing two text analytic approaches. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, pp. 102-108, Menlo Park, CA: The AAAI Press.
72. Ramirez-Esparza, N., C.K. Chung, G. Sierra-Otero, and J.W. Pennebaker. (in press). Crossconstructions of self: American and Mexican college students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
73. Semin, G.R., M. Rubini, and K. Fiedler. 1995. The answer is in the question: The effect of verb causality upon locus of explanation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21:834-842.
74. Slatcher, R.B., C.K. Chung, J.W. Pennebaker, and L.D. Stone. 2007. Winning words: Individual differences in linguistic style among U.S. presidential candidates. Journal of Research in Personality, 41:63-75.
75. Smith, A.G. 2003. From words to action: Exploring the relationship between a group's value references and its tendency to engage in terrorism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
76. Smith, A.G. 2004. From words to action: Exploring the relationship between a group's value references and its likelihood of engaging in terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27:409-437.
77. Smith, A.G. 2008. The implicit motives of terrorist groups: How the needs for affiliation and power translate into death and destruction. Political Psychology, 29(1):55-75.
78. Smith, A.G., P. Sudefeld, L.G. Conway III, and D.G. Winter. 2008. The language of violence: Distinguishing terrorist from nonterrorist groups by thematic content analysis. Dynamics of Assymetric Conflict, 1(2):142-163.
79. Stein, N.L., and E.R. Albro. 1997. Building complexity and coherence: Children's use of goalstructured knowledge in telling stories. In M.G. Bamberg, ed., Narrative Development: Six Approaches (pp. 5-44). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
80. Steyvers, M., and T. Griffiths. 2007. Probabilistic topic models. In T. Landauer, D. McNamara, S. Dennis, and W. Kintsch, eds., Latent Semantic Analysis: A Road to Meaning (pp. 427-448). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
81. Stirman, S.W., and J.W. Pennebaker. 2001. Word use in the poetry of suicidal and nonsuicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63:517-522.
82. Stone, L.D., and J.W. Pennebaker. 2004. What was she trying to say? A linguistic analysis of Katie's diaries. In D. Lester, ed., Katie's Diary: Unlocking the Mystery of a Suicide (pp. 55-80). London, UK: Taylor and Francis.
83. Suedfeld, P. 1994. President Clinton's policy dilemmas: A cognitive analysis. Political Psychology, 15:337-349.
84. Suedfeld, P., P.E. Tetlock, and S. Streufert. 1992. Conceptual/integrative complexity. In C.P. Smith, J.W. Atkinson, D.C. McClelland, and J. Veroff, eds., Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis (pp. 393-400). New York: Cambridge University Press.
85. Tannen, D. 1993. Framing in Discourse. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
86. Tausczik, Y.R., and J.W. Pennebaker. 2010. The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1): 24-54.
87. Tsai, J.L., D.I. Simeonova, and J.T. Watanabe. 2004. Somatic and social: Chinese Americans talk about emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9):1226-1238.
88. Vrij, A. 2000. Detecting Lies and Deceit: The Psychology of Lying and Its Implications for Professional Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
89. Vrij, A. 2008. Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
90. Warren, L.J., P.E. Mullen, S.D.M. Thomas, J.R.P. Ogloff, and P.M. Burgess. 2007. Threats to kill: A follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 38(4):599-605.
91. White, R.K. 1951. Value-Analysis: Nature and Use of the Method. Ann Arbor, MI: Society of the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
92. Winter, D.G. 1991. Measuring personality at a distance: Development of an integrated system for scoring motives in running text. In A.J. Stewart, J.M. Healy, Jr., and D.J. Ozer, eds., Perspectives in Personality: Approaches to Understanding Lives (pp. 59-89). London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
93. Winter, D.G. 1994. Manual for Scoring Motive Imagery in Running Text. Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.
94. Wolf, M., A.B. Horn, M.R. Mehl, S. Haug, J.W. Pennebaker, and H. Kordy. 2008. Computergestuetzte quantitative Textanalyse: Aequivalenz und Robustheit der deutschen Version des Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count [Computerized quantitative text analysis: Equivalence and robustness of the German adaptation of Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count]. Diagnostica, 54:85-98.
95. Wolf, M., C.K. Chung, and H. Kordy. 2010a. Inpatient treatment to online aftercare: E-mailing themes as a function of therapeutic outcomes. Psychotherapy Research, 20(1):71-85.
96. Wolf, M., C.K. Chung, and H. Kordy. 2010b. MEM's search for meaning: A rejoinder. Psychotherapy Research, 20(1):93-99.
97. Zhou, L., J.K. Burgoon, D. Twitchell, T. Qin, and J.F. Nunamaker. 2004. A comparison of classification methods for predicting deception in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(4):139-165.