Bone health in children with cerebral palsy

Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 115-121

  Apkon, Susan D ^a   Kecskemethy, Heidi H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone mineral density; Cerebral palsy; Fractures; Osteoporosis; Pediatric

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013576422     PISSN: 18745393     EISSN: 18758894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. F. Aksu, Nature and prognosis of seizures in patients with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol 32 (1990), 661-668.
2. D.L. Andress, J. Ozuna, D. Tirschwell et al., Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures, Arch Neurol 59 (2002), 781-786.
3. S.D. Apkon, Osteoporosis in children who have disabilities, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 13 (2002), 839-855.
4. S.J. Bachrach, H.H. Kecskemethy, H.T. Harcke, R.K. Lark, F. Miller and R.C. Henderson, Pamidronate treatment and posttreatment bone density in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, J Clin Densitom 9 (2006), 167-174.
5. T. Binkley, J. Johnson, L. Vogel, H. Kecskemethy, R. Henderson and B. Specker, Bone measurements by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in children with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr 147 (2005), 791-796.
6. J.M. Caulton, K.A. Ward, C.W. Alsop, G. Dunn, J.E. Adams and M.Z. Mughal, A randomised controlled trial of standing programme on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy 10.1136/adc.2002.009316, Arch Dis Child 89 (2004), 131-135.
7. K.E. Chad, D.A. Bailey, H.A. McKay, G.A. Zello and R.E. Snyder, The effect of a weight-bearing physical activity program on bone mineral content and estimated volumetric density in children with spastic cerebral palsy, J Pediatr 135 (1999), 115-117.
8. B. Duncan, L.L. Barton, J. Lloyd and M. Marks-Katz, Dietary considerations in osteopenia in tube-fed nonambulatory children with cerebral palsy, Clin Pediatr (Phila) 38 (1999), 133-137.
9. E.B. Fung, L. Samson-Fang, V.A. Stallings et al., Feeding dysfunction is associated with poor growth and health status in children with cerebral palsy, J Am Diet Assoc 102 (2002), 361-373.
10. V. Gilsanz, Bone density in children: a review of the available techniques and indications, Eur J Radiol 26 (1998), 177-182.
11. V. Gilsanz, T.A. Wren, M. Sanchez, F. Dorey, S. Judex and C. Rubin, Low-level, high-frequency mechanical signals enhance musculoskeletal development of youngwomen with low BMD, J Bone Miner Res 21 (2006), 1464-1474.
12. T. Gissel, C.S. Poulsen and P. Vestergaard, Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density in children, Expert Opin Drug Saf 6 (2007), 267-278.
13. C. Glastre, P. Braillon, L. David, P. Cochat, P.J. Meunier and P.D. Delmas, Measurement of bone mineral content of the lumbar spine by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in normal children:correlations with growth parameters, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70 (1990), 1330-1333.
14. H.T. Harcke, A. Taylor, S. Bachrach, F. Miller and R.C. Henderson, Lateral femoral scan: an alternative method for assessing bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy, Pediatr Radiol 28 (1998), 241-246.
15. R.C. Henderson, Bone density and other possible predictors of fracture risk in children and adolescents with spastic quadriplegia, Dev Med Child Neurol 39 (1997), 224-227.
16. R.C. Henderson, J. Kairalla, A. Abbas and R.D. Stevenson, Predicting low bone density in children and young adults with quadriplegic cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol 46 (2004), 416-419.
17. R.C. Henderson, J.A. Kairalla, J.W. Barrington, A. Abbas and R.D. Stevenson, Longitudinal changes in bone density in children and adolescents with moderate to severe cerebral palsy, J Pediatr 146 (2005), 769-775.
18. R.C. Henderson, P.P. Lin and W.B. Greene, Bone-mineral density in children and adolescents who have spastic cerebral palsy, J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 (1995), 1671-1681.
19. R.C. Henderson, R.K. Lark, H.H.Kecskemethy, F. Miller, H.T. Harcke and S.J. Bachrach, Bisphosphonates to treat osteopenia in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, J Pediatr 141 (2002), 644-651.
20. R.C. Henderson, R.K. Lark, J.E. Newman et al., Pediatric Reference Data for Dual X-Ray Absorptiometric Measures of Normal Bone Density in the Distal Femur, American Journal of Roentgenology 178 (2002), 439.
21. R.C. Henderson, R.K. Lark, M.J. Gurka et al., Bone Density and Metabolism in Children and Adolescents With Moderate to Severe Cerebral Palsy, Pediatrics 110 (2002), e5.
22. R.C. Henderson, S.R. Gilbert, M.E. Clement, A. Abbas, G. Worley and R.D. Stevenson, Altered skeletal maturation in moderate to severe cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol 47 (2005), 229-236.
23. R.C. Henderson, Vitamin D levels in noninstitutionalized children with cerebral palsy, J Child Neurol 12 (1997), 443-447.
24. E. Hillesund, J. Skranes, K.U. Trygg and T. Bohmer, Micronutrient status in children with cerebral palsy, Acta Paediatr 96 (2007), 1195-1198.
25. K. Hind and M. Burrows, Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: a review of controlled trials, Bone 40 (2007), 14-27.
26. International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Available at:http://www.iscd.org/Visitors/positions/OfficialPositionsText. cfm?fromhome=1#PEDIATRIC. Accessed January 30, 2008.
27. M. Jekovec-Vrhovsek, A. Kocijancic and J. Prezelj, Effect of vitamin D and calcium on bone mineral density in children with CP and epilepsy in full-time care, Dev Med Child Neurol 42 (2000), 403-405.
28. N. Johannsen, T. Binkley, V. Englert, G. Neiderauer and B. Specker, Bone response to jumping is site-specific in children:a randomized trial, Bone 33 (2003), 533-539.
29. D.J. Khoury and E.A. Szalay, Bone mineral density correlation with fractures in nonambulatory pediatric patients, J Pediatr Orthop 27 (2007), 562-566.
30. W. King, R. Levin, R. Schmidt, A. Oestreich and J.E. Heubi, Prevalence of reduced bone mass in children and adults with spastic quadriplegia, Dev Med Child Neurol 45 (2003), 12-16.
31. J.J. Lee and E.D. Lyne, Pathologic fractures in severely handicapped children and young adults, J Pediatr Orthop 10 (1990), 497-500.
32. J.J. Lee, E.D. Lyne, M. Kleerekoper, M.S. Logan and R.A. Belfi, Disorders of bone metabolism in severely handicapped children and young adults, Clin Orthop Relat Res (1989), 297-302.
33. A.I. Leet, A. Mesfin, C. Pichard et al., Fractures in children with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop 26 (2006), 624-627.
34. P.P. Lin and R.C. Henderson, Bone mineralization in the affected extremities of children with spastic hemiplegia, Dev Med Child Neurol 38 (1996), 782-786.
35. H.M. Macdonald, S.A. Kontulainen, K.M. Khan and H.A. McKay, Is a school-based physical activity intervention effective for increasing tibial bone strength in boys and girls? J Bone Miner Res 22 (2007), 434-446.
36. C.M. Modlesky, P. Subramanian and F. Miller, Underdeveloped trabecular bone microarchitecture is detected in children with cerebral palsy using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, Osteoporos Int 19 (2008), 169-176.
37. H. Plotkin, F. Rauch, N.J. Bishop et al., Pamidronate treatment of severe osteogenesis imperfecta in children under 3 years of age, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000), 1846-1850.
38. A. Presedo, F.W. Dabney and F. Miller, Fractures in patients with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop 27 (2007), 147-153.
39. L. Samson-Fang and R.D. Stevenson, Linear growth velocity in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol 40 (1998), 689-692.
40. V.A. Stallings, C.E. Cronk, B.S. Zemel and E.B. Charney, Body composition in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, J Pediatr 126 (1995), 833-839.
41. R.D. Stevenson, M. Conaway, J.W. Barrington, S.L. Cuthill, G.Worley and R.C. Henderson, Fracture rate in children with cerebral palsy, Pediatr Rehabil 9 (2006), 396-403.
42. P.B. Sullivan, B. Lambert, M. Rose, M. Ford-Adams, A. Johnson and P. Griffiths, Prevalence and severity of feeding and nutritional problems in childrenwith neurological impairment:Oxford Feeding Study, Dev Med Child Neurol 42 (2000), 674-680.
43. M.A. Turk, J. Scandale, P.F. Rosenbaum and R.J. Weber, The health of women with cerebral palsy, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am12 (2001), 153-168.
44. K. Ward, C. Alsop, J. Caulton, C. Rubin, J. Adams and Z. Mughal, Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions, J Bone Miner Res 19 (2004), 360-369.