Hepatitis C virus infection and chronic kidney disease: Time for reappraisal

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2016, Pages S82-S94

  Cacoub, Patrice ^a,b,c   Desbois, Anne Claire ^a,b,c   Isnard Bagnis, Corinne ^a,c   Rocatello, Dario ^d   Ferri, Clodoveo ^e  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b UMR_S 959 ^*  (France)

^c PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Direct acting antiviral agents (DAA); Glomerulonephritis; Hepatitis C virus (HCV); Kidney disease; Kidney transplant; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; VASCULITIS; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85013393575     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: 16000641     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.06.011     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. [1] Cacoub, P., Gragnani, L., Comarmond, C., Zignego, A.L., Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Dig Liver Dis 46 (2014), S165–S173.
2. [2] Ferri, C., Sebastiani, M., Giuggioli, D., Colaci, M., Fallahi, P., Piluso, A., et al. Hepatitis C virus syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer. World J Hepatol 7 (2015), 327–343.
3. [3] Fissell, R.B., Bragg-Gresham, J.L., D WOODS, J., Jadoul, M., Gillespie, B., Hedderwick, S.A., et al. Patterns of hepatitis C prevalence and seroconversion in hemodialysis units from three continents: the DOPPS. Kidney Int 65 (2004), 2335–2342.
4. [4] Goodkin, D.A., Bieber, B., Gillespie, B., Robinson, B.M., Jadoul, M., Hepatitis C infection is very rarely treated among hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 38 (2013), 405–412.
5. [5] Isnard Bagnis C, Haudebourg L, Couchoud C, Cacoub P, Tezenas du Montcel S. HBV and HCV prevalence and incidence among dialysis or renal transplant waiting list in France. ERA-EDTA Meet Vienna 2016.
6. [6] Fabrizi, F., Verdesca, S., Messa, P., Martin, P., Hepatitis C virus infection increases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 60 (2015), 3801–3813.
7. [7] Park, H., Adeyemi, A., Henry, L., Stepanova, M., Younossi, Z., A meta-analytic assessment of the risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 22 (2015), 897–905.
8. [8] Hsu, Y.-C., Ho, H.J., Huang, Y.-T., Wang, H.-H., Wu, M.-S., Lin, J.-T., et al. Association between antiviral treatment and extrahepatic outcomes in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 64 (2015), 495–503.
9. [9] Chen, Y.-C., Hwang, S.-J., Li, C.-Y., Wu, C.-P., Lin, L.-C., A Taiwanese nationwide cohort study shows interferon-based therapy for chronic hepatitis C reduces the risk of chronic kidney disease. Medicine, 94, 2015, e1334.
10. [10] Kurbanova, N., Qayyum, R., Association of hepatitis C virus infection with proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate: HCV and kidney. Clin Transl Sci 8 (2015), 421–424.
11. [11] The ERCHIVES (Electronically Retrieved Cohort of HCV Infected Veterans) Study Group, Rogal, S.S., Yan, P., Rimland, D., Re, V.L., Al-Rowais, H., et al. Incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease after hepatitis C seroconversion: results from ERCHIVES. Dig Dis Sci 61 (2016), 930–936.
12. [12] Saadoun, D., Resche Rigon, M., Sene, D., Terrier, B., Karras, A., Perard, L., et al. Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 116 (2010), 326–334 quiz 504–505.
13. [13] De Vita, S., Quartuccio, L., Isola, M., Mazzaro, C., Scaini, P., Lenzi, M., et al. A randomized controlled trial of rituximab for the treatment of severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 64 (2012), 843–853.
14. [14] Dammacco, F., Tucci, F.A., Lauletta, G., Gatti, P., De Re, V., Conteduca, V., et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha, ribavirin, and rituximab combined therapy of hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term study. Blood 116 (2010), 343–353.
15. [15] El-Serag, H.B., Hampel, H., Yeh, C., Rabeneck, L., Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatology 36 (2002), 1439–1445.
16. [16] Terrier, B., Cacoub, P., Renal involvement in HCV-related vasculitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 37 (2013), 334–339.
17. [17] Roccatello, D., Fornasieri, A., Giachino, O., Rossi, D., Beltrame, A., Banfi, G., et al. Multicenter study on hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 49 (2007), 69–82.
18. [18] Ferri, C., Sebastiani, M., Giuggioli, D., Cazzato, M., Longombardo, G., Antonelli, A., et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 231 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 33 (2004), 355–374.
19. [19] Landau, D.-A., Scerra, S., Sene, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Saadoun, D., Cacoub, P., Causes and predictive factors of mortality in a cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis treated with antiviral therapy. J Rheumatol 37 (2010), 615–621.
20. [20] Retamozo, S., Díaz-Lagares, C., Bosch, X., Bové, A., Brito-Zerón, P., Gómez, M.-E., et al. Life-threatening cryoglobulinemic patients with hepatitis C: clinical description and outcome of 279 patients. Medicine 92 (2013), 273–284.
21. [21] Terrier, B., Joly, F., Vazquez, T., Benech, P., Rosenzwajg, M., Carpentier, W., et al. Expansion of functionally anergic CD21-/low marginal zone-like B cell clones in hepatitis C virus infection-related autoimmunity. J Immunol 2011 (1950), 6550–6563.
22. [22] Saadoun, D., Rosenzwajg, M., Joly, F., Six, A., Carrat, F., Thibault, V., et al. Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis. N Engl J Med 365 (2011), 2067–2077.
23. [23] Zignego, A.L., Wojcik, G.L., Cacoub, P., Visentini, M., Casato, M., Mangia, A., et al. Genome-wide association study of hepatitis C virus- and cryoglobulin-related vasculitis. Genes Immun 15 (2014), 500–505.
24. [24] Gragnani, L., Piluso, A., Giannini, C., Caini, P., Fognani, E., Monti, M., et al. Genetic determinants in hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia: role of polymorphic variants of BAFF promoter and Fcγ receptors. Arthritis Rheum 63 (2011), 1446–1451.
25. [25] Fognani, E., Giannini, C., Piluso, A., Gragnani, L., Monti, M., Caini, P., et al. Role of microRNA profile modifications in hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e62965.
26. [26] Caussin-Schwemling, C., Schmitt, C., Stoll-Keller, F., Study of the infection of human blood derived monocyte/macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro. J Med Virol 65 (2001), 14–22.
27. [27] Muramatsu, M., Kinoshita, K., Fagarasan, S., Yamada, S., Shinkai, Y., Honjo, T., Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102 (2000), 553–563.
28. [28] Roccatello, D., Isidoro, C., Mazzucco, G., Mesiti, A., Quattrocchio, G., Amore, A., et al. Role of monocytes in cryoglobulinemia-associated nephritis. Kidney Int 43 (1993), 1150–1155.
29. [29] Roccatello, D., Morsica, G., Picciotto, G., Cesano, G., Ropolo, R., Bernardi, M.T., et al. Impaired hepatosplenic elimination of circulating cryoglobulins in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clin Exp Immunol 110 (1997), 9–14.
30. [30] Ge, H.-F., Chen, G.-Z., Pan, M., Guo, H., Effect of cyclophosphamide on fungal infection in SLE mice detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR. Asian Pac J Trop Med 8 (2015), 1033–1037.
31. [31] Fabrizi, F., Dixit, V., Messa, P., Impact of hepatitis C on survival in dialysis patients: a link with cardiovascular mortality?: HCV and cardiovascular mortality in dialysis. J Viral Hepat 19 (2012), 601–607.
32. [32] Hsu, Y.-H., Hung, P.-H., Muo, C.-H., Tsai, W.-C., Hsu, C.-C., Kao, C.-H., Interferon-based treatment of hepatitis C virus infection reduces all-cause mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: an 8-year nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine, 94, 2015, e2113.
33. [33] Tartof S, Arduino JM, Wei R, Hsu JW, Rubenstein K, Hu H et al. The additional impact of chronic kidney disease on cardiovascular outcomes and death among HCV patients. EASL Meeting, Barcelona poster FRI193, April 2016.
34. [34] Yelken, B., Gorgulu, N., Caliskan, Y., Elitok, A., Cimen, A.O., Yazici, H., et al. Association between chronic hepatitis C infection and coronary flow reserve in dialysis patients with failed renal allografts. Transplant Proc 41 (2009), 1519–1523.
35. [35] Oyake, N., Shimada, T., Murakami, Y., Ishibashi, Y., Satoh, H., Suzuki, K., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection as a risk factor for increased aortic stiffness and cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. J Nephrol 21 (2008), 345–353.
36. [36] Morales, J.M., Fabrizi, F., Hepatitis C and its impact on renal transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 11 (2015), 172–182.
37. [37] Fabrizi, F., Martin, P., Dixit, V., Messa, P., Meta-analysis of observational studies: hepatitis C and survival after renal transplant. J Viral Hepat 21 (2014), 314–324.
38. [38] Rostami, Z., Nourbala, M.H., Alavian, S.M., Bieraghdar, F., Jahani, Y., Einollahi, B., The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on kidney transplantation outcomes: a systematic review of 18 observational studies. Hepat Mon 11 (2011), 247–254.
39. [39] Carpio, R., Pamugas, G.E., Danguilan, R., Que, E., Outcomes of renal allograft recipients with hepatitis C. Transplant Proc 48 (2016), 836–839.
40. [40] Cotler, S.J., Diaz, G., Gundlapalli, S., Jakate, S., Chawla, A., Mital, D., et al. Characteristics of hepatitis C in renal transplant candidates. J Clin Gastroenterol 35 (2002), 191–195.
41. [41] Rampino, T., Arbustini, E., Gregorini, M., Guallini, P., Libetta, C., Maggio, M., et al. Hemodialysis prevents liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus: role of hepatocyte growth factor. Kidney Int 56 (1999), 2286–2291.
42. [42] Luzar, B., Ferlan-Marolt, V., Brinovec, V., Lesnicar, G., Klopcic, U., Poljak, M., Does end-stage kidney failure influence hepatitis C progression in hemodialysis patients?. Hepatogastroenterology 50 (2003), 157–160.
43. [43] Trevizoli, J.E., de Paula, Menezes R., Ribeiro Velasco, L.F., Amorim, R., de Carvalho, M.B., Mendes, L.S., et al. Hepatitis C is less aggressive in hemodialysis patients than in nonuremic patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008), 1385–1390.
44. [44] Fabrizi, F., Messa, P., Martin, P., Impact of hemodialysis therapy on hepatitis C virus infection: a deeper insight. Int J Artif Organs 32 (2009), 1–11.
45. [45] Roth, D., Gaynor, J.J., Reddy, K.R., Ciancio, G., Sageshima, J., Kupin, W., et al. Effect of kidney transplantation on outcomes among patients with hepatitis C. J Am Soc Nephrol 22 (2011), 1152–1160.
46. [46] Kamar, N., Rostaing, L., Selves, J., Sandres-Saune, K., Alric, L., Durand, D., et al. Natural history of hepatitis C virus-related liver fibrosis after renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 5 (2005), 1704–1712.
47. [47] Alric, L., Kamar, N., Bonnet, D., Danjoux, M., Abravanel, F., Lauwers-Cances, V., et al. Comparison of liver stiffness, fibrotest and liver biopsy for assessment of liver fibrosis in kidney-transplant patients with chronic viral hepatitis: Noninvasive tests to assess liver fibrosis. Transpl Int 22 (2009), 568–573.
48. [48] Izopet, J., Rostaing, L., Sandres, K., Cisterne, J.M., Pasquier, C., Rumeau, J.L., et al. Longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication and liver fibrosis progression in renal transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 181 (2000), 852–858.
49. [49] Fabrizi, F., Dixit, V., Messa, P., Martin, P., Antiviral therapy (pegylated interferon and ribavirin) of hepatitis C in dialysis patients: meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Viral Hepat 21 (2014), 681–689.
50. [50] Liu, C.-H., Liu, C.-J., Huang, C.-F., Lin, J.-W., Dai, C.-Y., Liang, C.-C., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a with or without low-dose ribavirin for treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 receiving haemodialysis: a randomised trial. Gut 64 (2015), 303–311.
51. [51] Liu, C.-H., Huang, C.-F., Liu, C.-J., Dai, C.-Y., Liang, C.-C., Huang, J.-F., et al. Pegylated interferon-α2a with or without low-dose ribavirin for treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 receiving hemodialysis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 159 (2013), 729–738.
52. [52] Tseng, P.-L., Chen, T.-C., Chien, Y.-S., Hung, C.-H., Yen, Y.-H., Chang, K.-C., et al. Efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin combination therapy versus pegylated interferon monotherapy in hemodialysis patients: a comparison of 2 sequentially treated cohorts. Am J Kidney Dis 62 (2013), 789–795.
53. [53] Wiegand, J., Maasoumy, B., Buggisch, P., Buslau, A., Schiefke, I., Berg, T., et al. Letter: Telaprevir triple therapy in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients receiving haemodialysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 39 (2014), 1342–1344.
54. [54] Kaya, S., Aksoz, S., Baysal, B., Ay, N., Danis, R., Evaluation of telaprevir-containing triple therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in hemodialysed patients. Infect Dis 47 (2015), 658–661.
55. [55] Dumortier, J., Guillaud, O., Gagnieu, M.-C., Janbon, B., Juillard, L., Morelon, E., et al. Anti-viral triple therapy with telaprevir in haemodialysed HCV patients: Is it feasible?. J Clin Virol 56 (2013), 146–149.
56. [56] Desnoyer, A., Pospai, D., Lê, M.P., Gervais, A., Heurgué-Berlot, A., Laradi, A., et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of a full dose sofosbuvir-based regimen given daily in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 65 (2016), 40–47.
57. [57] Nazario, H.E., Ndungu, M., Modi, A.A., Sofosbuvir and simeprevir in hepatitis C genotype 1- patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis or GFR <30mL/min. Liver Int 36 (2016), 798–801.
58. [58] Bhamidimarri, K.R., Kalyan Ram, B., Czul, F., Frank, C., Peyton, A., Adam, P., et al. Safety, efficacy and tolerability of half-dose sofosbuvir plus simeprevir in treatment of Hepatitis C in patients with end stage renal disease. J Hepatol 63 (2015), 763–765.
59. [59] Bhamidimarri, K.R., Martin, P., Finally, safe and effective treatment options for hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients. J Hepatol 65 (2016), 7–10.
60. [60] Saxena, V., Koraishy, F.M., Sise, M.E., Lim, J.K., Schmidt, M., Chung, R.T., et al. Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-containing regimens in hepatitis C infected patients with impaired renal function. Liver Int 36 (2016), 807–816.
61. [61] Wanchoo, R., Thakkar, J., Schwartz, D., Jhaveri, K.D., Harvoni (Ledipasvir With Sofosbuvir)-Induced Renal Injury. Am J Gastroenterol 111 (2016), 148–149.
62. [62] European Association for Study of Liver: EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2015. J Hepatol 63 (2015), 199–236.
63. [63] Toyoda, H., Kumada, T., Tada, T., Takaguchi, K., Ishikawa, T., Tsuji, K., et al. Safety and efficacy of dual direct-acting antiviral therapy (daclatasvir and asunaprevir) for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in patients on hemodialysis. J Gastroenterol 51 (2016), 741–747.
64. [64] Pockros, P.J., Reddy, K.R., Mantry, P.S., Cohen, E., Bennett, M., Sulkowski, M.S., et al. Efficacy of direct-acting antiviral combination for patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease. Gastroenterology 150 (2016), 1590–1598.
65. [65] Roth, D., Nelson, D.R., Bruchfeld, A., Liapakis, A., Silva, M., Monsour, H., et al. Grazoprevir plus elbasvir in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection and stage 4–5 chronic kidney disease (the C-SURFER study): a combination phase 3 study. Lancet Lond Engl 386 (2015), 1537–1545.
66. [66] Sawinski, D., Kaur, N., Ajeti, A., Trofe-Clark, J., Lim, M., Bleicher, M., et al. Successful treatment of Hepatitis C in renal transplant recipients with direct-acting antiviral agents. Am J Transplant 16 (2016), 1588–1595.
67. [67] Kamar, N., Marion, O., Rostaing, L., Cointault, O., Ribes, D., Lavayssière, L., et al. Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based antiviral therapy to treat hepatitis C virus infection after kidney transplantation: DAAS after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 16 (2016), 1474–1479.
68. [68] Colombo, M., Aghemo, A., Liu, L., Hyland, R., Yun, C., Brainard, D., et al. Ledipasvir/sofosbivir for 12 or 24 weeks is safe and effective in kidney transplant recipients with chronic genotype 1 or 4 HCV infection. J Hepatol, 64, 2016, S183.
69. [69] Misiani, R., Bellavita, P., Fenili, D., Vicari, O., Marchesi, D., Sironi, P.L., et al. Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med 330 (1994), 751–756.
70. [70] Zuckerman, E., Keren, D., Slobodin, G., Rosner, I., Rozenbaum, M., Toubi, E., et al. Treatment of refractory, symptomatic, hepatitis C virus related mixed cryoglobulinemia with ribavirin and interferon-alpha. J Rheumatol 27 (2000), 2172–2178.
71. [71] Alric, L., Plaisier, E., Thébault, S., Péron, J.-M., Rostaing, L., Pourrat, J., et al. Influence of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic MPGN. Am J Kidney Dis 43 (2004), 617–623.
72. [72] Naarendorp, M., Kallemuchikkal, U., Nuovo, G.J., Gorevic, P.D., Longterm efficacy of interferon-alpha for extrahepatic disease associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol 28 (2001), 2466–2473.
73. [73] Saadoun, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Thibault, V., Piette, J.-C., Cacoub, P., Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus–associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: a long-term followup study. Arthritis Rheum 54 (2006), 3696–3706.
74. [74] Saadoun, D., Rigon, M.R., Pol, S., Thibault, V., Blanc, F., Pialoux, G., et al. PegIFNα/ribavirin/protease inhibitor combination in severe hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. J Hepatol 62 (2015), 24–30.
75. [75] Gragnani, L., Fabbrizzi, A., Triboli, E., Urraro, T., Boldrini, B., Fognani, E., et al. Triple antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus infection with or without mixed cryoglobulinaemia: A prospective, controlled pilot study. Dig Liver Dis 46 (2014), 833–837.
76. [76] Saadoun, D., Thibault, V., Si Ahmed, S.N., Alric, L., Mallet, M., Guillaud, C., et al. Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis: VASCUVALDIC study. Ann Rheum Dis, 2015, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208339.
77. [77] Sise, M.E., Bloom, A.K., Wisocky, J., Lin, M.V., Gustafson, J.L., Lundquist, A.L., et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus–associated mixed cryoglobulinemia with direct-acting antiviral agents. Hepatology 63 (2016), 408–417.
78. [78] Kondili, L.A., Weimer, L.E., Mallano, A., Fucili, L., Massella, M., Vinci, M., et al. HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: data from PITER, a nationwide italian HCV cohort study. J Hepatol, 64, 2016, S618.
79. [79] Emery, J., Kuczynski, M., La, D., Almarzooqi, S., Kowgier, M., Shah, H., et al. Treatment of hepatitis C associated mixed cryoglobulinemia with direct acting antivirals. J Hepatol, 64, 2016, S779.
80. [80] Cornella, S.L., Stine, J.G., Kelly, V., Caldwell, S.H., Shah, N.L., Persistence of mixed cryoglobulinemia despite cure of hepatitis C with new oral antiviral therapy including direct-acting antiviral sofosbuvir: A case series. Postgrad Med 127 (2015), 413–417.
81. [81] Sneller, M.C., Hu, Z., Langford, C.A., A randomized controlled trial of rituximab following failure of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 64 (2012), 835–842.
82. [82] Sène, D., Ghillani-Dalbin, P., Amoura, Z., Musset, L., Cacoub, P., Rituximab may form a complex with IgMkappa mixed cryoglobulin and induce severe systemic reactions in patients with hepatitis C virus-induced vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 60 (2009), 3848–3855.
83. [83] Tarantino, A., Campise, M., Banfi, G., Confalonieri, R., Bucci, A., Montoli, A., et al. Long-term predictors of survival in essential mixed cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 47 (1995), 618–623.
84. [84] Terrier, B., Semoun, O., Saadoun, D., Sène, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Cacoub, P., Prognostic factors in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and systemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 63 (2011), 1748–1757.
85. [85] Roccatello, D., Sciascia, S., Baldovino, S., et al. Improved (4 plus 2) Rituximab protocol for severe cases of mixed cryoglobulinemia: a 6-year observational study. Am J Nephrol, 2016 In Press.
86. [86] Dammacco, F., Sansonno, D., Han, J.H., Shyamala, V., Cornacchiulo, V., Iacobelli, A.R., et al. Natural interferon-alpha versus its combination with 6-methyl-prednisolone in the therapy of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term, randomized, controlled study. Blood 84 (1994), 3336–3343.
87. [87] Hausfater, P., Cacoub, P., Assogba, U., Lebon, P., Piette, J.C., Plasma exchange and interferon-alpha pharmacokinetics in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated systemic vasculitis. Nephron 91 (2002), 627–630.
88. [88] Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis C in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl, 2008, S1–S99.
89. [89] Pol, S., Jadoul, M., Vallet-Pichard, A., An update on the management of hepatitis C virus-infected patients with stage 4–5 chronic kidney disease while awaiting the revised KDIGO Guidelines. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2016, 10.1093/ndt/gfw023 [Epub ahead of print].
90. [90] Hundemer, G.L., Sise, M.E., Wisocky, J., Ufere, N., Friedman, L.S., Corey, K.E., et al. Use of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C viral infection in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Infect Dis 47 (2015), 924–929.
91. [91] Singh, T., Guirguis, J., Anthony, S., Rivas, J., Hanouneh, I.A., Alkhouri, N., Sofosbuvir based treatment is safe and effective in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and end-stage renal disease: a case series. Liver Int 36 (2016), 802–806.