Epidemiology of low-proteinuric chronic kidney disease in renal clinics

PLoS ONE

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2017, Pages

  De Nicola, Luca ^a   Provenzano, Michele ^a   Chiodini, Paolo ^a   Borrelli, Silvio ^a   Russo, Luigi ^b   Bellasi, Antonio ^c   Santoro, Domenico ^d   Conte, Giuseppe ^a   Minutolo, Roberto ^a  

^a SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c SANT ANNA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN; PHOSPHORUS;

AGED; ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ITALY; LOW PROTEINURIC CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROTEINURIA; RISK FACTOR; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; COMPLICATION; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

AGED; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PROTEINURIA; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 85013149511     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172241     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Bello AK, Levin A, Manns BJ, Feehally J, Drueke T, Faruque L, et al. Effective CKD care in European countries: challenges and opportunities for health policy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015; 65(1):15-25. doi: 10. 1053/j.ajkd.2014.07.033 PMID: 25455091
2. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Beaulieu M, Er L. Variability and risk factors for kidney disease progression and death following attainment of stage 4 CKD in a referred cohort. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 52(4): 661-671. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.06.023 PMID: 18805347
3. Obi Y, Kimura T, Nagasawa Y, Yamamoto R, Yasuda K, Sasaki K, et al. Impact of age and overt proteinuria on outcomes of stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease in a referred cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5(9):1558-1565. doi: 10.2215/CJN.08061109 PMID: 20558563
4. Hoefield RA, Kalra PA, Baker P, Lane B, New JP, O'Donoghue DJ, et al. Factors associated with kidney disease progression and mortality in a referred CKD population. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56: 1072-1081. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.06.010 PMID: 20692750
5. De Nicola L, Chiodini P, Zoccali C, Borrelli S, Cianciaruso B, Di Iorio B, et al.; SIN-TABLE CKD Study Group. Prognosis of CKD patients receiving outpatient nephrology care in Italy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6(10): 2421-2428. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01180211 PMID: 21817127
6. De Nicola L, Minutolo R, Chiodini P, Borrelli S, Zoccali C, Postorino M, et al.; SIN-TABLE CKD Study Group. The effect of increasing age on the prognosis of non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease receiving stable nephrology care. Kidney Int. 2012 Aug; 82(4):482-8. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.174 PMID: 22622495
7. Sud M, Tangri N, Levin A, Pintilie M, Levey AS, Naimark DM. CKD stage at nephrology referral and factors influencing the risks of ESRD and death. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 Jun; 63(6):928-36. doi: 10.1053/j. ajkd.2013.12.008 PMID: 24485146
8. De Nicola L, Provenzano M, Chiodini P, Borrelli S, Garofalo C, Pacilio M, et al. Independent Role of Underlying Kidney Disease on Renal Prognosis of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease under Nephrology Care. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5):e0127071. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127071 PMID: 25992629
9. Haynes R, Staplin N, Emberson J, Herrington WG, Tomson C, Agodoa L, et al. SHARP Collaborative Group. Evaluating the Contribution of the Cause of Kidney Disease to Prognosis in CKD: Results From the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:40-8. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd. 2013.12.013 PMID: 24613056
10. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013; 3:1-150.
11. Hallan SI, Matsushita K, Sang Y, Mahmoodi BK, Black C, Ishani A, et al.; for the Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Age and association of kidney measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease. JAMA. 2012; 308(22):2349-2360. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.16817 PMID: 23111824
12. Zhang L, Wang F, Wang L, Liu B, Liu J, Chen M, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2012; 379(9818):815-822. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60033-6 PMID: 22386035
13. Mottl AK, Kwon KS, Mauer M, Mayer-Davis EJ, Hogan SL, Kshirsagar AV. Normoalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease in the U.S. population. J Diabetes Complications. 2013; 27(2):123-7. doi: 10.1016/j. jdiacomp.2012.09.010 PMID: 23182925
14. De Nicola L, Donfrancesco C, Minutolo R, Lo Noce C, Palmieri L, De Curtis A, et al.; for CARHES Study Group. Prevalence and cardiovascular risk profile of chronic kidney disease in Italy: results of the 2008- 12 National Health Examination Survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015; 30(5):806-814. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfu383 PMID: 25523453
15. Porrini E, Ruggenenti P, Mogensen CE, Barlovic DP, Praga M, Cruzado JM, et al.; ERA-EDTA diabesity working group. Non-proteinuric pathways in loss of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015; 3(5):382-91. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00094-7 PMID: 25943757
16. Titze S, Schmid M, Köttgen A, Busch M, Floege J, Wanner C, et al. GCKD study investigators. Disease burden and risk profile in referred patients with moderate chronic kidney disease: composition of the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015; 30(3):441-51. doi: 10. 1093/ndt/gfu294 PMID: 25271006
17. Noordzij M, Leffondre K, van Stralen KJ, Zoccali C, Dekker FW, Jager KJ. When do we need competing risks methods for survival analysis in nephrology? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28(11): 2670-2677. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft355 PMID: 23975843
18. Minutolo R, Locatelli F, Gallieni M, Bonofiglio R, Fuiano G, Oldrizzi L, et al.; REport of COmorbidities in non-Dialysis Renal Disease Population in Italy (RECORD-IT) Study Group. Anaemia management in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: a multicenter prospective study in renal clinics. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28(12):3035-45. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft338 PMID: 24145459
19. Dwyer J, Kenler SR. Assessment of nutritional status in renal disease. In: Mitch WE, Klahr S (eds). Nutrition and the Kidney, 2nd edn Little, Brown and Company: Boston, MA, 1993, pp 61-95.
20. Skali H, Uno H, Levey AS, Inker LA, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Prognostic assessment of estimated glomerular filtration rate by the new chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation in comparison with the modification of diet in renal disease study equation. Am Heart J 2011; 162(3):548e54.
21. Burton P, Gurrin L, Sly P. Extending the simple linear regression model to account for correlated responses: an introduction to generalized estimating equation and multi-level mixed modeling. Stat Med 1998; 17(11):1261-1291. PMID: 9670414
22. Gray RJ. A class of K-sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk. Ann Stat. 1988; 16(3):1141-1154.
23. Kochar SC, Lam KF, Yip PSF. Generalized supremum tests for the equality of cause specific hazard rates. Lifetime Data Anal 2002; 8: 277-288. PMID: 12182123
24. Latouche A, Allignol A, Beyersmann J, Labopin M, Fine JP. A competing risks analysis should report results on all cause-specific hazards and cumulative incidence functions. J Clin Epidemiol 2013; 66 (6):648-653. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.09.017 PMID: 23415868
25. Jones C, Roderick P, Harris S, Rogerson M. Decline in kidney function before and after nephrology referral and the effect on survival in moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21(8):2133-43. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl198 PMID: 16644779
26. Chan MR, Dall AT, Fletcher KE, Lu N, Trivedi H. Outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease referred late to nephrologists: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007; 120(12):1063-70. doi: 10.1016/j. amjmed.2007.04.024 PMID: 18060927
27. Tseng CL, Kern EF, Miller DR, Tiwari A, Maney M, Rajan M, et al. Survival benefit of nephrologic care in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168(1): 55-62. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.9 PMID: 18195196
28. Smart NA, Titus TT. Outcomes of early versus late nephrology referral in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2011; 124(11):1073-80. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.026 PMID: 22017785
29. Menon V, Wang X, Sarnak MJ, Hunsicker LH, Madero M, Beck GJ, et al.; MDRD Study Group. Long term outcomes in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2008; 73(11):1310-1315. doi: 10. 1038/ki.2008.67 PMID: 18337713
30. Alves TP, Wang X, Wright JT, Appel LJ, Greene T, Norris K, et al.; AASK Collaborative Research Group. Rate of ESRD exceeds mortality among African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21(8):1361-1369. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009060654 PMID: 20651163
31. Conte G, Minutolo R, De Nicola L. Pro: Thresholds to define chronic kidney disease should not be agedependent. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014 Apr; 29(4):770-4. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft324 PMID: 24449100
32. Glassock RJ. Con: Thresholds to define chronic kidney disease should not be age dependent. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014 Apr; 29(4):774-9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft306 PMID: 24449099
33. Delanaye P, Glassock RJ, Pottel H, Rule AD. An Age-Calibrated Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease: Rationale and Benefits. Clin Biochem Rev. 2016 Feb; 37(1):17-26. PMID: 27057075
34. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Darbinian J, Go AS, Iribarren C. Elevated blood pressure and risk of end-stage renal disease in subjects without baseline kidney disease. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(8):923-8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.8.923 PMID: 15851645
35. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144(1):21-8. PMID: 16389251
36. Kramer H, Gutiérrez OM, Judd SE, Muntner P, Warnock DG, Tanner RM, et al. Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and ESRD in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016; 67(1):62-9. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.05.023 PMID: 26187471
37. Packham DK, Alves TP, Dwyer JP, Atkins R, de Zeeuw D, Cooper M, et al. Relative incidence of ESRD versus cardiovascular mortality in proteinuric type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: results from the DIAMETRIC (Diabetes Mellitus Treatment for Renal Insufficiency Consortium) database. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012; 59(1):75-83. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.09.017 PMID: 22051245
38. Minutolo R, Lapi F, Chiodini P, Simonetti M, Bianchini E, Pecchioli S, et al. Risk of ESRD and death in patients with CKD not referred to a nephrologist: a 7-year prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9(9):1586-93. doi: 10.2215/CJN.10481013 PMID: 25074838
39. Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, El Nahas M, Astor BC, Matsushita K, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011 Jul; 80(1):17-28. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.483 PMID: 21150873
40. Betriu A, Martinez-Alonso M, Arcidiacono MV, Cannata-Andia J, Pascual J, Valdivielso JM, et al.; Investigators from the NEFRONA Study. Prevalence of subclinical atheromatosis and associated risk factors in chronic kidney disease: the NEFRONA study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; 29(7):1415-22. doi: 10. 1093/ndt/gfu038 PMID: 24586070
41. Górriz JL, Molina P, Cerverón MJ, Vila R, Bover J, Nieto J, et al. Vascular calcification in patients with nondialysis CKD over 3 years. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10(4):654-66. doi: 10.2215/CJN. 07450714 PMID: 25770175
42. Nakamura K, Nakagawa H, Murakami Y, Kitamura A, Kiyama M, Sakata K, et al.; EPOCH-JAPAN research group. Smoking increases the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2015; 88(5):1144-52. doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.212 PMID: 26200944
43. Rein P, Saely CH, Vonbank A, Fraunberger P, Drexel H. Is albuminuria a myocardial infarction risk equivalent for atherothrombotic events? Atherosclerosis. 2015; 240(1):21-25. doi: 10.1016/j. atherosclerosis.2015.02.037 PMID: 25746373
44. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Horwich TB, Oreopoulos A, Kovesdy CP, Younessi H, Anker SD, et al. Risk factor paradox in wasting diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10(4):433-442. doi: 10.1097/MCO. 0b013e3281a30594 PMID: 17563461
45. Lu JL, Molnar MZ, Naseer A, Mikkelsen MK, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP. Association of age and BMI with kidney function and mortality: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015; 3(9):704-14. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00128-X PMID: 26235959
46. de Seigneux S, Courbebaisse M, Rutkowski JM, Wilhelm-Bals A, Metzger M, Khodo SN, et al.; NephroTest Study Group. Proteinuria Increases Plasma Phosphate by Altering Its Tubular Handling. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 26(7):1608-18. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014010104 PMID: 25349200
47. Bellasi A. Pro: Should phosphate binders be used in chronic kidney disease stage 3-4? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016; 31(2):184-188. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfv405 PMID: 26681748
48. Kestenbaum B. Con: Phosphate binders in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016; 31 (2):189-194. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfv406 PMID: 26681747
49. Da J, Xie X, Wolf M, Disthabanchong S, Wang J, Zha Y, et al. Serum Phosphorus and Progression of CKD and Mortality: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015; 66(2):258-65. doi: 10. 1053/j.ajkd.2015.01.009 PMID: 25804679
50. Mehrotra R, Peralta CA, Chen SC, Li S, Sachs M, Shah A, et al.; Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) Investigators. No independent association of serum phosphorus with risk for death or progression to end-stage renal disease in a large screen for chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013; 84 (5):989-97. doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.145 PMID: 23615501
51. Khan SR. Crystal-induced inflammation of the kidneys: results from human studies, animal models, and tissue-culture studies. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2004; 8(2):75-88. doi: 10.1007/s10157-004-0292-0 PMID: 15235923
52. Kuro-o M. Klotho, phosphate and FGF-23 in ageing and disturbed mineral metabolism. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013; 9(11):650-660. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.111 PMID: 23774819
53. Zoccali C, Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Leonardis D, Tripepi R, Tripepi G, et al.; REIN Study Group. Phosphate may promote CKD progression and attenuate renoprotective effect of ACE inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22(10):1923-1930. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011020175 PMID: 21852581
54. Di Iorio BR, Bellizzi V, Bellasi A, Torraca S, D'Arrigo G, Tripepi G, et al. Phosphate attenuates the antiproteinuric effect of very low-protein diet in CKD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28(3):632-40. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs477 PMID: 23166309