Development/verification of methods for measurement of exhaled breath and environmental e-vapor product aerosol

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 85, Issue , 2017, Pages 55-63

  Oldham, Michael J ^a   Wagner, Karl A ^a   Gene Gilman, I ^b   Beach, James B ^b   Liu, Jianmin ^a   Rostami, Ali A ^a   Sarkar, Mohamadi A ^a  

^a Altria Client Services   (United States)

^b Enthalpy Analytical Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Ambient air measurements; E vapor products; Exhaled breath

Indexed keywords

2 BUTANONE; ACETALDEHYDE; ACETONE; ACROLEIN; BENZENE; CARBONYL DERIVATIVE; ETHYLBENZENE; FORMALDEHYDE; GLYCEROL; HEXANAL; ISOPRENE; METAL; NICOTINE; PROPIONALDEHYDE; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; TOLUENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; AEROSOL;

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY CONTROL; AIR SAMPLING; AMBIENT AIR; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; EXHALATION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; ANALYSIS; BREATH ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PROCEDURES; VAPING;

AEROSOLS; BREATH TESTS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EXHALATION; VAPING; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 85012042857     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.006     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ballbe, M., Martinez-Sanchez, J.M., Sureda, X., Fu, M., Perez-Ortuno, R., Pascual, J.A., Salto, E., Fernandez, E., Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environ. Res. 135 (2014), 76–80.
2. Bekki, K., Uchiyama, S., Ohta, K., Inaba, Y., Nakagome, H., Kunugita, N., Carbonyl compounds generated from electronic cigarettes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11 (2014), 11192–11200.
3. Bernstein, J.A., Salapatek, A.-M., Lee, J.S., Nelson, V., Wilson, D., D'Angelo, P., Tsitoura, D., Murdoch, R., Patel, D., Provocation of nonallergic rhinitis subjects in response to simulated weather conditions using an environmental exposure chamber model. Allergy Asthma Proc. 33 (2012), 333–340.
4. Burstyn, I., Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks. BMC Public Health, 14, 2014, 18.
5. Chorti, M., Poulianiti, K., Jamurtas, A., Kostikas, K., Tzatzarakis, M., Vynias, D., Koutedakis, Y., Flouris, A., Tsatsakis, A., Effects of active and passive electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on lung function. Toxicol. Lett., 211S, 2012, S64.
6. Colard, S., O'Connell, G., Verron, T., Cahours, X., Pritchard, J.D., Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a simple approach to modeling potential bystander exposures to nicotine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12 (2015), 282–299.
7. Czogala, J., Goniewicz, M.L., Fidelus, B., Zielinska-Danch, W., Travers, M.J., Sobczak, A., Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 16:6 (2014), 655–662.
8. de Lacy Costello, B., Amann, A., Al-Kateb, H., Flynn, C., Filipiak, W., Khalid, T., Osborne, D., Ratcliffe, N.M., A review of the volatiles from the healthy human body. J. Breath. Res. 8 (2014), 1–29.
9. EPA, EPA method 18, measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chromatography. Code Fed. Regul., 1991 Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, July 1, 1991 https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-18.pdf.
10. EPA, Method 29, Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources. 1992 https://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/promgate/m-29.pdf.
11. EPA, Compendium Method TO-11A, Determination of Formaldehyde in Ambient Air Using Adsorbent Cartridge Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [Active Sampling Methodology]. 1999 https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/to-11ar.pdf.
12. EPA, Compendium Method TO-15: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Air Collected in Specially-prepared Canisters and Analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). EPA/625/R-96/010b, 1999, Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH January 1999.
13. EPA, Compendium Method IO-2.1: Sampling of Ambient Air for Total Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and PM10 Using High Volume (HV) Sampler. EPA/625/R-96/010a, 1999, Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH June 1999 https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/inorganic/mthd-2-1.pdf.
14. EPA, Compendium Method IO-3.5: Determination of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter Using Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS). EPA/625/R-96/010a, 1999, Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH June 1999 https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/inorganic/mthd-3-5.pdf.
15. EPA, Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in North American Residences (1990-2005): a Compilation of Statistics for Assessing Vapor Intrusion. 2011, Office of solid waste and emergency response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC EPA 530-R-10–001.
16. EPA, Draft method 325B, Volatile Organic Compounds from Fugitive and Area Sources. 2015 https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-325b.pdf.
17. EPA, Air Quality Models. 2016 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/aqmindex.htm.
18. EPA, Indoor Air Quality Modeling. 2016 http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/appcd/mmd/iaq.html.
19. Flora, J.W., Meruva, N., Huang, C.B., Wilkinson, C.T., Ballentine, R., Smith, D.C., Werley, M.S., McKinney, W.J., Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols. Reg. Toxicol. Pharm. 74 (2016), 1–11.
20. Flouris, A.D., Chorti, M.S., Poulianiti, K.P., Jamurtas, A.Z., Kostikas, K., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Hayes, A.W., Tsatsakis, A.M., Koutedakis, Y., Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal. Toxicol. 25 (2013), 91–101.
21. Flouris, A.D., Poulianiti, K.P., Chorti, M.S., Jamurtas, A.Z., Kouretas, D., Owolabi, E.O., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Tsatsakis, A.M., Koutedakis, Y., Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 50 (2012), 3600–3603.
22. Gallart-Mateu, D., Elbal, L., Armenta, S., de la Guardia, M., Passive exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes. Talanta 152 (2016), 329–334.
23. Geiss, O., Bianchi, I., Barahona, F., Barrero-Moreno, J., Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 218 (2015), 169–180.
24. Grob, R.H., Barry, E.F., Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography. fourth ed., 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J, 116.
25. Goniewicz, M.L., Lee, L., Electronic cigarettes are a source of thirdhand exposure to nicotine. Nicotine Tob. Res. 17 (2015), 256–258.
26. Hess, I.M.R., Lachireddy, K., Capon, A., A systematic revew of the health risks from passive exposure to electronic cigarette vapour. Public Health Res. Prac., 26(2), 2016, e2621617 http://dx.doi.org/10.17061phrp2621617.
27. Hult, E.L., Willem, H., Price, P.N., Hotchi, T., Russell, M.L., Singer, B.C., Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposure mitigation in US residences: in-home measurements of ventilation control and source control. Indoor Air 25 (2015), 523–535 2015.
28. ISO 16200-1, Workplace Air Quality — Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by Solvent Desorption/gas Chromatography – Part 1: Pumped Sampling Method. 2001, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
29. ISO 16000-6, Indoor Air – Part 6: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by Active Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography Using MS or MS-FID. 2011, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
30. ISO 16000, Indoor Air – Part 3: Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Indoor Air and Test Chamber Air – Active Sampling Method. 2011, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
31. Kim, J., Kim, S., Lee, K., Yoon, D., Lee, J., Ju, D., Indoor aldehydes concentration and emission rate of formaldehyde in libraries and private reading rooms. Atmos. Environ. 71 (2013), 1–6.
32. Lippi, G., Favaloro, E.J., Meschi, T., Mattiuzzi, C., Borghi, L., Cervellin, G., E-Cigarettes and cardiovascular risk: beyond science and mysticism. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 40 (2014), 519–525.
33. Liu, W., Zhang, J., Kwon, J., Weisel, C., Turpin, B., Zhang, L., Korn, L., Morandi, M., Stock, T., Colome, S., Concentrations and source characteristics of airborne carbonyl compounds measured outside urban residences. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 56 (2006), 1196–1204.
34. Long, G.A., Comparison of select analytes in exhaled aerosol from e-cigarettes with exhaled smoke from a conventional cigarette and exhaled breaths. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11 (2014), 11177–11191.
35. Maloney, J.C., Thompson, M.K., Oldham, M.J., Stiff, C.L., Lilly, P.D., Patskan, G.P., Shafer, K.H., Sarkar, M.A., Insights from two industrial hygiene pilot e-cigarette passive vaping studies. J. Occup. Environ. Hygiene 13:4 (2016), 279–287.
36. Marko, E., Grimalt, J.O., A rapid method for the chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of tobacco smokers and electronic cigarette smokers. J. Chromatogr. A 1410 (2015), 51–57.
37. McAuley, T.R., Hopke, P.K., Zhao, J., Babaian, S., Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal. Toxicol. 24 (2012), 850–857.
38. Meyer, W., Narkus, A., Salapetek, A.M., Hafner, D., Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of new recombinant hypoallergenic Bet v. 1 in an environmental chamber. Allergy 68 (2013), 724–731.
39. Miller, J.H., Wilkinson, J., Flora, J.W., 2015. Effect of Puff Duration and Puff Volume on E-cigarette Aerosol Collection, Poster presented at the 69th Tobacco Science Research Conference (TSRC), Naples, Florida, September 20-23, 2015.
40. Moldoveanu, S.C., St. Charles, F.K., Differences in the chemical composition of the particulate phase of inhaled and exhaled cigarette mainstream smoke. Beitr. Tab. 22 (2007), 290–302.
41. Moldoveanu, S.C., Coleman, W., Wilkins, J., Determination of carbonyl compounds in exhaled cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tab., 2007, 346–357.
42. Offerman, F., Chemical emissions from e-cigarettes: direct and indirect (passive) exposures. (In-Press) Build. Environ., 2015.
43. Offermann, F., The hazards of e-cigarettes. June ASHRAE J., 2014, 38–44.
44. Patel, D., Couroux, P., Hickey, P., Salapatek, A.M., Laidler, P., Larche, M., Hafner, R.P., Fel d 1-derived peptide antigen desensitization shows a persistent treatment effect 1 year after the start of dosing: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 131 (2013), 103–109.
45. Pellegrino, R.M., Tinghino, B., Mangiaracina, G., Marani, A., Vitali, M., Protano, C., Osborn, J.F., Cattaruzza, M.S., Electronic cigarettes: an evaluation of exposure to chemicals and fine particulate matter (PM). Ann. Ig. 24 (2012), 279–288.
46. Phillips, C., Parthalain, N.M., Syed, Y., Deganello, D., Claypole, T., Lewis, K., Short-term intra-subject variation in exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in COPD patients and healthy controls and its effect on disease classification. Metabolites 4 (2014), 300–318.
47. Porter, W.H., Auansakul, A., Gas chromatographic determination of ethylene glycol in serum. Clin. Chem. 28 (1982), 75–78.
48. Rancière, F., Dassonville, C., Roda, C., Laurent, A.-M., Moullec, Y.L., Momas, I., Contribution of ozone to airborne aldehyde formation in Paris homes. Sci. Total Environ. 409 (2011), 4480–4483.
49. Riker, C.A., Lee, K., Darville, A., Hahn, E., E-cigarettes: promise or peril?. J. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 47 (2012), 159–171.
50. Romagna, G., Zabarini, L., Barbiero, L., Bocchietto, E., Todeschi, S., Caravati, E., Voster D., Farsalinos K., Characterization of chemicals released to the environment by electronic cigarettes use (ClearStream-AIR project): is passive vaping a reality?” Poster presented at Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Helsinki, Finland, August 30, 2012.
51. Rostami, A.A., Pithawalla, Y.B., Liu, J., Oldham, M.J., Wagner, K.A., Frost-Pineda, K., Sarkar, M.A., A well-mixed computational model for estimating room air levels of selected constituents from e-vapor product use. Int. J. Enrivon. Res. Public Health, 13, 2016, 10.3390/ijerph13080828 828.
52. Salthammer, T., The formaldehyde dilemma. Int. J. Hygiene Environ. Health 218 (2015), 433–436.
53. Sarkar, M., Liu, J., Liang, Q., Oldham, M., Rostami, A., Wagner, K., Gillman, G., Patel, P., Savoiz, R., Determination of selected chemical levels in room air and on surfaces after the use of cartridge and tank-based e-vapor products or conventional cigarette. BMC Public Health, 2017 (in press).
54. Sarigiannis, D.A., Karakitsios, S.P., Gotti, A., Liakos, I.L., Katsoyiannis, A., Exposure to major volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in European indoor environments and associated health risk. Environ. Int. 37 (2011), 743–765.
55. Schober, W., Szendrei, K., Matzen, W., Osiander-Fuchs, H., Heitmann, D., Schettgen, T., Jorres, R.A., Fromme, H., Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 217 (2014), 628–637.
56. Schripp, T., Markewitz, D., Uhde, E., Salthammer, T., Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping?. Indoor Air 23 (2013), 25–31.
57. St. Helen, G., Havel, C., Dempsey, D., Jacob, P. III, Benowitz, N.L., Nicotine delivery, retention, and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes. Addiction 111 (2016), 535–544.
58. Torjesen, I., E-cigarette vapour could damage health of non-smokers. BMJ, 349, 2014, g6882.
59. Tzatzarakis, M., Tsitoglou, K.I., Chorti, M.S., Poulianiti, K.P., Jamurtas, A.Z., Koutedakis, Y., Kouretas, D., Flouris, A.D., Michalis, K., Aristidis, T., Acute and short term impact of active and passive tobacco and electronic cigarette smoking on inflammatory markers. Toxicol. Lett., 211S, 2013, S86.
60. WHO, World Health Organization Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. 2010, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark.
61. Yao, H.H., Porter, W.H., Simultaneous determination of ethylene glycol and its major toxic metabolite, glycolic acid, in serum by gas chromatography. Clin. Chem. 42 (1996), 292–297.
62. Yu, C.H., Zhu, X., Fan, Z.-H., Spatial/temporal variations and source apportionment of VOCs monitored at community scale in an urban area. PLOS One 9 (2014), 1–13.
63. Zhang, Y., Sumner, W., Chen, D.-A., In vitro particle size distribution in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tob. Res. 15 (2012), 501–508.