Trace metals derived from Electronic Cigarette (ECIG) generated aerosol: Potential problem of ECIG devices that contain nickel

Frontiers in Physiology

Volumn 7, Issue JAN, 2017, Pages

  Palazzolo, Dominic L ^a   Crow, Andrew P ^a   Nelson, John M ^a   Johnson, Robert A ^b  

^a Lincoln Memorial University   (United States)

^b William Carey University   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosol; E liquid; ECIG; Smoking; Trace metals; Vaping

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; ARSENIC; CADMIUM; CIGARETTE SMOKE; COPPER; ESTER DERIVATIVE; IRON; LEAD; MANGANESE; MIXED CELLULOSE ESTER; NICKEL; TRACE METAL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC;

AEROSOL; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 85011903638     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664042X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00663     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Abrams, D. B., and Niaura, R. (2015). The importance of science-informed policy and what the data really tell us about e-cigarettes. Isr. J. Health Policy Res. 4:22. doi: 10.1186/s13584-015-0021-z.
2. Bandyopadhyay, A., Bhattacharjee, I., Dalui, R., and Pal, S. (2013). Pulmonary function studies of healthy non-smoking male University students of Kolkata, India-revisited. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 20, 17-24.
3. Bates, C. D., and Farsalinos, K. E. (2015). Research letter on E-cigarette cancer risk was so misleading it should be retracted. Addiction 110, 1686-1687. doi: 10.1111/add.13018.
4. Baumung, C., Rehm, J., Franke, H., and Lachenmeier, D. W. (2016). Comparative risk assessment of tobacco smoke constituents using the margin of exposure approach: the neglected contribution of nicotine. Sci. Rep. 6:35577. doi: 10.1038/srep35577.
5. Bernhard, D., Rossmann, A., and Wick, G. (2005). Metals in cigarette smoke. IUBMB Life 57, 805-809. doi: 10.1080/15216540500459667.
6. Bhatnagar, A., Whitsel, L. P., Ribisl, K. M., Bullen, C., Chaloupka, F., Piano, M. R., et al. (2014). Electronic cigarettes a policy statement from the american heart association. Circulation 130, 1418-1436. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107.
7. Calafat, A. M., Polzin, G. M., Saylor, J., Richter, P., Ashley, D. L., and Watson, C. H. (2004). Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes. Tob. Control 13, 45-51. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.003673.
8. Chapman, S. (2014). E-cigarettes: the best and the worst case scenarios for public health-an essay by Simon Chapman. BMJ 349:g5512. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5512.
9. Chiba, M., and Masironi, R. (1992). Toxic and trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Bull. World Health Organ. 70, 269-275.
10. Cunningham, F. H., Fiebelkorn, S., Johnson, M., and Meredith, C. (2011). A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: Segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49, 2921-2933. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019.
11. Farsalinos, K. E., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Savvopoulou, M., and Voudris, V. (2014). Acute effects of using an electronic nicotine-delivery device (electronic cigarette) on myocardial function: comparison with the effects of regular cigarettes. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 14:78. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-78.
12. Filippidis, F. T., Laverty, A. A., and Vardavas, C. I. (2016). Experimentation with e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid: a cross-sectional study in 28 European Union member states. Br. Med. J. Open 6:e012084. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012084.
13. Fresquez, M. R., Pappas, R. S., and Watson, C. H. (2013). Establishment of toxic metal reference range in tobacco from US cigarettes. J. Anal. Toxicol. 37, 298-304. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt021.
14. Goniewicz, M. L., Knysak, J., Gawron, M., Kosmider, L., Sobczak, A., Kurek, J., et al. (2013b). Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob. Control 23, 133-139. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859.
15. Goniewicz, M. L., Kuma, T., Gawron, M., Knysak, J., and Kosmider, L. (2013a). Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 15, 158-166. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts103.
16. Hahn, J., Monakhova, Y. B., Hengen, J., Kohl-Himmelseher, M., Schüssler, J., Hahn, H., et al. (2014). Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation. Tob. Induc. Dis. 12:23. doi: 10.1186/s12971-014-0023-6.
17. Hartmann-Boyce, J., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Begh, R., Stead, L. F., and Hajek, P. (2016). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9:CD010216. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub3.
18. Heikens, A., Panaullah, G. M., and Meharg, A. A. (2007). Arsenic behaviour from groundwater and soil to crops: impacts on agriculture and food safety. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 189, 43-87.
19. Hess, C. A., Olmedo, P., Navas-Acien, A., Goessler, W., Cohen, J. E., and Rule, A. M. (2017). E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environ. Res. 152, 221-225. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.026.
20. Holliday, R., Kist, R., and Bauld, L. (2016). E-cigarette vapour is not inert and exposure can lead to cell damage. Evid. Based Dent. 17, 2-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6401143.
21. Jensen, R. P., Luo, W., Pankow, J. F., Strongin, R. M., and Peyton, D. H. (2015). Hidden formaldehyde in E-cigarette aerosols. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 392-394. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1413069.
22. Johnson, F. K., Johnson, R. A., Durante, W., Jackson, K. E., Stevenson, B. K., and Peyton, K. J. (2006). Metabolic syndrome increases endogenous carbon monoxide production to promote hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in obese Zucker rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R601-R608. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00308.2005.
23. JOMO Tech (2015). Available online at: http://www.jomoecigarette.com/.
24. Kalkhoran, S., and Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 4, 116-128. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4.
25. Kazi, T. G., Jalbani, N., Arain, M. B., Jamali, M. K., Afridi, H. I., Sarfraz, R. A., et al. (2009). Toxic metals distribution in different components of Pakistani and imported cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. J. Hazard. Mater. 163, 302-307. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.088.
26. Kosmider, L., Sobczak, A., Fik, M., Knysak, J., Zaciera, M., Kurek, J., et al. (2014). Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors-effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob. Res. 16, 1319-1326. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu078.
27. Lerner, C. A., Sundar, I. K., Watson, R. M., Elder, A., Jones, R., Done, D., et al. (2015). Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols. Environ. Pollut. 198, 100-107. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.033.
28. Liu, C., Wright, C. G., McAdam, K. G., Taebunpakul, S., Heroult, J., Braybrook, J., et al. (2012). Arsenic speciation in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Tobacco Res. 25, 375-380. doi: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0916.
29. Menden, E. E., Elia, V. J., Michael, L. W., and Petering, H. G. (1972). Distribution of cadmium and nickel of tobacco during cigarette smoking. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6, 830-832.
30. Millipore Safety Data (2011). Millipore Safety DataSheet Number 00000100SDS Revision A, 22. Available online at: http://www.ofite.com/joomlatools-files/docman-files/145-00-12.pdf.
31. Mohammad, O. A (2014). Determination and assessment of heavy metals in tobacco sold and smoked in Palestinian market. Dissertation. An-Najah National University. Available online at: https://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/Ola%20Mohammad_0.pdf.
32. Oh, A. Y., and Kacker, A. (2014). Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes? Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke. Laryngoscope 124, 2702-2706. doi: 10.1002/lary.24750.
33. Palazzolo, D. L. (2013). Electronic cigarettes and vaping: a new challenge in clinical medicine and public health. A literature review. Front. Public Health 1:56. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00056.
34. Pappas, R. S. (2011). Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization. Metallomics 3, 1181-1198. doi: 10.1039/c1mt00066g.
35. Periodic Table of Elements X-rays Energies (2015). Available online at: https://www.bruker.com/fileadmin/user_upload/8-PDF-Docs/X-rayDiffraction_ElementalAnalysis/HH-XRF/Misc/Periodic_Table_and_X-ray_Energies.pdf.
36. Pisinger, C. (2014). Why public health people are more worried than excited over e-cigarettes. BMC Med. 12:226. doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0226-y.
37. Pourkahabbaz, A., and Pourkahabbaz, H. (2011). Investigation of Toxic metals in tobacco of different Iranian cigarette brands and related health issues. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 15, 636-644.
38. Saffari, A., Daher, N., Ruprecht, A., De Marco, C., Pozzi, P., Boffi, R., et al. (2014). Particulate metals and organic compounds from electronic and tobacco-containing cigarettes: comparison of emission rates and secondhand exposure. Environ. Sci. 16, 2259-2267. doi: 10.1039/c4em00415A.
39. Schneider, G., and Krivan, V. (1993). Multi-element analysis of tobacco and smoke condensate by instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 53, 87-100. doi: 10.1080/03067319308044438.
40. Shaikh, A. N., Negi, B. S., and Sadasivan, S. (2002). Characterization of Indian cigarette tobacco and its smoke aerosol by nuclear and allied techniques. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 253, 231-234. doi: 10.1023/A:1019641507587.
41. Stohs, S. J., Bagchi, D., and Bagchia, M. (1997). Toxicity of trace metal elements in tobacco smoke. Inhal. Toxicol. 9, 867-90. doi: 10.1080/089583797197926.
42. Thielen, A., Klus, H., and Muller, L. (2008). Tobacco smoke: unraveling a controversial subject. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 60, 141-156. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.01.014.
43. Tomljenovic, L. (2011). Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: after a century of controversy, is there a plausible link? J. Alzheimers. Dis. 23, 567-98. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-101494.
44. United States Department of Labor (2013). United States Department of Labor, 29 CFR 1910.1000, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants. Available online at: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-1.html.
45. United States Environmental Protection Agency (1996). Method 3050B, Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils. Revision 2, 12. Available online at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/epa-3050b.pdf.
46. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Our Nation's Air Status and Trends Trough 2010, EPA-454/R-12-001, 32. Available online at: http://www3.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/report/fullreport.pdf.
47. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014). Method 6020B, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Revision 2, 33. Available online at: http://www3.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/6020b.pdf.
48. Vreman, H. J., Wong, R. J., Kadotani, T., and Stevenson, D. K. (2005). Determination of carbon monoxide (CO) in rodent tissue: effect of heme administration and environmental CO exposure. Anal. Biochem. 341, 280-289. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.019.
49. Williams, M., To, A., Bozhilov, K., and Talbot, P. (2015). Strategies to reduce tin and other metals in electronic cigarette aerosol. PLoS ONE 10:e0138933. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138933.
50. Williams, M., Villarreal, A., Bozhilov, K., Lin, S., and Talbot, P. (2013). Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS ONE 8:e57987. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057987.
51. Xie, J., Marano, K. M., Wilson, C. L., Liu, H., Gan, H., Xie, F., et al. (2012). A probabilistic risk assessment approach used to prioritize chemical constituents in mainstream smoke of cigarettes sold in China. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 62, 355-362. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.017.
52. Yebpella, G. G., Shallangwa, G. A., Hammuel, C., Tech, B., Magomya, A., Oladipo, M. O. A., et al. (2011). Heavy metal content of different brands of cigarettes commonly smoked in Nigeria and its toxicological implication. Pac. J. Sci. Technol. 12, 356-362.
53. Yu, V., Rahimy, M., Korrapati, A., Xuan, Y., Zou, A. E., Krishnan, A. R., et al. (2016). Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines. Oral Oncol. 52, 58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.018.
54. Zacny, J. P., and Stitzer, M. L. (1996). "Human smoking patterns," in Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 7. National Cancer Institute (U.S.). The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of US Cigarettes: Report of the NCI Expert Committee (Bethesda, MD: NIH), 151-160. Available online at: https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/Brp/TCRB/monographs/7/m7_11.pdf.