Volcanoes, hydrothermal venting, and the origin of life

Volcanoes and the Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 175-206

  Stetter, Karl O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; CARBON; METEOR IMPACTS; MICROORGANISMS; VOLCANOES;

CARBON SOURCE; HYPERTHERMOPHILIC BACTERIA; METEORITE IMPACT; MICROFOSSILS; ORIGIN OF LIFE; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; THERMAL WATERS; VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES;

ALUMINUM;

EID: 85011419017     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511614767.007     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Achenbach-Richter, L., Gupta, R., Stetter, K. O., et al. 1987. Were the original eubacteria thermophiles? Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 9, 34-39.
2. Appel, P. W. U. 1980. On the early archaean isua iron-formation, West Greenland. Precambrian Research, 11, 73-78.
3. Ashikin, A., Dziedzic, J. M., and Yamane, T. 1987. Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams. Nature, 300, 769-771.
4. Awramik, S. M., Schopf, J. W., and Walter, M. R. 1983. Filamentous fossil bacteria from the Archaean of Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 20, 357-374.
5. Balch, W. E., Fox, G. E., Magrum, L. J., et al. 1979. Methanogens: re-evalution of a unique biological group. Microbiology Reviews, 250-296.
6. Barns, S. M., Funyga, R. E., Jeffries, M. W., et al. 1994. Remarkable archaeal diversity detected in a Yellowstone National Park hot spring environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 91, 1609-1613.
7. Beck, P. and Huber, R. 1997. Detection of cell viability in cultures of hyperthermophiles. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 147, 11-14.
8. Bernhardt, G., Lüdemann, H.-D., Jaenicke, R., et al. 1984. Biomolecules are unstable under “Black Smoker” conditions. Naturwissenschaften, 71, 583-585.
9. Blöchl, E., Rachel, R., Burggraf, S., et al. 1997. Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113°C. Extremophiles, 1, 14-21.
10. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A., Miroshnichenko, M. L., Kostrikina, N. A., et al. 1990. Thermoproteus uzoniensis sp. nov., a new extemely thermophilic archaebacterium from Kamchatka continental hot springs. Archives of Microbiology, 154, 556-559.
11. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A., Slesarev, A. I., Miroshnichenko, M. L., et al. 1985. Characteristics of Desulfurococcus amylolyticus n. sp., a new extreme thermophilic archaebacterium from hot volcanic vents of Kamchatka and Kunashir. Microbiologyia, 57, 78-85. (in Russian)
12. Bouthier de la Tour, C., Portemer, C., Nadal, M., et al. 1990. Reverse gyrase, a hallmark of the hyperthermophilic archaebacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 6803-6808.
13. Brierley, C. L. and Brierley, J. A. 1973. A chemolithoautotrophic and thermophilic microorganism isolated from an acidic hot spring. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 19, 183-188.
14. Brierley, C. L. and Brierley, J. A. 1982. Anaerobic reduction of Sulfolobus species. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie and Hygiene, I, Abteilung Originale, C3, 289-294.
15. Brock, T. D. 1978. Thermophilic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures. New York, Springer-Verlag.
16. Brock, T. D., Brock, K. M., Belly, R. T., et al. 1972. Sulfolobus: a new genus of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living at low pH and high temperature. Archives of Microbiology, 84, 54-68.
17. Bult, C. J., White, W., Olsen, G. J., et al. 1996. Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii. Science, 273, 1058-1073.
18. Burggraf, S., Fricke, H., Neuner, A., et al. 1990a. Methanococcus igneus sp. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic methanogen from a shallow submarine hydrothermal system. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 13, 263-269.
19. Burggraf, S., Huber, H., and Stetter, K. O. 1997. Reclassification of the cranarchaeal orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence data. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 657-660.
20. Burggraf, S., Jannasch, H. W., Nicolaus, B., et al. 1990b. Archaeoglobus profundus sp. nov. represents a new species within the sulfate-reducing archaebacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 13, 24-28.
21. Carr, M. H. 1996. Water on early Mars. In G. R. Bock and J. A. Goode (eds.) Evolution of Pydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?), Ciba Foundation Symposium, no. 202. Chichester, UK, John Wiley, pp. 249-267.
22. Castenholz, R. W. 1979. Evolution and ecology of thermophilic microorganisms. In M. Shilo (ed.) Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments. Berlin, Dahlem Konferenzen, pp. 373-392.
23. Davies, P. C. W. 1996. The transfer of viable microorganisms between planets. In G. R. Bock and J. A. Goode (eds.) Evolution and Pydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?), Ciba Foundation Symposium no. 202. Chichester, UK, John Wiley, pp. 304-317.
24. DeLong, E. F., Wickham, G. S., and Pace, N. R. 1989. Phylogenetic stains: ribosomal RNA-based probes for the identification of single cells. Science, 243, 1360-1363.
25. De Rosa, M., Gambacorta, A., Huber, R., et al. 1989. Lipid structures in Thermotoga maritima. In M. S. da Costa, J. C. Duarte, and R. A. D. Williams (eds.) Microbiology of Extreme Environments and its Potential for Biotechnology. London, Elsevier, pp. 167-173.
26. Dirmeier, R., Keller, M., Hafenbradl, D., et al. 1998. Thermococcus acidaminovorans sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic elkalophilic archaeon growing on amino acids. Extremophiles, 2, 109-114.
27. Drobner, E., Huber, H., Wächtershäuser, G., et al. 1990. Pyrite formation linked with hydrogen evolution under anaerobic conditions. Nature, 346, 742-744.
28. Edmonds, C. G., Crain, P. F., Gupta, R., et al. 1991. Posttranscriptional modification of tRNA in thermophilic archaea (archaebacteria). Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 3138-3148.
29. Erauso, G., Reysenbach, A.-L., Godfroy, A., et al. 1993. Pyrococcus abyssi sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Archives of Microbiology, 160, 338-349.
30. Ernst, W. G. 1983. The early earth and the archaean rock record. In J. W. Schopf (ed.) Earth’s Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, pp. 41-52.
31. Ernst, G. G. J., Cave, R. R., German, C. R., et al. 2000. Vertical and lateral splitting of a hydrothermal plume at Steinahóll, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 179, 529-537.
32. Fardeau, M.-L., Ollivier, B., Patel, B. K. C., et al. 1997. Thermotoga hypogea sp. nov., a xylanolytic, thermophilic bacterium from an oil-producing well. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 1013-1019.
33. Fiala, G. and Stetter, K. O. 1986. Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a novel group of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100 °C. Archives of Microbiology, 145, 56-61.
34. Fiala, G., Stetter, K. O., Jannasch, H. W., et al. 1986. Staphylothermus marinus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of extremely thermophilic submarine heterotropic archaebacteria growing up to 98°C. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 8, 106-113.
35. Fischer, F., Zillig, W., Stetter, K. O., et al. 1983. Chemolithoautotrophic metabolism of anaerobic extremely thermophilic archaebacteria. Nature, 301, 511-513.
36. Fricke, H., Giere, O., Stetter, K. O., et al. 1989. Hydrothermal vent communities at the shallow subpolar Mid-Atlantic ridge. Marine Biology, 102, 425-429.
37. Fuchs, T., Huber, H., Burggraf, S., et al. 1996. 16SrDNA-based phylogeny of the archaeal order Sulfolobales and reclassification of Desulfurolobus ambivalens as Acidianus ambivalens comb. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19, 56-60.
38. Fuchs, T., Huber, H., Teiner, K., et al. 1995. Metallosphaera prunae, sp. nov., a novel metal-mobilizing, thermoacidophilic archaeum, isolated from a uranium mine in Germany. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 18, 560-566.
39. Godfroy, A., Meunier, J.-R., Guezennec, J., et al. 1996. Thermococcus fumicolans sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in the North Fiji Basin. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46, 1113-1119.
40. Gogarten, J. P., Kibak, H., Dittrich, P., et al. 1989. Evolution of the vacuolar H+-ATPase: implications for the origin of eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 86, 6661-6665.
41. Gonzáles, J. M., Kato, C., and Horikoshi, K. 1995. Thermococcus peptonophilus sp. nov., a fast-growing extremely thermophilic archaebacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Archives of Microbiology, 164, 159-164.
42. Grogan, D., Palm, P., and Zillig, W. 1990. Isolate B 12, which harbours a virus-like element, represents a new species of the archaebacterial genus Sulfolobus, Sulfolobus shibatae, sp. nov. Archives of Microbiology, 154, 594-599.
43. Hafenbradl, D., Keller, M., Dirmeier, R., et al. 1996. Ferroglobus placidus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic archaeum that oxidizes Fe2+ at neutral pH under anoxic conditions. Archives of Microbiology, 199, 308-314.
44. Hensel, R., Matussek, K., Michalke, K., et al. 1997. Sulfophobococcus zilligii gen. nov., spec. nov. a novel hyperthermophilic Archaeum isolated from hot alkaline springs of Iceland. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 20, 102-110.
45. Hoffmann, A. 1993. Reinigung, Charakterisierung und partielle Sequenzierung einer ATPase aus dem hyperthermophilen Archaeon Pyrodictium occultum. Ph.D. thesis, University of Regensburg, Germany.
46. Huber, G. and Stetter, K. O. 1991. Sulfolobus metallicus sp. nov., a novel strictly chemolithoautotrophic thermophilic archaeal species of metal-mobilzers. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 14, 372-378.
47. Huber, G. and Stetter, K. O. 1999. Aquiticales. In Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, London, Nature Publishing Group.
48. Huber, G., Spinnler, C., Gambacorta, A., et al. 1989. Metallosphaera sedula, gen. and sp. nov. represents a new genus of aerobic, metal-mobilizing, thermoacidophilic archaebacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 12, 38-47.
49. Huber, G., Drobner, E., Huber, H., et al. 1992. Growth by aerobic oxidation of molecular hydrogen in Archaea: a metabolic property so far unknown for this domain. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 15, 502-504.
50. Huber, H., Burggraf, S., Mayer, T., et al. 2000. Ignicoccus gen. nov., a novel genus of hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic Archaea, represented by two new species, Ignicoccus islandicus sp. nov. and Ignicoccus pacificus sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50, 2093-2100.
51. Huber, H., Jannasch, H., Rachel, R., et al. 1997. Archaeoglobus veneficus sp. nov., a novel facultative chemolithoautotrophic hyperthermophilic sulfite reducer, isolated from abyssal black smokers. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 20, 374-380.
52. Huber, H., Thomm, M., König, H., et al. 1982. Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, a novel thermophilic lithotrophic methanogen. Archives of Microbiology, 132, 47-50.
53. Huber, R., Burggraf, S., Mayer, T., et al. 1995a. Isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum predicted by in situ RNA analysis. Nature, 376, 57-58.
54. Huber, R., Dyba, D., Huber, H., et al. 1998. Sulfur-inhibited Thermosphaera aggregans sp. nov., a new genus of hyperthermophilic archaea isolated after its prediction from environmentally derived 16S rRNA sequences. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 48, 31-38.
55. Huber, R., Hohn, M., Rachel, R., et al. 2002. A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized symbiont, Nature, 417, 63-67
56. Huber, R., Huber, G., Segerer, A. et al. 1987a. Aerobic and anaerobic extremely thermophilic autotrophs. In H. W. van Verseveld and J. A. Duine (eds.) Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds, Proceedings on the 5th International Symposium. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 44-51.
57. Huber, R., Kristjansson, J. K., and Stetter, K. O. 1987b. Pyrobaculum gen. nov., a new genus of neutrophilic, rod-shaped archaebacteria from continental solfataras growing optimally at 100 °C. Archives of Microbiology, 149, 95-101.
58. Huber, R., Langworthy, T. A., König, H., et al. 1986. Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90 °C. Archives of Microbiology, 144, 324-333.
59. Huber, R., Stöhr, J., Hohenhaus, S., et al. 1995b. Thermococcus chitonophagus sp. nov., a novel, chitin-degrading, hyperthermophilic archaeum from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. Archives of Microbiology, 164, 255-264.
60. Huber, R., Stoffers, P., Cheminee, J. L., et al. 1990a. Hyperthermophilic archaebacteria within the crater and open-sea plume of erupting Macdonald Seamount. Nature, 345, 179-181.
61. Huber, R., Wilharm, T., Huber, D., et al. 1992. Aquifex pyrophilus gen. nov. sp. nov., represents a novel group of marine hyperthermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 15, 340-351.
62. Huber, R., Woese, C. R., Langworthy, T. A., et al. 1989. Thermosipho africanus gen. nov., represents a new genus of thermophilic eubacteria within the “Thermogales”. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 12, 32-37.
63. Huber, R., Woese, C. R., Langworthy, T. A., et al. 1990b. Fervidobacterium islandicum sp. nov., a new extremely thermophilic eubacterium belonging to the “Thermotogales”. Archives of Microbiology, 154, 105-111.
64. Iwabe, N., Kuma, K., Hasegawa, M., et al. 1989. Evolutionary relationship of Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 86, 9355-9359.
65. Jannasch, H. W., Huber, R., Belkin, S., et al. 1988. Thermotoga neapolitana, sp. nov. of the extremely thermophilic, eubacterial genus Thermotoga. Archives of Microbiology, 150, 103-104.
66. Jeanthon, C., Reysenbach, A.-L., Haridon, S. L., et al. 1995. Thermotoga subterranea sp. nov., a new thermophilic bacterium isolated from a continental oil reservoir. Archives of Microbiology, 164, 91-97.
67. Jochimsen, B., Peinemann-Simon, S., Völker, H., et al. 1997. Stetteria hydrogenophila, gen. nov. and sp. nov., a novel mixotrophic sulfur-dependent crenarchaeote isolated from Milos, Greece. Extremophiles, 1, 67-73.
68. Jones, W. J., Leigh, J. A., Mayer, F., et al. 1983. Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent. Archives of Microbiology, 136, 254-261.
69. Kates, M. 1992. Archaebacterial lipids: structure, biosynthesis and function. In M. J. Danson, D. W. Hough, and G. G. Lunt (eds.) The Archaebacteria: Biochemistry and Biotechnology. London, Portland Press, pp. 51-72.
70. Kawai, G., Hushizume, T., Yasuda, M., et al. 1992. Conformational rigidity of N4-acetyl-2_-O-methylcytidine found in tRNA of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria (Archaea). Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 11, 759-771.
71. Keller, M., Braun, F.-J., Dirmeier, R., et al. 1995. Thermococcus alcaliphilus sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeum growing on polysulfide at alkaline pH. Archives of Microbiology, 164, 390-395.
72. Kikuchi, A. and Asai, K. 1984. Reverse gyrase: a topoisomerase which introduces positive superhelical turns into DNA. Nature, 309, 677-681.
73. Klenk, H.-P., Clayton, R. A., Tomb, J. F., et al. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Nature, 390, 364-370.
74. Kobayashi, T., Kwak, Y. S., Akiba, T., et al. 1994. Thermococcus profundus sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 17, 232-236.
75. Koch, R., Zabowski, P., Spreinat, A., et al. 1990. Extremely thermostable aylolytic enzyme from the archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 71, 21-26.
76. König, H., Messner, P., and Stetter, K. O. 1998. The fine structure of the fibers of Pyrodictium occultum. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 49, 207-212.
77. Kurr, M., Huber, R., König, H., et al. 1991. Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens, growing at 110 °C. Archives of Microbiology, 156, 239-247.
78. Lauerer, G., Kristjansson, J. K., Langworthy, T. A., et al. 1986. Methanothermus sociabilis sp. nov., a second species within the Methanothermaceae growing at 97 °C. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 8, 100-105.
79. Ludwig, L. and Strunk, O. 1997. ARB: a software environment for sequence data. Available online at: http://www.arb-home.
80. de Miroshnichenko, M. L., Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E. A., Neuner, A., et al. 1989. Thermococcus stetteri sp. nov a new extremely thermophilic marine sulfur-metabolizing archaebacterium. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 12, 257-262.
81. Mojzsis, S. J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K. D., et al. 1996. Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature, 384, 55-59.
82. Neuner, A. 1990. Isolierung, Charakterisierung und taxonomische Einordnung coccoider mariner hyperthermophiler Archaebakterien. Ph.D. thesis, University of Regensburg, Germany.
83. Neuner, A., Jannasch, H. W., Belkin, S., et al. 1990. Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov. a new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria. Archives of Microbiology, 153, 205-207.
84. Patel, B. K. C., Morgan, H. W., and Daniel, R. M. 1985. Fervidobacterium nodosum gen. nov. and spec. nov., a new chemoorganotrophic, caldoactive, anaerobic bacterium. Archives of Microbiology, 141, 63-69.
85. Phipps, B. M., Typke, D., Hegerl, R., et al. 1993. Structure of a molecular chaperone from a thermophilic archaebacterium. Nature, 361, 475-477.
86. Pley, U., Schipka, J., Gambacorta, A., et al. 1991. Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110 °C. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 14, 245-253.
87. Ravot, G., Magot, M., Fardeau, M. L., et al. 1995. Thermotoga elfii sp. nov., a novel thermophile bacterium from an African oil-producing well. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 45, 308-314.
88. Reddy, T. and Suryanarayana, T. 1988. Novel histone-like DNA-binding proteins in the nucleoid from the acidothermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius that protect DNA against thermal denaturation. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 949, 87-96.
89. Rieger, G., Rachel, R., Herrmann, R., et al. 1995. Ultrastructure of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrodictium abyssi. Journal of Structural Biology, 115, 78-87.
90. Sako, Y., Nomura, N., Uchida, A., et al. 1996. Aeropyrum pernix gen. nov. sp. nov., a novel aerobic hyperthermophilic Archaeon growing at temperatures up to 100 °C. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46, 1070-1077.
91. Sandman, K., Krzycki, J. A., Dobrinski, B., et al. 1990. DNA binding protein HMf isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanothermus fervidus, is most closely related to histones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 87, 5788-5791.
92. Schäfer, T. and Schönheit, P. 1992. Maltose fermentation to acetate, CO2 and H2 in the anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for the operation of a novel sugar fermentation pathway. Archives of Microbiology, 158, 188-202.
93. Schopf, J. W. 1993. Microfossils of the Early Archaean Apex Chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science, 260, 640-646.
94. Schopf, J. W. and Packer, B. M. 1987. Early Archaean (3.3.-billion to 3.5-billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia. Science, 237, 70-73.
95. Schopf, J. W., Hayes, J. M., and Walter, M. R. 1983. Evolution of Earth’s earliest ecosystems: recent progress and unsolved problems. In J. W. Schopf (ed.) Earth’s Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, pp. 361-384.
96. Segerer, A. H., Neuner A., Kristjansson, J. K., et al. 1986. Acidianus infernus gen. nov., sp. nov., and Acidianus brierleyi comb. nov.: Facultatively aerobic, extremely acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaebacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 36, 559-564.
97. Segerer, A. H., Trincone, A., Gahrtz, M., et al. 1991. Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. represents a novel genus of anaerobic, extremely thermoacidophilic archaebacteria of the order Sulfolobales. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 41, 495-501.
98. Stetter, K. O. 1982. Ultrathin mycelia-forming organisms from submarine volcanic areas having an optimum growth temperature of 105 °C. Nature, 300, 258-260.
99. Stetter, K. O. 1986. Diversity of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria. In T. D. Brock (ed.) Thermophiles: General, Molecular and Applied Microbiology, New York, John Wiley, pp. 39-74.
100. Stetter, K. O. 1988. Archaeoglobus fulgidus gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new taxon of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 10, 172-173.
101. Stetter, K. O. 1992. Life at the upper temperature border. In J. and K. Tran Thanh Van, J. C. Mounolou, et al.(eds.) Colloque Interdisciplinaire du Comité National de la Recherche Scientifique. Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Editions Frontières, pp. 195-219.
102. Stetter, K. O., Fiala, G., Huber, G., et al. 1990. Hyperthermophilic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 75, 117-124.
103. Stetter, K. O., Huber, R., Blöchl, E., et al. 1993. Hyperthermophilic archaea are thriving in deep North Sea and Alaskan oil reservoirs. Nature, 365, 743-745.
104. Stetter, K. O., König, H., and Stackebrandt, E. 1983. Pyrodictium gen. nov., a new genus of submarine disc-shaped sulphur reducing archaebacteria growing optimally at 105 °C. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 4, 535-551.
105. Stetter, K. O., Lauerer, G., Thomm, M., et al. 1987. Isolation of extremely thermophilic sulfate reducers: evidence for a novel branch of archaebacteria. Science, 236, 822-824.
106. Stetter, K. O., Thomm, M., Winter, J., et al. 1981. Methanothermus fervidus, sp. nov., a novel extremely thermophilic methanogen isolated from an Icelandic hot spring. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. C2, 166-178.
107. Thauer, R. K., Jungermann, K., and Decker, K. 1977. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriology Reviews, 41, 100-180.
108. Thomm, M., Stetter, K. O., and Zillig, W. 1982. Histone-like proteins in eu- and archaebacteria. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. I. Abt. Orig. C3, 128-139.
109. Trent, J. D., Chastain, R. A., and Yayanos, A. A. 1984. Possible artfictural basis for apparent bacterial growth at 250 °C. Nature, 207, 737-740.
110. van de Vossenberg, J. L. C. M., Driessen, A. J. M., and Konings, W. N. 1998. The essence of being extremophilic: the role of the unique archaeal membrane lipids. Extremophiles, 2, 163-170.
111. Völkl, P., Huber, R., Drobner, E., et al. 1993. Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. nov., a novel nitrate-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 2918-2926.
112. White, R. H. 1984. Hydrolytic stability of biomolecules at high temperatures and its implication for life at 250 °C. Nature, 310, 430-431.
113. Windberger, E., Huber, R., Trincone, A., et al. 1989. Thermotoga thermarum sp. nov. and Thermotoga neapolitana occuring in African continental solfataric springs. Archives of Microbiology, 151, 506-512.
114. Woese, C. R. and Fox, G. E. 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 74, 5088-5090.
115. Woese, C. R., Achenbach, L., Rouviere, P., et al. 1991. Archaeal phylogeny: re-examination of the phylogenetic position of Archaeoglobus fulgidus in light of certain composition-induced artifacts. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 14, 364-371.
116. Woese, C. R., Gutell, R., Gupta, R., et al. 1983. Detailed analysis of the higher-order structure of 16S-like ribosomal ribonucleic acids. Microbiological Reviews, 47, 621-669.
117. Woese, C. R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M. L. 1990. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domain Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 87, 4576-4579.
118. Woese, C. R., Sogin, M., Stahl, D. A., et al. 1976. A comparison of the 16S ribosomal RNAs from mesophilic and thermophilic bacilli. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 7, 197-213.
119. Zillig, W., Gierl, A., Schreiber, G., et al. 1983a. The archaebacterium Thermofilum pendens represents a novel genus of the thermophilic, anaerobic sulfur respiring Thermoproteales. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 4, 79-87.
120. Zillig, W., Holz, I., Janecovic, D., et al. 1983b. The archaebacterium Thermococcus celer represents a novel genus within the thermophilic branch of the Archaebacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 4, 88-94.
121. Zillig, W., Holz, I., Janecovic, D., et al. 1990. Hyperthermus butylicus, a hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing archaebacterium that ferments peptides. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 3959-3965.
122. Zillig, W., Holz, I., Klenk, H. P., et al. 1987a. Pyrococcus woesei sp. nov., an ultra-thermophilic marine archaebacterium, represents a novel order, Thermococcales. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 9, 62-70.
123. Zillig, W., Stetter, K. O., Prangishvilli, D., et al. 1982. Desulfurococcaceae, the second family of the extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, sulfur-respiring Thermoproteales. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. C3, 304-317.
124. Zillig, W., Stetter, K. O., Schäfer, W., et al. 1981. Thermoproteales: a novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from Icelandic solfataras. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. C2, 205-227.
125. Zillig, W., Stetter, K. O., Wunderl, S., et al. 1980. The Sulfolobus--Caldariella group: taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Archives of Microbiology, 125, 259-269.
126. Zillig, W., Yeates, S., Holz, I., et al. 1987b. Desulfurolobus ambivalens, gen. nov. sp. nov., an autotrophic archaebacterium facultatively oxidizing or reducing sulfur. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 8, 197-203.
127. Zuckerkandl, E. and Pauling, L. 1965. Molecules as documents of evolutionary history. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 8, 357-366.