Environmental response to intentional dissemination of Bacillus anthracis spores in the United States–2001

Remediation

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 99-111

  Barth, Edwin ^a   Rupert, Richard ^b   Stroud, Fred ^b   Rice, Eugene ^a   Potoka, Bruce ^c  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b NONE

^c U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85011218762     PISSN: 10515658     EISSN: 15206831     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rem.10078     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aizenberg, V., Grinshpun, S., Willeke, K., Smith, J., & Baron, P. (2000). Performance characteristics of the button personable inhalable aerosol sampler. American Industrial Hygiene Journal, 61, 398–404.
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (1995). Air sampling instruments, 8th Edition, B. Cohen & S. Hering (Eds.). Cincinnati, OH: Author.
3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (1999). Bioaerosols assessment and control, J. Macher (Ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Author.
4. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). (1996). Field guide for the determination of biological contaminants in environmental samples, K. Dillon, P. Heinsohn, & D. Miller (Eds.). Fairfax, VA: Author.
5. Barakat, L., Quentzel, H., Jernigan, J., Kirschke, D., Griffin, K., Spear, S., Kelley, K., Barden, D., Mayo, D., Stephens, D., Popovic, T., Marston, C., Zaki, S., Guarner, J., Shieh, W., Carver, W., Meyer, R., Swerdlow, D., Mast, E., & Hadler, J. (2001). Fatal inhalational anthrax in a 94-year-old Connecticut woman. Journal American Medical Association, 287(7), 863–868.
6. Begley, S., & Isikoff, M. (2001, October 22). Anthrax: Fear becomes contagious. Newsweek, CXXXVIII(17), 28–35.
7. Borio, L., Frank, D., Mani, V., Chiriboga, C., Pollanen, M., Ripple, M., Ali, S., DiAngelo, C., Lee, J., Arden, J., Titus, J., Fowler, D., O'Toole, T., Masur, H., Bartlett, J., & Inglesbay, T. (2001). Death due to bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax. Journal American Medical Association, 286(20), 2554–2559.
8. Boyce, N. (2003). Keeping details from the devil U.S. News and World Report, 134(7), 62.
9. Brooks, G., Butel, J., & Morse, S. (Eds.). (1998). Medical microbiology (pp. 182–185). Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange Publishing.
10. Burrows, W. (1973) Textbook of microbiology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Publishing.
11. Bush, L., Abrams, B., Beall, A., & Johnson, C. (2001). Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(22), 1607–1610.
12. Buttner, M., Willeke, K., & Grinshpun, S. (2001). Sampling and analysis of airborne microorganisms. in Manual of environmental microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2001a). Health advisory: How to handle anthrax and other biological agent threats. Retrieved from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/documentsApp/anthrax/10122001Handle/10122001handle.asp
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2001b). Basic laboratory protocols for the presumptive identification of Bacillus anthracis. Retrieved from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/levelAprotocol/Anthracis20010417.pdf
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2001c). Protecting investigators performing environmental sampling for Bacillus anthracis: Personal protective equipment. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.bt.gov/DocumentsApp/Anthrax/Protective.asp
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2002). Comprehensive procedures for collecting environmental samples for culturing Bacillus anthracis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/unpenvsamp.htm
17. Christopher, G., Cieslak, T., Pavlin, J., & Eitzen, E. (1997). Biological warfare agents: A historical perspective. Journal American Medical Association, 278(5), 412–417.
18. Edwards, D. (2002). Delivery of biological agents by aerosols. American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal, 48(1), 2–6.
19. Enserink, M. (2001a). Biodefense hampered by inadequate tests. Science, 294(5545), 1266–1267.
20. Enserink, M. (2001b). Researchers question obsession with Cipro. Science, 294(5543), 759–761.
21. Ferguson, J. (1997). Biological weapons and the US law. Journal American Medical Association, 278(5), 357–360.
22. Florig, H. (2002). Is safe mail worth the price. Science, 295(5549), 1467–1468.
23. Franz, D., Jahrling, P., Friedlander, A., McClain, D., Hoover, D., Bryne, R., Pavlin, J., Christopher, G., & Eitzen, E. (1997). Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. Journal American Medical Association, 278(5), 399–411.
24. Haas, C., Rose, J., & Gerba, C. 1999. Quantitative microbial risk assessment. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
25. Hawley, R., & Eitzen, E. (2001). Biological weapons—A primer for microbiologists. Annual Review Microbiology, 55, 235–253.
26. Helgason, E., Okstad, O., Caugant, D., Johansen, H., Fouet, A., Mock, M., Hegna, I., & Kolsto, A. (2000). Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis—One species on the basis of genetic evidence. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(6), 2627–2630.
27. Hoffman, H., & Guidotti, T. (2000). Biological warfare. In: A. Coutier (Ed.), Occupational and environmental infectious diseases (pp. 717–722). Beverly Farms, MA: OEM Press.
28. Holloway, H.C., Norwood, A.E., Fullerton, C.S., Engel, C.C. Jr., & Ursano, R.J. (1997). The threat of biological weapons. Journal American Medical Association, 278(5), 425–427.
29. Inglesby, T., Henderson, D., Bartlett, J., Ascher, M., Eitzen, E., Friendlander, A., Hauer, J., McDade, J., Osterholm, M., O'Toole, T., Parker, G., Perl, T., Russell, P., & Tonat, K. (1999). Anthrax as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. Journal American Medical Association, 281(18), 1735–1745.
30. International Life Science Institute. (1996). A conceptual framework to assess the risks of human disease following exposure to pathogens. Risk Analysis, 16(6).
31. LaForce, M. (1990). Biological contaminants in indoor environments: Gram positive bacteria with particular emphasis on Bacillus anthracis. In: P. Morey, J. Feeley, & J. Otten (Eds.), Biological contaminants in indoor environments (ASTM STP 1071, pp. 50–59). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
32. Lin, X., Reponen, T., Willeke, K., Grinshpun, S., Foarde, K., & Ensor, D. (1999). Long-term sampling of airborne bacteria and fungi into a non-evaporating liquid. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 4291–4298.
33. Malakoff, D. (2002). Federal budget. Science, 295(5557), 952–954.
34. Mayer, T., Bersoff-Matcha, S., Murphy, C., Earls, J., Harper, S., Pauze, D., Nguyen, M., Rosenthal, J., Cerva, D., Druckenbrod, G., Hanfling, D., Fatteh, N., Napoli, A., Nayyar, A., & Berman, E. (2001). Clinical presentation of inhalational anthrax following bioterrorism exposure. Journal American Medical Association, 286(20), 2549–2453.
35. McCleary, R., Martinez, K., Burr, K., & Mattorano, G. (2003, in press). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: NIOSH evaluation of air sampling methodologies for Bacillus anthracis in a United States Postal Service processing and distribution center, Trenton, NJ. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.
36. Mina, B., Dym, J., Kuepper, F., Tso, R., Arrastia, C., Kaplounova, I., Faraj, H., Kwapnieski, A., Krol, C., Grosser, M., Glick, J., Fochios, S., Remolina, A., Vasovic, L., Moses, J., Robin, T., DeVita, M., & Tapper, M. (2001). Fatal inhalational anthrax with unknown source of exposure in a 61-year-old woman in New York City. Journal American Medical Association, 287(7), 858–862.
37. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). (2000). Biological and chemical terrorism: Strategic plan for preparedness and readiness. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49, RR04, 1–14. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4904a1.htm
38. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). (2001a). Update: Investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(42), 909–919. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5042al.htm
39. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). (2001b). Update: Investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(41), Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5041a1.htm
40. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). (2002). Notice to Readers: Occupational health guidelines for remediation workers at Bacillus anthracis-contaminated sites. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51(35), 786–789. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5135a3.htm
41. National Response Team. (2002). Technical assistance for anthrax response. Retrieved from http://www.nrt.org/production/nrt/home.nsf/resources/publications/$file/final_anthrax_TAD_10_3_02.pdf
42. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2002a). Health hazard evaluation: Irradiated mail handling and opening at the capitol office buildings. NIOSH Pub. No. HETA 2002–0136–2880. Cincinnati, OH: Author.
43. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2002b). Interim recommendations for fire-fighters and other first responders for the selection and use of protective clothing and respirators against biological agents. NIOSH Pub. No. 2002–109. Cincinnati, OH: Author.
44. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1994). Bioaerosol sampling (indoor air)—Method 0800, manual of analytical methods, 4th ed. NIOSH Pub. No. 94–113. Cincinnati, OH: Author.
45. Newsline. (2002). Early detection of inhaled anthrax infection: Nuclear medicine gets investigation nod. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 42(12), 11N–34N.
46. Nicas, M., & Hubbard, A. (2003). A risk analysis approach to selecting respirator protection against airborne pathogens used for bioterrorism. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 64(1), 95–101.
47. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2001). Anthrax in the workplace. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/bioterrorism/anthrax/matrix/use.html
48. Tucker, J. (1997). National health and medical services response to incidents of chemical and biological terrorism. Journal American Medical Association, 278(5), 362–368.
49. Wasserman, G., Grabenstein, J., Pittman, P., Rubertone, M., Gibbs, P., Wang, L., & Golder, L. (2003). Analysis of adverse events after anthrax immunization in US Army medical personnel. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(3), 222–233.
50. Willeke, K., & Baron, P. (Eds.). (1993). Aerosol measurement. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
51. Young, J., & Collier, R. (2002). Attacking anthrax. Scientific American, 286(3), 48–59.