Effect of Drying Pretreatment on the Acetylation of Nanofibrillated Cellulose

BioResources

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 8148-8167

  Žepič, Vesna ^a   Poljanšek, Ida ^b   Oven, Primož ^b   Škapin, Andrijana Sever ^c   Hančič, Aleš ^a  

^a TECOS SLOVENIAN TOOL AND DIE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE   (Slovenia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

^c SLOVENIAN NATIONAL BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Acetylation; Freeze dried; Hydrophobicity; Nanofibrillated cellulose; Properties; Spray dried

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE; CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS; CONTACT ANGLE; CRYSTALLINITY; DRYING; MORPHOLOGY; THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY;

ACETIC ANHYDRIDES; DEGREE OF CRYSTALLINITY; DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION; DRYING PRETREATMENT; NANOFIBRILLAR; NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE; PRE-TREATMENT; SPRAY DRIED;

ACETYLATION;

ANATOMY; CELLULOSE; CONTACT ANGLE; CRYSTALLINITY; DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION; DRYING;

EID: 85010911945     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19302126     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.4.8148-8167     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Davoudpour, Y., Nazrul Islam, M. D., Asniza Mustapha Sudesh, K., Dungani, R., and Jawaid, M. (2014). “Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: A review,” Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 649–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.069
2. Adebajo, M. O., and Frost, R. L. (2004a). “Acetylation of raw cotton for oil spill cleanup application: an FTIR and 13C MAS NMR spectroscopic investigation,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular andBiomolecular Spectroscopy 60(10), 2315–2321. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2003.12.005
3. Adebajo, M. O., and Frost, R. L. (2004b). “Infrared and 13C MAS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of acetylation of cotton,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 60(1–2), 449–453. DOI: 10.1016/S1386-1425(03)00249-X
4. Antal, M. J., and Varhegyi, G. (1995). “Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics: The current state of knowledge,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 34, 703–717. DOI: 10.1021/ie00042a001
5. Azizi Samir, M.A.S., Alloin, F., and Dufresne, A. (2005). “Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field,” Biomacromolecules 6(2), 612–626. DOI: 10.1021/bm0493685
6. Berlioz, S., Molina-Boisseau, S., Nishiyama, Y., and Heux, L. (2009). “Gas-phase surface esterification of cellulose microfibrils and whiskers,” Biomacromolecules 10, 2144–2151. DOI: 10.1021/bm900319k
7. Bulota, M., Kreitsmann, K., Hughes, M., and Paltakari, J. (2012). “Acetylated microfibrillated cellulose as a toughening agent in poly(lactic acid),” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 126, 448–457. DOI: 10.1002/app.36787
8. Chakraborty, A., Sain, M., and Kortschot, M. (2005). “Cellulose microfibrils: A novel method of preparation using high shear refining and cryocrushing,” Holzforschung 59, 102–107. DOI: 10.1515/hf.2005.016
9. Chen, W., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Hai, Y., Zhang, M., and Chen, P. (2011). “Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from four plant cellulose fibers using a chemical-ultrasonic process,” Cellulose 18, 433–442. DOI: 10.1007/sl0570-011-9497
10. Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2011). “Cellulose fibers, nanofibrils and microfibrils: The morphological sequence of MFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view,” Nanoscale Research Letter 6, 417. DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-417
11. Dufresne, A. (2010). “Processing of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with polysaccharide nanocrystals,” Molecules 15(6), 4111–4128. DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064111
12. Eichhorn, S. J., Baillie, C. A., Zafeiropoulos, N., Mwaikambo, L. Y., Ansell, M. P., Dufresne, A., Entwistle, K. M., Herrera-Franco, P., Escamilla, G. C., Groom, L., Hughes, M., Hill, C., Rials, T. G., and Wild, P. M. (2010). “Review: Current international research into cellulosic fibres and composites,” Journal of Materials Science 36(9), 2107–2131. DOI: 10.1023/A:1017512029696
13. Eyholzer, C., Bordeanu, N., Lopez-Suevos, F., Rentsch, D., Zimmermann, T., and Oksman, K. (2010). “Preparation and characterization of water-redispersible nanofibrillated cellulose in powder form,” Cellulose 17(1), 19–30. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-009-9372-3
14. Fengel, D., and Wegener, G. (1984). Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. DOI: 10.1515/9783110839654
15. Fordyce, C. R., Genung, L. B., and Pile, M. A. (1946). “Composition of cellulose esters, use of equations and nomographs,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 18, 547–550. DOI: 10.1021/i560157a008
16. Freire, C. S. R., Silvestre, A. J. D, Neto, C. P., Belgacem, M. N., and Gandini, A. (2006). “Controlled heterogeneous modification of cellulose fibers with fatty acids: Effect of reaction conditions on the extent of esterification and fiber properties,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100(2), 1093–1102. DOI: 10.1002/app.23454
17. French, A.D. (2014). “Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs,” Cellulose 21, 885–896. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
18. French, A.D., and Santiago Cintrón, M. (2013). “Cellulose polymorphy, crystallite size, and the Segal crystallinity index,” Cellulose 20, 583–588. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-012-9833-y
19. Henriksson, M., Henriksson, G., Berglund, L. A., and Lindstrom, T. (2007). “An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers,” Eur. Polym. J. 43, 3434–3441. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038
20. Herrick, F. W., Casebier, R. L., Hamilton, J. K., and Sandberg, K. R. (1983). “Microfibrillated cellulose: morphology and accessibility,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 3, 797–813.
21. Hill, C. A. S, Cetin, N. S., and Ozmen, Z. (2000). “Potential catalysts for the acetylation of wood,” Holzforschung 54, 269–272. DOI: 10.1515/hf.2000.045
22. Hill, C. A. S., Jones, D., Strickland, G., and Cetin, N. S. (1998). “Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the acetylation of wood with acetic anhydride,” Holzforschung 52, 623–629. DOI: 10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.6.623
23. Hill, C. A. S., and Papadopoulus, A. N. (2002). “The pyridine-catalysed acetylation of pine sapwood and phenolic model compounds with carboxylic acid anhydrides. Determination of activation energies and entropy of activation,” Holzforschung 56(2), 150–156. DOI: 10.1515/hf.2002.025
24. Hu, W., Chen, S., Xu, Q., and Wang, H. (2011). “Solvent-free acetylation of bacterial cellulose under moderate conditions,” Carbohydrate Polymers 83, 1575–1581. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.016
25. Ifuku, S., Nogi, M., Abe, K., Handa, K., Nakatsubo, F., and Yano, H. (2007). “Surface modification of bacterial cellulose nanofibers for property enhancement of optically transparent composites: Dependence on acetyl-group DS,” Biomacromolecules 8, 1973–1978. DOI: 10.1021/bm070113b
26. Iwamoto, S., Nakagaito, A. N., Yano, H., and Nogi, M. (2005). “Optically transparent composites reinforced with plant fiber based nanofibers,” Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 81(6), 1109–1112. DOI: 10.1007/s00339-005-3316-z
27. Johansson, L.S., Tammelin, T., Campbell, J. M., Setälä, H., and Österberg, M. (2011). “Experimental evidence on medium driven cellulose surface adaptation demonstrated using nanofibrillated cellulose,” Soft Matter. 7, 10917–10924. DOI: 10.1039/c1sm06073b
28. Jonoobi, M., Harun, J., Mathew, A. P., Hussein, B., and Oksman, K. (2010). “Preparation of cellulose nanofibers with hydrophobic surface characteristics,” Cellulose 17, 299–307. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-009-9387-9
29. Jonoobi, M., Mathew, A. P., Abdi, M. M., Davoodi Makinejad, M., and Oksman, K. (2012). “A comparison of modified and unmodified cellulose nanofiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) prepared by twin screw extrusion,” Journal of Polymer Environment 20, 991–997. DOI: 10.1007/s10924-012-0503-9
30. Kim, D. Y., Nishiyama, Y., and Kuga, S. (2002). “Surface acetylation of bacterial cellulose,” Cellulose 9(3–4), 361–367. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021140726936
31. Lee, K. Y., and Bismarck, A. (2012). “Susceptibility of never-dried and freeze-dried bacterial cellulose towards esterification with organic acid,” Cellulose 19, 891–900. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-012-9680-x
32. Lee, K. Y., Quero, F., Blaker, J. J., Hill, C. A. S., Eichhorn, S. J., and Bismarck, A. (2011). “Surface only modification of bacterial cellulose nanofibres with organic acids,” Cellulose 18(3), 595–605. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-011-9525-z
33. Li, J., Zhang, L. P., Peng, F., Bian, J., Yuan, T. Q., Xu, F., and Sun, R. C. (2009a). “Microwave-assisted solvent-free acetylation of cellulose with acetic anhydride in the presence of iodine as a catalyst,” Molecules (14), 3551–3566. DOI: 10.3390/molecules14093551
34. Li, X., Chen, S., Hu, W., Shi, S., Shen, W., Zhang, X., and Wang, H. (2009b). “In situ synthesis of CdS nanoparticles on bacterial cellulose nanofibers,” Carbohydrate Polymers 76, 509–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.014
35. Li, W., Wu, L., Chen, D., Liu, C., and Sun, R. (2011). “Phthalylation of cellulose in ionic liquid,” BioResources 6(3), 2375–2385. DOI: 10.15376/biores.6.3.2375-2385
36. Lin, N., Huang, J., Chang, P. R., Feng, J., and Yu, J. (2011). “Surface acetylation of cellulose nanocrystal and its reinforcing function in poly(lactic acid),” Carbohydrate Polymers 83, 1834–1842. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.047
37. Liu, D., Zhong, T., Chang, P. R., Li, K., and Wu, Q. (2010). “Starch composites reinforced by bamboo cellulosic crystals,” Bioresource Technology 101, 2529–2536. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.058
38. Maneerung, T., Tokura, S., and Rujiravanit, R. (2008). “Impregnation of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial wound dressing,” Carbohydrate Polymers 72, 43–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.025
39. Miao, C., and Hamad, W. Y. (2013). “Cellulose reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites: A critical review,” Cellulose 20, 2221–2262. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-013-0007-3
40. Missoum, K., Belgacem, M. N., Barnes, J. P., Brochier-Salon, M. C., and Bras, J. (2012). “Nanofibrillated cellulose surface grafting in ionic liquid,” Soft Matter 8, 8338–8349. DOI: 10.1039/c2sm25691f
41. Nishiyama, Y., Johnson, G. P., and French, A. (2012). “Diffraction from nonperiodic models of cellulose crystals,” Cellulose 19, 319–336. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-012-9652-1
42. Pääkkö, M., Ankerfors, M., Kosonen, H., Nykänen, A., Ahola, S., Osterberg, M., Ruokolainen, J., Laine, J., Larsson, P. T., Ikkala, O., and Lindström, T. (2007). “Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels,” Biomacromolecules 8, 1934–1941. DOI: 10.1021/bm061215p
43. Rebouillat, S., and Pla, F. (2013). “State of the art manufacturing and engineering of nanocellulose: A review of available data and industrial applications,” Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 4, 165–188. DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.42022
44. Rodionova, G., Lenes, M., Eriksen, Ø., and Gregersen, Ø. (2011). “Surface chemical modification of microfibrillated cellulose: Improvement of barrier properties for packaging applications,” Cellulose 18, 127–134. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-010-9474-y
45. Saito, T., Nishiyama, Y., Putaux, J., Vignon, M., and Isogai, A. (2006). “Homogeneous suspensions of individualized microfibrils from TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of native cellulose,” Biomacromolecules 7, 1687–1691. DOI: 10.1021/bm060154s
46. Sassi, J. F., and Chanzy, H. (1995). “Ultrastructural aspects of the acetylation of cellulose,” Cellulose 2, 111–127. DOI: 10.1007/BF00816384
47. Sassi, J. F., Tekely, P., and Chanzy, H. (2000). “Relative susceptibility of the I-alpha and I-beta phases of cellulose towards acetylation,” Cellulose 7(2), 119–132. DOI: 10.1023/A:1009224008802
48. Satchell, D. P. N (1963). “An outline of acylation,” Q. ReV. (London) 17, 160–203. DOI: 10.1039/QR9631700160
49. Satgé, C., Verneuil, B., Branland, P., Granet, R., Krausz, P., Rozier, J., and Petit, C. (2002). “Rapid homogeneous esterification of cellulose induced by microwave irradiation,” Carbohydrate Polymers 49, 373–376. DOI: 10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00004-8
50. Segal, L., Creely, J. J., Martin, A. E. Jr., and Conrad, C. M. (1959). “An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using X-Ray diffractometer,” Text. Res. 29, 786–794. DOI: 10.1177/004051755902901003
51. Šturcova, A., Davies, G. R., and Eichhorn, S. J. (2005). “Elastic modulus and stresstransfer properties of tunicate cellulose whiskers,” Biomacromolecules 6(2), 1055–1061. DOI: 10.1021/bm049291k
52. Sun, R., Sun, X. F., and Zhang, F. Y. (2001). “Succinoylation of wheat straw hemicelluloses in N,N-dimethylformamide/lithium chloride systems,” Polym. Int. 50, 803–8011. DOI: 10.1002/pi.699
53. Sun, X. F., Sun, R., and Sun, J. X. (2002). “Acetylation of rice straw with or without catalysts and its characterization as a natural sorbent in oil spill cleanup,” J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(22), 6428–6433. DOI: 10.1021/jf020392o
54. Tingaut, P., Zimmermann, T., and Lopez-Suevos, F. (2010). “Synthesis and characterization of bionanocomposites with tunable properties from poly(lactic acid) and acetylated microfibrillated cellulose,” Biomacromolecules 11, 454–464. DOI: 10.1021/bm901186u
55. Tosh, B., Saikia, C. N., and Dass, N. N. (2000). “Homogeneous esterification of cellulose in the lithium chloride N,N-dimethylacetamide solvent system: Effect of temperature and catalyst,” Carbohydrate Research 327, 345–352. DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)00033-1
56. Turbak, A. F., Snyder, F. W., and Sandberg, K. R. (1983). “Microfibrillated cellulose, a new cellulose product: properties, uses, and commercial potential,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 37, 815–827. DOI:
57. Yang, Z., Xu, S., Ma, X., and Wang, S. (2008). “Characterization and acetylation behaviour of bamboo pulp,” Wood Science and Technology 42, 621–632. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-008-0194-5
58. Yin, C., Li, J., Xu, Q., Peng, Q., Liu, Y., and Shen, X. (2007). “Chemical modification of cotton cellulose in supercritical carbon dioxide: Synthesis and characterization of cellulose carbamate,” Carbohydrate Polymers 67(2), 147–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.05.010
59. Zimmermann, T., Pohler, E., and Geiger, T. (2004). “Cellulose fibrils for polymer reinforcement,” Adv. Eng. Mater. 6, 754–761. DOI: 10.1002/adem.200400097
60. Zugenmaier, P. (2008). Crystalline Cellulose and Derivatives: Characterization and Structures, Springer, Berlin. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73934-0
61. Žepič, V., Fabjan, E. Š., Kasunič, M., Korošec, R. C., Hančič, A., Oven, P., Perše, L., nd Poljanšek, I. (2014). “Morphological, thermal, and structural aspects of dried and redispersed nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC),” Holzforschung 68(6), 657–667. DOI:10.1515/hf-2013-0132