Apes and Tricksters: The Evolution and Diversification of Humans' Closest Relatives

Evolution: Education and Outreach

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 322-332

  McNulty, Kieran P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Apes; Hominoid evolution; Human origins; Miocene

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010891161     PISSN: 19366426     EISSN: 19366434     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12052-010-0251-z     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Andrews P. Lining up the ancestors. Nature. 1990;345:664-5.
2. Andrews P. Evolution and environment in the hominoidea. Nature. 1992;360:641-6.
3. Andrews P, Harrison T. The last common ancestor of apes and humans. In: Lieberman DE, Smith RJ, Kelley J, editors. Interpreting the past: essays on human, primate, and mammal evolution in honor of David Pilbeam. Boston: Brill Academic; 2005. p. 103-21.
4. Andrews P, Martin LB. Cladistic relationships of extant and fossil hominoids. J Hum Evol. 1987;16:101-18.
5. Andrews P, Martin L. Hominoid dietary evolution. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1991;334:199-209.
6. Andrews P, Harrison T, Delson E, Bernor RL, Martin L. Distribution and biochronology of European and Southwest Asian Miocene catarrhines. In: Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann H-W, editors. The evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas. New York: Columbia University Press; 1996. p. 168-295.
7. Begun DR. Relations among the great apes and humans: new interpretations based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus. Yrbk Phys Anthropol. 1994;37:11-63.
8. Begun DR. European hominoids. In: Hartwig W, editor. The primate fossil record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 339-68.
9. Begun DR. Sivapithecus is East and Dryopithecus is West, and never the twain shall meet. Anthropol Sci. 2005;113:53-64.
10. Begun DR. Fossil record of Miocene hominoids. In: Henke W, Rothe H, Tattersall I, editors. Handbook of palaeoanthropology, volume 2: primate evolution and human origins. Berlin: Springer; 2007. p. 921-77.
11. Begun DR. Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade. Geodiversitas. 2009;31:789-816.
12. Begun DR, Kordos L. Phyletic affinities and functional convergence in Dryopithecus and other Miocene and living hominids. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 291-316.
13. Begun DR, Ward CV. Comment on "Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science. 2005;308:203c.
14. Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD. Events in hominoid evolution. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 389-415.
15. Benefit BR, McCrossin ML. Miocene hominoids and hominid origins. Ann Rev Anthropol. 1995;24:237-56.
16. Benefit BR, McCrossin ML. Middle Miocene hominoid origins. Science. 2000;287:2375a.
17. Biegert J. The evaluation of characters of the skull, hands and feet for primate taxonomy. In: Washburn SL, editor. Classification and human evolution. Chicago: Aldine; 1963. p. 116-45.
18. Bishop WW, Miller JA, Fitch FJ. New potassium-argon age determinations relevant to the Miocene fossil mammal sequence in East Africa. Am J Sci. 1969;267:669-99.
19. Boschetto HB, Brown FH, McDougall I. Stratigraphy of the Lothidok Range, Northern Kenya, and K/Ar Ages of its Miocene primates. J Hum Evol. 1992;22:47-71.
20. Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Taisso Mackaye H, Likius A, Ahounta D, et al. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa. Nature. 2002;418:145-51.
21. Caccone A, Powell JR. DNA divergence among hominoids. Evolution. 1989;43:925-42.
22. de Bonis L, Koufos GD. Our ancestors' ancestor: Ouranopithecus is a Greek link in human ancestry. Evol Anthropol. 1994;3:75-83.
23. de Bonis L, Koufos G. The phylogenetic and functional implications of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 317-26.
24. de Bonis L, Koufos GD. Phylogenetic relationships of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Mammalia, Primates, Hominoidea, Hominidae) of the late Miocene deposits of Central Macedonia. In: de Bonis L, Koufos GD, Andrews P, editors. Hominoid evolution and climatic change in Europe, volume 2: phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. p. 254-68.
25. Dean D, Delson E. Second gorilla or third chimp? Nature. 1992;359:676-7.
26. Eckhardt RB. Population genetics and human origins. Sci Am. 1972;226:94-103.
27. Eckhardt RB. Gigantopithecus as a hominid ancestor. Anthropol Anz. 1973;34:1-8.
28. Eckhardt RB. Gigantopithecus as a hominid. In: Tuttle RL, editor. Paleoanthropology, morphology and paleoecology. The Hague: Mouton; 1975. p. 105-27.
29. Frayer D. Gigantopithecus and its relationship to Australopithecus. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1973;39:413-26.
30. Gebo DL, MacLatchy L, Kityo R, Deino A, Kingston J, Pilbeam D. A hominoid genus from the Early Miocene of Uganda. Science. 1997;276:401-4.
31. Goodman M, Tagle DA, Fitch DH, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop BF, et al. Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids. J Mol Evol. 1990;30:260-6.
32. Harcourt-Smith WEH, Aiello LC. Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. J Anat. 2004;204:403-16.
33. Harrison T. A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationship of Oreopoithecus bambolii Gervais. J Hum Evol. 1986;15:541-83.
34. Harrison T. The phylogenetic relationships of the early catarrhine primates: a review of the current evidence. J Hum Evol. 1987;16:41-80.
35. Harrison T. A taxonomic revision of the small catarrhine primates from the Early Miocene of East Africa. Folia Primatol. 1988;50:59-108.
36. Harrison T. A reassessment of the taxonomic and phylogenetic affinities of the fossil catarrhines from fort Ternan, Kenya. Primates. 1992;33:501-22.
37. Harrison T. Cladistic concepts and the species problem in hominoid evolution. In: Martin L, Kimbel W, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum; 1993. p. 345-71.
38. Harrison T. Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia. In: Hartwig W, editor. The primate fossil record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 311-38.
39. Harrison T. The zoogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of early catarrhine primates in Asia. Anthropol Sci. 2005;113:43-51.
40. Harrison T. Apes among the tangled branches of human origins. Nature. 2010;327:532-4.
41. Harrison T, Rook L. Enigmatic anthropoid or misunderstood ape: the phylogenetic status of Oreopithecus bambolii reconsidered. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 327-62.
42. Harzhauser M, Piller WE. Benchmark data of a changing sea - palaeogeography, palaeobiogeography and events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 2007;253:8-31.
43. Heizmann E, Begun DR. The oldest European hominoid. J Hum Evol. 2001;41:465-81.
44. Hill A, Ward S. Origin of the hominidae: the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my. Yrbk Phys Anthropol. 1988;32:48-83.
45. Hill A, Leakey M, Kingston JD, Ward S. New cercopithecoids and a hominoid from 12.5 Ma in the Tugen Hills Succession, Kenya. J Hum Evol. 2002;42:75-93.
46. Hunt KD, Cant JGH, Gebo DL, Rose MD, Walker SE, Youlatos D. Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes. Primates. 1996;37:363-87.
47. Ishida H, Pickford M. A new Late Miocene hominoid from Kenya: Samburupithecus koptalami gen. et Sp. Nov. C R Acad Sci Ser D. 1997;325:823-9.
48. Ishida H, Kunimatsu Y, Nakatsukasa M, Nakano Y. New hominoid genus from the Middle Miocene of Nachola, Kenya. Anthropol Sci. 1999;107:189-91.
49. Johnson Jr AE. Skeletal estimates of Gigantopithecus based on a gorilla analogy. J Hum Evol. 1979;8:585-7.
50. Jolly CJ. The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on a baboon analogy. Man. 1970;5:5-26.
51. Kelley J. Paleobiological and phylogenetic significance of life history in Miocene hominoids. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 173-208.
52. Kelley J. Hominoid evolution and climate change in Europe: phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia. In: de Bonis L, Koufos GD, Andrews P, editors. Hominoid Evolution and Climatic Change in Europe, Phylogeny of the Neogene Hominoid Primates of Eurasia, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. p. 269-71.
53. Kelley J, Ward S, Brown B, Hill A, Downs W. Middle Miocene hominoid ancestors. Science. 2000;287:2375A.
54. Kelley J, Andrews P, Alpagut B. A new hominoid species from the Middle Miocene site of Paşalar, Turkey. J Hum Evol. 2008;54:455-79.
55. Köhler M, Moyà Solà S. Ape-like or hominid-like? The positional behavior of Oreopithecus bambolii reconsidered. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:11747-50.
56. Köhler M, Moyà Solà S, Alba DM. Eurasian hominoid evolution in the light of recent Dryopithecus findings. In: de Bonis L, Koufos GD, Andrews P, editors. Hominoid evolution and climatic change in Europe, volume 2: phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. p. 193-212.
57. Kordos L, Begun DR. A new cranium of Dryopithecus from Rudabánya, Hungary. J Hum Evol. 2001;41:689-700.
58. Kunimatsu Y, Ishida H, Nakatsukasa M, Nakano Y, Sawada Y. Maxillae and associated gnathodental specimens of Nacholapithecus kerioi, a large-bodied hominoid from Nachola, Northern Kenya. J Hum Evol. 2004;46:365-400.
59. Kunimatsu Y, Nakatsukasa M, Sawada Y, Sakai T, Hyodo M, Hyodo H, et al. A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:19220-5.
60. Leakey LSB. A new lower pliocene fossil primate from Kenya. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1962;13:689-96.
61. Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Walker AC. New four-million-year-old species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature. 1995;376:565-71.
62. MacLatchy L. The oldest ape. Evol Anthropol. 2004;13:90-103.
63. MacLatchy L, Gebo D, Kityo R, Pilbeam D. Postcranial functional morphology of Morotopithecus bishopi, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion. J Hum Evol. 2000;38:159-83.
64. MacLatchy L, Deino A, Kingston J. An updated chronology for the Early Miocene of NE Uganda. J Vertebr Paleontol Abstr Pap. 2006;26(3):93A.
65. McBrearty S, Jablonski NG. First fossil chimpanzee. Nature. 2005;437:105-8.
66. McCrossin ML, Benefit BR. Maboko Island and the evolutionary history of the Old World monkeys and apes. In: Corruccini RS, Ciochon RL, editors. Integrative paths to the past. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1994. p. 95-122.
67. McCrossin ML, Benefit BR. On the relationships and adaptations of Kenyapithecus, a large-bodied hominoid from the Middle Miocene of Eastern Africa. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 241-67.
68. McNulty KP. Geometric morphometric analyses of extant and fossil hominoid craniofacial morphology. Unpublished PhD thesis, City University of New York;2003.
69. McNulty KP. A geometric morphometric assessment of the hominoid supraorbital region: affinities of the Eurasian Miocene hominoids Dryopithecus, Graecopithecus, and Sivapithecus. In: Slice D, editor. Modern morphometrics in physical anthropology. New York: Kluwer; 2005. p. 349-73.
70. Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M. Recent discoveries of Dryopithecus shed new light on evolution of great apes. Nature. 1993;365:543-5.
71. Nakatsukasaa M, Ward CV, Walker A, Teaford MF, Kunimatsu Y, Ogihara N. Tail loss in Proconsul heseloni. J Hum Evol. 2004;46:777-84.
72. Olejniczak AJ, Begun DR, Mbua E, Hublin J-J. Phyletic affinities of Samburupithecus kiptalami: an Upper Miocene proconsulid. Am J Phys Anthropol S. 2009;48:202.
73. Pan Y. Lufengpithecus hudiensis site. In: Qi G, Dong W, editors. State Key Projects of the 9th Five Year Plan - Origin of Early Humans and Environmental Background, Series Monograph II. Beijing: Science Press; 2006. p. 320-2.
74. Peppe DJ, McNulty KP, Cote SM, Harcourt-Smith WEH, Dunsworth HM, Van Couvering JA. Stratigraphic interpretation of the Kulu Formation (Early Miocene, Rusinga Island, Kenya) and its implications for primate evolution. J Hum Evol. 2009;56:447-61.
75. Pickford M, Andrews P. The Tinderet Miocene sequence in Kenya. J Hum Evol. 1981;10:1-33.
76. Pickford M, Kunimatsu Y. Catarrhines from the Middle Miocene (ca. 14.5 Ma) of Kipsaraman, Tugen Hills, Kenya. Anthropol Sci. 2005;113:189-224.
77. Pilbeam D. Gigantopithecus and the origin of Hominidae. Nature. 1970;225:516-9.
78. Pilbeam DR. Research on Miocene hominoids and hominid origins: the last three decades. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 13-28.
79. Pilbeam DR, Young N. Hominoid evolution: synthesizing disparate data. C R Palevol. 2004;3:305-21.
80. Raaum RL, Sterner KN, Noviello CM, Stewart C-B, Disotell TR. Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence. J Hum Evol. 2005;48:237-57.
81. Rae TC. The early evolution of the hominoid face. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 59-77.
82. Rae TC. Mosaic evolution in the origin of the Hominoidea. Folia Primatol. 1999;70:125-35.
83. Rae TC. Miocene hominoid craniofacial morphology and the emergence of great apes. Ann Anat. 2004;186:417-22.
84. Rink WJ, Wei W, Bekken D, Jones HL. Geochronology of Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna and Gigantopithecus in Guangxi Province, Southern China. Quat Res. 2008;69:377-87.
85. Robinson JT, Steudel K. Multivariate discriminant analyses of dental data bearing on early hominid affinities. J Hum Evol. 1973;2:509-28.
86. Rögl F. Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Ann Naturhist Mus Wien. 1998;99:279-310.
87. Rook L, Bondioli L, Köhler M, Moyà Solà S, Macchiarelli R. Oreopithecus was a bipedal ape after all: evidence from the iliac cancellous architecture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:8795-9.
88. Rose MD. Miocene hominoid postcranial morphology: monkey-like, ape-like, neither, or both? In: Ciochon RL, Corrucci RS, editors. New interpretations of ape and human ancestry. New York: Plenum; 1983. p. 405-17.
89. Rose MD. Another look at the anthropoid elbow. J Hum Evol. 1988;17:193-224.
90. Rose MD. Kinematics of the trapezium-1st metacarpal joint in extant anthropoids and Miocene hominoids. J Hum Evol. 1992;22:255-6.
91. Rose MD. Functional anatomy of the elbow and forearm in primates. In: Gebo DL, editor. Postcranial adaptation in nonhuman primates. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press; 1993. p. 70-95.
92. Rose MD. Quadrupedalism in some miocene catarrhines. J Hum Evol. 1994;26:387-411.
93. Rose MD. Functional and phylogenetic features of the forelimb in Miocene hominoids. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997. p. 79-100.
94. Ruvolo M. Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets. Mol Biol Evol. 1997;14:248-65.
95. Ruvolo M, Pan D, Zehr S, Goldberg T, Disotell TR, von Dornum M. Gene trees and hominoid phylogeny. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:8900-4.
96. Sanders WJ, Bodenbender BE. Morphometric analysis of lumbar vertebra UMP 67-28: implications for spinal function and phylogeny of the Miocene Moroto hominoid. J Hum Evol. 1994;26:203-37.
97. Senut B. The earliest putative hominids. In: Henke W, Rothe H, Tattersall I, editors. Handbook of palaeoanthropology, volume 2: primate evolution and human origins. Berlin: Springer; 2007. p. 1519-38.
98. Senut B, Pickford M, Gommery D, Mein P, Kiptalam C, Coppens Y. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C R Acad Sci Paris. 2001;332:137-44.
99. Simpson JA, Weiner, ESC editors. Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon;1989.
100. Stewart C-B, Disotell TR. Primate evolution: in and out of Africa. Curr Biol. 1998;8:582-8.
101. Suwa G, Kono RT, Katoh S, Asfaw B, Beyene Y. A new species of great ape from the Late Miocene Epoch in Ethiopia. Nature. 2007;448:921-4.
102. Szalay FS, Delson E. Evolutionary history of the primates. New York: Academic; 1979.
103. Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH. Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science. 2007;316:1328-31.
104. Vekua A, Lordkipanidze D, Bukhsianidze M, Vanishvili N, Chagelishvili R. Importance of Diliska vertebrate fauna for the biostratigraphy of South Caucasus. Bull Georg Natl Acad Sci. 2009;3:130-5.
105. von Koenigswald GHR. Miocene Cercopithecoidea and Oreopithecoidea from the Miocene of East Africa. Fossil Vertebr Afr. 1969;1:39-52.
106. von Linnaeus C. Systema Naturae, Tenth Edition. New York: Weldon & Wesley;1759. p. 1384.
107. Walker AC, Rose M. Some hominoid vertebrae from the Miocene of Uganda. Nature. 1968;217:980-1.
108. Wang W. New discoveries of Gigantopithecus blacki teeth from Chuifeng cave in the Bubing Basin, Guangxi, South China. J Hum Evol. 2009;57:229-40.
109. Ward CV. Functional anatomy and phyletic implications of the hominoid trunk and hindlimb. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997a. p. 101-30.
110. Ward S. The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Sivapithecus revisited. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, phylogeny and fossils: Miocene hominoid evolution and adaptations. New York: Plenum; 1997b. p. 269-90.
111. Ward S, Brown B. The facial skeleton of Sivapithecus indicus. In: Swindler DR, Erwin J, editors. Comparative primate biology. New York: Alan R. Liss; 1986. p. 413-52.
112. Ward SC, Duren DL. Middle and Late Miocene African hominoids. In: Hartwig W, editor. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 385-97.
113. Ward SC, Kimbel WH. Subnasal alveolar morphology and the systemic position of Sivapithecus. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983;61:157-71.
114. Ward SC, Pilbeam DR. Maxillofacial morphology of Miocene hominoids from Africa and Indo-Pakistan. In: Corruccini RL, Ciochon RS, editors. New interpretations of ape and human ancestry. New York: Plenum; 1983. p. 211-38.
115. Ward CV, Walker A, Teaford MF. Proconsul did not have a tail. J Hum Evol. 1991;21:215-20.
116. Ward S, Brown B, Hill A, Kelley J, Downs W. Equatorius: a new hominoid genus from the Middle Miocene of Kenya. Science. 1999;285:1382-6.
117. Weidenreich F. Apes, giants and man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1946.
118. White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature. 1994;371:306-12.
119. White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, Haile-Selassie Y, Lovejoy CO, Suwa G, et al. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science. 2009;326:75-86.
120. Wunderlich RE, Walker A, Jungers WL. Rethinking the positional repertoire of Oreopithecus. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1999;108:528.
121. Xu X, Delson E. A new species of Dryopithecus from Gansu, China. Kexue Tongbao. 1988;33:449-53.