Out-of-Plane Seismic Response of Unreinforced Masonry Walls: Conceptual Discussion, Research Needs, and Modeling Issues

International Journal of Architectural Heritage

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 22-30

  Abrams, Daniel P ^a   AlShawa, Omar ^b   Lourenço, Paulo B ^c   Sorrentino, Luigi ^b  

^a University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

boundary conditions; finite discrete elements; in plane mechanisms; out of plane mechanisms; unreinforced masonry

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; MASONRY CONSTRUCTION; MASONRY MATERIALS; RETAINING WALLS; SEISMIC RESPONSE;

COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; DISCRETE ELEMENTS; OUT-OF PLANE; OUT-OF-PLANE RESPONSE; STATIC VERIFICATION; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; UN-REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS; UNREINFORCED MASONRY;

WALLS (STRUCTURAL PARTITIONS);

BENDING; BOUNDARY CONDITION; DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; MASONRY; REINFORCED CONCRETE; SEISMIC RESPONSE; WALL;

EID: 85009809529     PISSN: 15583058     EISSN: 15583066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2016.1238977     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Abrams, D., 1996. Effects of scale and loading rate with tests of concrete and masonry structures. Earthquake Spectra 12 (1):13–28. doi:10.1193/1.1585866.
2. Abrams, D. P., 2001. Performance-based engineering concepts for unreinforced masonry building structures. Progress Structureal Engng Materials 3 (1):48–56. doi:10.1002/pse.70.
3. Abrams, D. P., R., Angel, and J., Uzarski. 1996. Out-of-plane strength of unreinforced masonry infill panels. Earthquake Spectra 12 (4):825–44. doi:10.1193/1.1585912.
4. Abrams, D. P., and T. J., Paulson. 1991. Modeling earthquake response of concrete masonry building structures. ACI Structural Journal 88 (4):475–85. doi:10.14359/3093.
5. Agnihotri, P., V., Singhal, and D. C., Rai. 2013. Effect of in-plane damage on out-of-plane strength of unreinforced masonry walls. Engineering Structures 57:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.09.004.
6. AlShawa, O., L., Sorrentino, and L., Liberatore. 2016. Simulation of shake table tests on out-of-plane masonry buildings. part (ii):Combined finite-discrete elements. International Journal Archit Herit age 11 (1):79–93 (this issue). doi:10.1080/15583058.2016.1237588.
7. ASCE/SEI 41. 2013. Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. Reston, VA:American Society of Civil Engineers.
8. Candeias, P. X., A., Campos Costa, N., Mendes, A. A., Costa, and P. B., Lourenço. 2016. Experimental assessment of the out of plane performance of masonry buildings through shake table tests. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 11 (1):31–58 (this issue). doi:10.1080/15583058.2016.1238975.
9. CEN. 2005. EN 1996-1-1:2005 Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures - Part 1-1:General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures. Brussels, Belgium:European Committee for Standardization.
10. CMIT (Circolare del Ministro delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti) 2 febbraio. 2009. n. 617. Circolare contenente le Istruzioni per l’applicazione delle “Nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni” di cui al DM 14 gennaio 2008. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana n. 47 del 26 febbraio 2009, Supplemento Ordinario n. 27.
11. Costa, A. A., A., Arêde, A., Penna, and A., Costa. 2013. Free rocking response of a regular stone masonry wall with equivalent block approach:Experimental and analytical evaluation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42 (15):2297–319. doi:10.1002/eqe.2327.
12. Costa, A. A., A., Penna, A., Arêde, and A., Costa. 2015. Simulation of masonry out-of-plane failure modes by multi-body dynamics. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 44 (14):2529–49. doi:10.1002/eqe.2596.
13. Dolatshahi, K. M., A. J., Aref, and M., Yekrangnia. 2014. Bidirectional behavior of unreinforced masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 43 (15):2377–97. doi:10.1002/eqe.2455.
14. Griffith, M. C., and J., Vaculik. 2007. Out-of-plane flexural strength of unreinforced clay brick masonry walls. The Masonry Social Journal 25 (1):53–68.
15. Griffith, M. C., J., Vaculik, N. T. K., Lam, J., Wilson, and E., Lumantarna. 2007. Cyclic testing of unreinforced masonry walls in two-way bending. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 36 (6):801–21. doi:10.1002/eqe.654.
16. Hallquist, J. O., 2006. LS-DYNA theory manual. Livermore, CA:Livermore Software Technology Corporation.
17. Ismail, N., and J. M., Ingham. 2012. Cyclic out-of-plane behavior of slender clay brick masonry walls seismically strengthened using posttensioning. Journal Structural Engineering 138 (10):1255–66. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000565.
18. Lourenço, P. B., 2002. Computations on historic masonry structures. Progress Structural Engineering and Materials 4 (3):301–19. doi:10.1002/pse.120.
19. Lourenço, P. B., L., Avila, G., Vasconcelos, J. P., Alves, N., Mendes, and A. C., Costa. 2013. Experimental investigation on the seismic performance of masonry buildings using shaking table testing. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11 (4):1157–90. doi:10.1007/s10518-012-9410-7.
20. LSTC. 2013. LS-DYNA keyword user’s manual. Livermore, CA:Livermore Software Technology Corporation.
21. Manfredi, V., and A., Masi. 2014. Combining in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infills in the seismic analysis of RC buildings. Earthquakes and Structures 6 (5):515–37. doi:10.12989/eas.2014.6.5.515.
22. Marques, R., and P. B., Lourenço. 2011. Possibilities and comparison of structural component models for the seismic assessment of masonry buildings. Computers and Structures 89 (21–22):2079–91. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.05.021.
23. Mendes, N., A. A., Costa, P. B., Lourenço, R., Bento, K., Beyer, G., De Felice, M., Gams, M., Griffith, J., Ingham, S., Lagomarsino, J. V., Lemos, D., Liberatore, C., Modena, D. V., Oliveira, A., Penna, and L., Sorrentino. 2016. Methods and approaches for blind test predictions of out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls:A numerical comparative study. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 11 (1):59–71. doi:10.1080/15583058.2016.1238974.
24. Moon, L., D., Dizhur, I., Senaldi, H., Derakhshan, M., Griffith, G., Magenes, and J., Ingham. 2014. The demise of the URM building stock in Christchurch during the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Earthquake Spectra 30 (1):253–76. doi:10.1193/022113EQS044M.
25. Najafgholipour, M. A., M. R., Maheri, and P. B., Lourenço. 2013. Capacity interaction in brick masonry under simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane loads. Construction and Building Materials 38:619–26. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.032.
26. Paquette, J., and M., Bruneau. 2003. Pseudo-dynamic testing of unreinforced masonry building with flexible diaphragm. Journal of Structural Engineering 129 (6):708–16. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:6(708).
27. Paulo Pereira, M. F., M. F., Neto Pereira, J. E., Dias Ferreira, and P. B., Lourenço 2011. Behavior of masonry infill panels in RC frames subjected to in plane and out of plane loads. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Analytical Models and New Concepts in Concrete and Masonry Structures (AMCM), Kraków, Poland, June 13–15, 20.
28. Paulson, T. J., and D. P., Abrams. 1990. Correlation between Static and Dynamic Response of Model Masonry Structures. Earthquake Spectra 6 (3):573–91. doi:10.1193/1.1585587.
29. Penna, A., P., Morandi, M., Rota, C. F., Manzini, F., da Porto, and G., Magenes. 2014. Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12 (5):2255–73. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6.
30. Priestley, M. J. N., 1985. Seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls. Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering 18 (2):191–205.
31. Rafsanjani, S. H., P. B., Lourenço, and N., Peixinho. 2014. Dynamic interface model for masonry walls subjected to high strain rate out-of-plane loads. International Journal of Impact Engineering 76:28–37. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.09.002.
32. Restrepo Vélez, L. F., G., Magenes, and M. C., Griffith. 2014. Dry stone masonry walls in bending — Part I:Static tests. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 8 (1):1–28. doi:10.1080/15583058.2012.663059.
33. Shawa, O. A., G., De Felice, A., Mauro, and L., Sorrentino. 2012. Out-of-plane seismic behaviour of rocking masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 41 (5):949–68. doi:10.1002/eqe.1168.
34. Sorrentino, L., O., Al Shawa, and L. D., Decanini. 2011. The relevance of energy damping in unreinforced masonry rocking mechanisms. Experimental and analytic investigations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 9 (5):1617–42. doi:10.1007/s10518-011-9291-1.
35. Sorrentino, L., D., D’Ayala, G., De Felice, M., Griffith, S., Lagomarsino, and G., Magenes. 2016. Review of out-of-plane seismic assessment techniques applied to existing masonry buildings. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 11 (1):2–21 (this issue). doi:10.1080/15583058.2016.1237586.
36. Sorrentino, L., L., Liberatore, D., Liberatore, and R., Masiani. 2014. The behaviour of vernacular buildings in the 2012 Emilia earthquakes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12 (5):2367–82. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9455-2.
37. Sorrentino, L., R., Masiani, and L. D., Decanini. 2006. Overturning of rocking rigid bodies under transient ground motions. Structural Engineering and Mechanics 22 (3):293–310. doi:10.12989/sem.2006.22.3.293.
38. Sorrentino, L., R., Masiani, and M. C., Griffith. 2008. The vertical spanning strip wall as a coupled rocking rigid body assembly. Structural Engineering and Mechanics 29 (4):433–53. doi:10.12989/sem.2008.29.4.433.
39. Tomaževič, M., and T., Velechovsky. 1992. Some aspects of testing small-scale masonry building models on simple earthquake simulators. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 21 (11):945–63. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9845.
40. Wilhelm, M., N., Mojsilović, and A., Dazio 2007. Out-of-plane shaking table tests on unreinforced masonry walls. In Proceedings of the 10th North American Masonry Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, June 3-5, 671–82.
41. Willis, C. R., M. C., Griffith, and S. J., Lawrence. 2004. Horizontal bending of unreinforced clay brick masonry walls. Masonry International 17 (3):109–21.
42. Yi, T., F. L., Moon, R. T., Leon, and L. F., Kahn. 2006. Lateral load tests on a two-story unreinforced masonry building. Journal of Structural Engineering 132 (5):643–52. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:5(643).