The Ambivalences of Power: Launching the American Journal of International Law in an Era of Empire and Globalization

Leiden Journal of International Law

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 325-358

  Landauer, Carl ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

American Journal of International Law; Elihu Root; genteel tradition; history of international arbitration; James Brown Scott

Indexed keywords

EID: 85009643372     PISSN: 09221565     EISSN: 14789698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0922156507004104     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. J. Zasloff, ‘Law and the Shaping of American Foreign Policy: From the Gilded Age to the New Era’, (2003) 78 New York University Law Review 239, at 244.
2. E. B. Tompkins, Anti-imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890–1920 (1970), at 127-8
3. W. Zimmerman, The First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (2004), 181.
4. ‘[A] new urban, middle-class group of professionals, literary gentlemen, and some businessmen whose commitment was to genteel standards as prescribed in the printed media’. D. Garrison, Apostles of Culture: The Librarian and American Society, 1876–1920 (1979), 10.
5. For general discussions of this ‘gentility’, see, e.g. S. Persons, The Decline of American Gentility (1973); and
6. J. Tomsich, A Genteel Endeavor: American Culture and Politics in the Gilded Age (1971).
7. Downes v. Bidwell, 182 US 244 (1901).
8. F. L. Kirgis, ‘The Formative Years of the American Society of International Law’, (1996) 90 AJIL 559;
9. cf. F. L. Kirgis, The American Society of International Law's First Century, 1906–2006 (2006), at 1.
10. E. Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World: America's Vision for Human Rights (2005), 63.
11. M. Mc Gerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 (2005), at 94.
12. R. H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (1967).
13. R. W. Gordon, ‘“The Ideal and the Actual in the Law”: Fantasies and Practices of New York City Lawyers, 1870-1910’, in G.W. Gewalt (ed.), The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America (1984), 51, at 57.
14. J. M. Cooper, Jr, Pivotal Decades: The United States, 1900–1920 (1990), 7.
15. J. S. Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (1992), 34;
16. S. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (1978).
17. Quoted in A. Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (1982), 153.
18. E. Wharton's House of Mirth (1905) provides an example of the genteel critique of the ‘fashionable’ classes.
19. quoting M. Dewey, ‘The Profession’, (1876) 1 Library Journal 6.
20. P. C. Jessup, Elihu Root, 1905-1937 (1964), II, 468.
21. E. Root, ‘The Need of Popular Understanding of International Law’, (1907) 1 AJIL 1.
22. R.W. Leopold, Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition (1954), 20.
23. J. Bassett Moore, American Diplomacy: Its Spirit and Achievements (1905), 142.
24. T. S. Woolsey, ‘The War with Spain’ (address before the Yale Club of New York, 13 May 1898), in T. S. Woolsey, America's Foreign Policy: Essays and Addresses (1898), 71, at 81.
25. T. S. Woolsey, ‘Some Thoughts on the Settlement of International Controversies’ (13 June 1896), in Woolsey, America's Foreign Policy, note 38, 241, at 246-7.
26. N.M. Butler, ‘The International Mind’, in N.M. Butler, The International Mind: An Argument for Judicial Settlement of Disputes (1913), 97, at 105.
27. ‘Prospectus’, (1907) 1 AJIL 130.
28. J. Brown Scott, ‘Review of John Bassett Moore, American Diplomacy: Its Spirit and Achievements’, (1907) 1 AJIL 250, at 252.
29. J. Brown Scott, ‘Book Review of John W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy as Illustrated in the Foreign Relations of the United States’, (1907) 1 AJIL 257, at 258 (emphasis in original).
30. G. B. Davis, ‘Doctor Francis Lieber's Instructions for the Government of Armies in the Field’, (1907) 1 AJIL 13, at 22.
31. J. Bassett Moore, ‘International Law: Its Present and Future’, (1907) 1 AJIL 11, at 12.
32. N. M. Butler, ‘The World's Armaments and Public Opinion’ (1910), in Butler, International Mind,
33. N. M. Butler, ‘The Progress of Real Internationalism’ (1907), in Butler, International Mind,
34. M. Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler (2006), at 97, 156, 168.
35. D. J. Bederman, ‘Appraising a Century of Scholarship in the American Journal of International Law’, (2006) 100 AJIL 20, at 23.
36. G. Grafton Wilson and G. Fox Tucker, International Law (1910), 37.
37. J. Brown Scott, ‘Book Review of A. de Lapradelle and N. Politis, Recueil des arbitrages internationaux’, (1907) 1 AJIL 252, at 253
38. Editorial Comment, ‘Louisiana v. Mississippi’, (1907) 1 AJIL 204, at 205.
39. Editorial Comment, ‘Decision by the Swiss Federal Court Concerning the International and Constitutional Effects of Territorial Possession and the Duty of a Succeeding State to Recognize the Concessions Granted by Its Predecessor’, (1907) 1 AJIL 235.
40. Editorial Comment, ‘Missouri v. Illinois’, (1907) 1 AJIL 215, at 217.
41. H. Wheaton, Elements of International Law (1936), at 342–411, 412-537.
42. W. E. Hall, A Treatise on International Law (1904).
43. C. Burke Elliott, ‘The Doctrine of Continuous Voyages’, (1907) 1 AJIL 61. In their discussion of continuous voyages, Wilson and Tucker note the practical history, initially being used by the English and later being adopted by the United States in the context of the Civil War. Indeed, they are frank that ‘[t]his position of the United States, which has been so criticized, is liable to be abused to the disadvantage of neutral commerce. The absence of some such rulewould open the door to acts which, though neutral in form, would be hostile in fact.’Wilson and Tucker, note 57, at 339.
44. J. W. Gantenbein (ed.), The Evolution of Our Latin-American Policy: A Documentary Record (1950), 58,
45. cited in D. D. Caron, ‘War and International Adjudication: Reflections on the 1899 Peace Conference’, (2000) 94 AJIL 4, at 9. It is interesting in this context to note the journal's editorial board member Theodore Woolsey's scepticism about arbitration 11 years before the journal's founding: ‘But when we dream of the arbitration of the future, we picture to ourselves a permanent court of unblemished character and the higher dignity, which shall be always ready to pass upon all questions submitted. I do not say that this is only a dream, but perhaps we do not realize the tremendous step from the one method to the other, and the very serious difficulties in the way.’
46. T. S. Woolsey, ‘Some Thoughts on the Settlement of International Controversies’, in T. S. Woolsey, America's Foreign Policy
47. M.W. Janis, The American Tradition of International Law, Great Expectations: 1789-1914 (2004), at 147.
48. A. S. Hershey, ‘The Calvo and Drago Doctrines’, (1907) 1 AJIL 26, at 45.
49. R. W. B. Lewis, The American Adam: Innocence, Tragedy, and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century (1955), 5.
50. See C. Landauer, ‘ALatin American in Paris:Alejandro Álvarez's Le droit international américain’, (2005) 19 LJIL 957.
51. Editorial Comment, ‘The Peace of Marblehead’, (1907) 1 AJIL 141.
52. Editorial Comment, ‘The Algeciras Conference’, (1907) 1 AJIL 138, at 139.
53. Editorial Comment, ‘The Japanese School Question’, (1907) 1 AJIL 150, at 153.
54. Editorial Comment, ‘Mr. Root's South American Trip’, (1907) 1 AJIL 143.
55. J.W. Foster, ‘International Responsibility to Corporate Bodies for Lives Lost by Outlawry’, (1907) 1 AJIL 4, at
56. Editorial Comment, The Nature of the Government in Cuba, (1907) 1 AJIL 149.
57. See generally C. R. Rossi, Broken Chain of Being: James Brown Scott and the Origins of International Law (1998).
58. J. Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and His Law of Nations (1934), 11.
59. J. Brown Scott, ‘The Legal Nature of International Law’, (1907) 1 AJIL 831, at 865.
60. ‘Constitution’, (1907) 1 AJIL 131, at 134.
61. E. Root, ‘Excerpt from the Report of the Secretary of War for 1900’, in R. Bacon and J. Brown Scott (eds.), Military and Colonial Policy of the United States (1924), 193.
62. G. Harvey, The Power of Tolerance (1911).
63. G. Harvey, ‘The Power of Tolerance’ (1909)
64. W. R. Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How it Changed the World (2002).
65. G. Wills, Henry Adams and the Making of America (2005), at 393.
66. L. Renault, L'oeuvre de la Haye, 1899 et 1907 (1908).
67. D. Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (1991). The mythology of optimism has been so central to American thought and literature that literary critic Everett Carter could identify it as the ‘American idea’.
68. E. Carter, The American Idea: The Literary Response to American Optimism (1977).
69. M. S. Weiner, ‘Teutonic Constitutionalism: The Role of Ethno-Juridical Discourse in the Spanish-American War’, in C. D. Burnett and B. Marshall (eds.), Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (2001), 48 at 63-4.
70. T. S. Woolsey, ‘The Law and the Policy for Hawaii’, (1894) 2 Yale Review 351, at 354, cited in Tompkins, note 4, at 58-9.
71. Quoted in G. Santayana, The Middle Span (1945), 167–70,
72. as cited in R. L. Beisner, Twelve against Empire: The Anti-imperialists, 1898-1900 (1968), at 49.
73. Charles Eliot Norton to William Roscoe Thayer, 16 August 1898, quoted in W. R. Thayer, ‘The Sage of Shady Hill’, (1921) 15 The Unpartizan Review 84
74. T. Lommax, ‘An Imperial Colonial Policy: Opposition to It the Supreme Duty of Patriotism’ (Commencement Address, University of Alabama, 20 June 1898),
75. E. T. L. Love, Race over Empire: Racism and US Imperialism, 1865-1900 (2004).
76. N. A. Graebner, ‘The Year of Transition’, in N. A. Graebner (ed.), An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (1961), 1, at 20.
77. Quoted from S. C. Miller, ‘Benevolent Assimilation’: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 (1982), at 169–70, cited in Weiner, note 120, at 74.
78. Beisner, note 122, at 88, 91. In this context it is worth noting Efrén Rivera Ramos's argument: ‘There were obvious differences between the position of the expansionists and the so-called anti-imperialists. But there were also shared assumptions and objectives. In the first place, it was clear that many among the anti-imperialist group were not opposed to overseas economic expansion, nor would they object to the enlargement of the country's military and naval capabilities’. E. Rivera Ramos, The Legal Construction of Identity: The Judicial and Social Legacy of American Colonialism in Puerto Rico (2001), at 41.
79. T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (1981).
80. ‘It is too plain for discussion that the Monroe Doctrine can not be invoked to support any such pretensions’. R. Olney, ‘The Development of International Law’, (1907) 1 AJIL 418, at 424.
81. H. F. May, The End of American Innocence: A Study of the First Years of Our Own Time, 1912–1917 (1964), at 6.
82. W. M. Wiecek, The Lost World of Classical Legal Thought: Law and Ideology in America, 1886-1937 (1998), at 5. Regarding the significance of Henry Sumner Maine, it is interesting that Wiecek refers to Maine only twice in his book and both times with regard to the famous ‘status to contract’ trope marshalled for the benefit of economic liberalism rather than Maine's historical organicism, which is part of Zasloff's understanding of his contribution to classical liberalism.
83. E. Root, ‘Individual Liberty and the Responsibility of the Bar’ (address at the Annual Dinner of the New York State Bar Association, 15 January 1916), in R. Bacon and J. Brown Scott (eds.), Addresses on Government and Citizenship (1916), 511, quoted in Zasloff, note 2, at 252.
84. E. Root, ‘The Lawyer of Today’ (address before the New York County Lawyer's Association, New York City, 13 March 1915),
85. R. H. Steinberg and J. Zasloff, ‘Power and International Law’, (2006) 100 AJIL 64, at 65.
86. E. Root, ‘Extract from the Report of the Secretary of War for 1901’ (1901), in R. Bacon and J. Brown Scott (eds.), Military and Colonial Policy of the United States (1924), 246 at 287.
87. E. Root, ‘Extract from the Report of the Secretary of War for 1899’ (1899)
88. S. Levinson, ‘Symposium: The Canon(s) of Constitutional Law:Whythe Canon Should be Expanded to Include the Insular Cases and the Saga of American Expansionism’, (2000) 17 Constitutional Commentary 241, at 251.
89. R. Lansing, ‘Notes on Sovereignty in a State’, (1907) 1 AJIL 105, at 113.
90. G. Santayana, The Genteel Tradition: Nine Essays by George Santayana, ed. D. L. Wilson (1998).