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Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 957-981

A Latin American in Paris: Alejandro Álvarez's Le droit international américain

Author keywords

Alejandro lvarez; French solidarism; international legal theory; Latin America; narrative

Indexed keywords


EID: 85010098139     PISSN: 09221565     EISSN: 14789698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0922156506003712     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (127)
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    • in L. Renault, L'oeuvre de la Haye, 1899 et 1907, Confé rence faite à l'E_cole libre des sciences politiques
    • ‘Confé rence deM. Louis Renault’, in L. Renault, L'oeuvre de la Haye, 1899 et 1907, Confé rence faite à l'E_cole libre des sciences politiques (1908), 3.
    • (1908) ‘Confé rence deM. Louis Renault’ , pp. 3
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    • Le droit international amé ricain” son fondement-sa nature d'aprè s l’ histoire diplomatique des é tats du nouveau monde et leur vie politique et é conomique, 1. Note that the volume bears the publication date of 1910 but states that the printing was done in November 1909.
    • A. Álvarez, Le droit international amé ricain” son fondement-sa nature d'aprè s l’ histoire diplomatique des é tats du nouveau monde et leur vie politique et é conomique (1910), 1. Note that the volume bears the publication date of 1910 but states that the printing was done in November 1909.
    • (1910)
    • Álvarez, A.1
  • 5
    • 85010169840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I shallbe elaborating onthe theme of ‘criollo consciousness’ ininternational lawidentifiedby LilianaObrego’ n in her dissertation, ‘CompletingCivilization” Nineteenth Century Criollo Interventions inInternational Law’, SJD dissertation, Harvard Law School, at 105.
    • I shallbe elaborating onthe theme of ‘criollo consciousness’ ininternational lawidentifiedby LilianaObrego’ n in her dissertation, ‘CompletingCivilization” Nineteenth Century Criollo Interventions inInternational Law’, SJD dissertation, Harvard Law School, 2002, at 105.
    • (2002)
  • 8
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    • The Province of Jurisprudence Determined ( [1832])
    • John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1995 [1832]), 124.
    • (1995) , pp. 124
    • Austin, J.1
  • 9
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    • It is worth noting that the Argentine international lawyer Carlos Calvo produced a two-volume translation of Wheaton's History of the Law ofNations in Europe andAmerica” E.Wheaton, Historia de los progresos del derecho de gentes, en Europa y en Amé rica, trans. Carlos Calvo
    • It is worth noting that the Argentine international lawyer Carlos Calvo produced a two-volume translation of Wheaton's History of the Law ofNations in Europe andAmerica” E.Wheaton, Historia de los progresos del derecho de gentes, en Europa y en Amé rica, trans. Carlos Calvo (1861).
    • (1861)
  • 10
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    • Elements of International Law, ed. G. Grafton Wilson (1936 [1836]), based on R. H. Dana's edn
    • H. Wheaton, Elements of International Law, ed. G. Grafton Wilson (1936 [1836]), based on R. H. Dana's edn (1866), 3.
    • (1866) , pp. 3
    • Wheaton, H.1
  • 13
    • 85010132565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Malhereusement les publicistes modernes n'ont pas assez tenu compte des transformations de la socié té internationale, ni de l'influence des phé nomè nes que nous venons d'indiquer’., at 8.
    • ‘[U]niversalité de tous les principes du droit international’. ‘Malhereusement les publicistes modernes n'ont pas assez tenu compte des transformations de la socié té internationale, ni de l'influence des phé nomè nes que nous venons d'indiquer’., at 8.
    • ‘[U]niversalité de tous les principes du droit international’.
  • 15
    • 85010121324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Imbus de ce que l'on appelle esprit classique, ils acceptent toutes ces donné es, croyant que sans elles, la communauté internationale ne pourrait exister’.
    • ‘[L]a variation des nombreuses rè gles’. ‘Imbus de ce que l'on appelle esprit classique, ils acceptent toutes ces donné es, croyant que sans elles, la communauté internationale ne pourrait exister’.
    • ‘[L]a variation des nombreuses rè gles’.
  • 16
    • 85010169661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[L]'emancipation des sciences politiques du critè re juridique’. ‘[L]a variation des nombreuses rè gles’. It isworth comparing the legal classicism derided byálvarezlvarezwiththeAmericanlegal classicismdescribed byW.M.WiecekinThe LostWorld ofClassical Legal Thought” Law and Ideology in America
    • ‘[L]'emancipation des sciences politiques du critè re juridique’. ‘[L]a variation des nombreuses rè gles’. It isworth comparing the legal classicism derided byálvarezlvarezwiththeAmericanlegal classicismdescribed byW.M.WiecekinThe LostWorld ofClassical Legal Thought” Law and Ideology in America, 1886-1937 (1998).
    • (1998) , pp. 1886-1937
  • 17
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    • ‘TheNewInternational Law’, 15Transactions of theGrotius Society 35; read before theGrotius Society on 16 April 1929.
    • A.Álvarezlvarez, ‘TheNewInternational Law’, (1930) 15Transactions of theGrotius Society 35; read before theGrotius Society on 16 April 1929.
    • (1930)
    • Álvarezlvarez, A.1
  • 19
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    • ‘The Science of International Law” Its Task andMethod,’ 1 AJIL 314, at 330.
    • L. Oppenheim, ‘The Science of International Law” Its Task andMethod,’ (1907) 1 AJIL 314, at 330.
    • (1907)
    • Oppenheim, L.1
  • 20
    • 85010132535 scopus 로고
    • According to Fritz Ringer, ‘The number of law faculty positions in the social sciences and related disciplines advanced from 85 in 1865 to 198 in 1919’. F. Ringer, Fields ofKnowledge” FrenchAcademicCulture in Comparative Perspective, 1890-1920, 282. In part, as Ringer tells us, this is because of the broad educational goals of students in French law programmes” ‘Roughly half of the French law students sought the license in law as a kind of generalist degree, without intending to enter the legal professions. From the late nineteenth century on, moreover, the French law faculties offered courses, as well as a doctorate, in economic, social, and political studies, so that the high enrollments per age group in the French law faculties of the early twentieth century were due in part to the expansion of the social sciences as a field of study within those faculties’. ‘[L]a variation des nombreuses rè gles’., at 53.
    • According to Fritz Ringer, ‘The number of law faculty positions in the social sciences and related disciplines advanced from 85 in 1865 to 198 in 1919’. F. Ringer, Fields ofKnowledge” FrenchAcademicCulture in Comparative Perspective, 1890-1920 (1992), 282. In part, as Ringer tells us, this is because of the broad educational goals of students in French law programmes” ‘Roughly half of the French law students sought the license in law as a kind of generalist degree, without intending to enter the legal professions. From the late nineteenth century on, moreover, the French law faculties offered courses, as well as a doctorate, in economic, social, and political studies, so that the high enrollments per age group in the French law faculties of the early twentieth century were due in part to the expansion of the social sciences as a field of study within those faculties’. ‘[L]a variation des nombreuses rè gles’., at 53.
    • (1992)
  • 22
    • 85010132545 scopus 로고
    • Prophets and Patrons” The French University and the Emergence of the Social Sciences
    • T. Nichols Clark, Prophets and Patrons” The French University and the Emergence of the Social Sciences (1973), 170.
    • (1973) , pp. 170
    • Nichols Clark, T.1
  • 23
    • 85010169653 scopus 로고
    • In the specific Latin American context, H. B. Jacobini, in his study of international legal theory in Latin America, describes its development almost entirely as a struggle between positivists and naturalists, identifies nineteenth-and twentieth-century Latin American international lawyers as positivists, naturalists, or eclectics; and spends a good deal of time describing the European positivist, naturalist, and eclectic background before he even crosses the Atlantic to begin the Latin American story. H. B. Jacobini, A Study of the Philosophy of International Law as Seen inWorks of Latin AmericanWriters
    • In the specific Latin American context, H. B. Jacobini, in his study of international legal theory in Latin America, describes its development almost entirely as a struggle between positivists and naturalists, identifies nineteenth-and twentieth-century Latin American international lawyers as positivists, naturalists, or eclectics; and spends a good deal of time describing the European positivist, naturalist, and eclectic background before he even crosses the Atlantic to begin the Latin American story. H. B. Jacobini, A Study of the Philosophy of International Law as Seen inWorks of Latin AmericanWriters (1954).
    • (1954)
  • 24
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    • E.Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America
    • E.Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America (1992), 298-9.
    • (1992) , pp. 298-299
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    • Latin-American Philosophy of Law in the Twentieth Century
    • J. L. Kunz, Latin-American Philosophy of Law in the Twentieth Century (1950), 3-16.
    • (1950) , pp. 3-16
    • Kunz, J.L.1
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    • ’, ‘The Era of Positivism” 1870-1920,’ in Jaksic’, Academic Rebels in Chile” The Role of Philosophy in Higher Education and Politics
    • I. Jaksic’, ‘The Era of Positivism” 1870-1920,’ in Jaksic’, Academic Rebels in Chile” The Role of Philosophy in Higher Education and Politics (1989), 41-66.
    • (1989) , pp. 41-66
    • Jaksic, I.1
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    • 85010132516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[L]anouvelleorientationdelaphilosophiecaracté risé epar lediscré ditdelamé taphysiqueet lapré dominance de lamé thode d'observation’… note 24, at 103.
    • Clark, ‘[L]anouvelleorientationdelaphilosophiecaracté risé epar lediscré ditdelamé taphysiqueet lapré dominance de lamé thode d'observation’… note 24, at 103.
    • Clark1
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    • Republican Ideas and the Liberal Tradition in France, 1870-1914, 91. Scott also states, ‘When in the 1870s Darwinian evolutionism became dominant in France, the eclipse of the positivist theory of social development was assured. Littré nevertheless retained and applied till the end of his life the essential and most fruitful elements of the positivist method.’ ‘[L]anouvelleorientationdelaphilosophiecaracté risé epar lediscré ditdelamé taphysiqueet lapré dominance de lamé thode d'observation’… (emphasis in original).
    • J. A. Scott, Republican Ideas and the Liberal Tradition in France, 1870-1914 (1966), 91. Scott also states, ‘When in the 1870s Darwinian evolutionism became dominant in France, the eclipse of the positivist theory of social development was assured. Littré nevertheless retained and applied till the end of his life the essential and most fruitful elements of the positivist method.’ ‘[L]anouvelleorientationdelaphilosophiecaracté risé epar lediscré ditdelamé taphysiqueet lapré dominance de lamé thode d'observation’… (emphasis in original).
    • (1966)
    • Scott, J.A.1
  • 32
    • 85010169826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Crowd” A Study of the Popular Mind ( [1895]).
    • G. Le Bon, The Crowd” A Study of the Popular Mind (2002 [1895]).
    • (2002)
    • Le Bon, G.1
  • 33
    • 85010132527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘[L]anouvelleorientationdelaphilosophiecaracté risé epar lediscré ditdelamé taphysiqueet lapré dominance de lamé thode d'observation’… note 19, at
    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘[L]anouvelleorientationdelaphilosophiecaracté risé epar lediscré ditdelamé taphysiqueet lapré dominance de lamé thode d'observation’… note 19, at 37.
  • 35
    • 85010107805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[L]a psychologie politique internationale des pays qui y ont pris part, c'est-à-dire leurs idé es, leurs aspirations et les né cessité s de leur politique et lesmoyens qu'ils estimè rent lesmeilleurs pour leur donner satisfaction., at 7.
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. ‘[L]a psychologie politique internationale des pays qui y ont pris part, c'est-à-dire leurs idé es, leurs aspirations et les né cessité s de leur politique et lesmoyens qu'ils estimè rent lesmeilleurs pour leur donner satisfaction., at 7.
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’.
  • 36
    • 85010123421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. note 22, at
    • Ringer, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. note 22, at 210.
    • Ringer1
  • 37
    • 85010132507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. note 33, at 159.
    • Scott, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. note 33, at 159.
    • Scott1
  • 38
    • 85010121287 scopus 로고
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’., at 179; see alsoW. R. Keylor, Academy and Community” The Foundation of the French Historical Profession
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’., at 179; see alsoW. R. Keylor, Academy and Community” The Foundation of the French Historical Profession (1975), 166.
    • (1975) , pp. 166
  • 39
    • 85010113540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. note 33, at 180. Scott tells us as well that the famous historian Charles Seignobos and the sociologist é mile Durkheim, both of whomwill be referred to later, participated in the event.
    • Scott, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’. note 33, at 180. Scott tells us as well that the famous historian Charles Seignobos and the sociologist é mile Durkheim, both of whomwill be referred to later, participated in the event.
    • Scott1
  • 42
    • 85010137786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the preface to his slimvolume, Bourgeois refers to the appearance of theword ‘solidarité ‘ in the discourse of political writers, but it is essentially a neologism” ‘Lemot de solidarité n'est entré que depuis peu d'anné es dans le vocabulaire politique’. L. Bourgeois, Solidarité ( [1897])
    • In the preface to his slimvolume, Bourgeois refers to the appearance of theword ‘solidarité ‘ in the discourse of political writers, but it is essentially a neologism” ‘Lemot de solidarité n'est entré que depuis peu d'anné es dans le vocabulaire politique’. L. Bourgeois, Solidarité (1998 [1897]), 11.
    • (1998) , pp. 11
  • 43
    • 85010171797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Koskenniemi, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 1, at
    • Koskenniemi, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 1, at 285.
  • 44
    • 85010137787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 33, at 176.
    • Scott, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 33, at 176.
    • Scott1
  • 45
    • 85010089169 scopus 로고
    • The Third French Republic, at 78. Indeed, Sedgwick tells us, ‘the nation under the Third Republic was safely in the hands of the petit proprié taire’. ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’.
    • A. Sedgwick, The Third French Republic (1968), at 78. Indeed, Sedgwick tells us, ‘the nation under the Third Republic was safely in the hands of the petit proprié taire’. ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’.
    • (1968)
    • Sedgwick, A.1
  • 47
    • 85010090865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A History of Chile, 1808-2002
    • S. Collier andW. F. Slater, A History of Chile, 1808-2002 (2004), 195.
    • (2004) , pp. 195
    • Collier, S.1    Slater, W.F.2
  • 48
    • 85010137779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latin America was still composed of aristocratic societies of whites employing a mass of variously coerced non-white labour in agrarian or mining economies which exported primary products in return for manufactures or luxury goods. In this important respect the ancien ré gime had not disappeared, rather the monarchical state that had allowed it to function effectively had broken down’.Williamson, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 26, at 233. Álvarezlvarez himself makes a very similar point, stating, ‘The principal political leaders of Latin America created an emancipation movement that was solely political and not social, like the French Revolution, because it did not involve the destruction of an ‘Ancien Ré gime,’ but only severing the tie of subjection that connected the colonies to theMetropole’ (Les principaux hommes politiques de l'Amé rique latine se rendirent compte que le caractè re dumovement d'é mancipation é tait politique seulement, et non social comme celui de la Ré volution franç aise, car il ne s'agissait pas de dé truire un ‘Ancien Ré gime’, mais seulement de rompre le lien de subjé tion qui liait les colonies à laMé tropole). Álvarezlvarez, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 5, at 33.
    • As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. Latin America was still composed of aristocratic societies of whites employing a mass of variously coerced non-white labour in agrarian or mining economies which exported primary products in return for manufactures or luxury goods. In this important respect the ancien ré gime had not disappeared, rather the monarchical state that had allowed it to function effectively had broken down’.Williamson, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 26, at 233. Álvarezlvarez himself makes a very similar point, stating, ‘The principal political leaders of Latin America created an emancipation movement that was solely political and not social, like the French Revolution, because it did not involve the destruction of an ‘Ancien Ré gime,’ but only severing the tie of subjection that connected the colonies to theMetropole’ (Les principaux hommes politiques de l'Amé rique latine se rendirent compte que le caractè re dumovement d'é mancipation é tait politique seulement, et non social comme celui de la Ré volution franç aise, car il ne s'agissait pas de dé truire un ‘Ancien Ré gime’, mais seulement de rompre le lien de subjé tion qui liait les colonies à laMé tropole). Álvarezlvarez, ’… leur croissante solidarité ou de leur interdé pendance’… note 5, at 33.
    • As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged.
  • 49
    • 85010090883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Scott explains that ‘Bourgeois vehemently repudiated the idea that social legislation would in any way necessarily strengthen the power of the state or introduce state socialism as practiced in Germany. He rejected the notion that the state should interfere in economic life to the extent of controlling or regulating the productive process or the employer-labor relationship… He wished to reduce the state to the position of a mere subordinate agency set up to carry out decisions made by society and embodied in positive law’. Scott, As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. note 33, at
    • John Scott explains that ‘Bourgeois vehemently repudiated the idea that social legislation would in any way necessarily strengthen the power of the state or introduce state socialism as practiced in Germany. He rejected the notion that the state should interfere in economic life to the extent of controlling or regulating the productive process or the employer-labor relationship… He wished to reduce the state to the position of a mere subordinate agency set up to carry out decisions made by society and embodied in positive law’. Scott, As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. note 33, at 177.
  • 50
    • 85010118915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. note 22, at 210.
    • Ringer, As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. note 22, at 210.
    • Ringer1
  • 51
    • 85010171719 scopus 로고
    • Law in theModern State, trans. F. and H. Laski
    • L. Duguit, Law in theModern State, trans. F. and H. Laski (1919), 42-3.
    • (1919) , pp. 42-43
    • Duguit, L.1
  • 52
    • 85010112653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Álvarezlvarez, As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. note 5, at 6.
    • ‘Tous ces facteurs, outre qu'ils ont exercé sur le droit interne de chaque é tat une influence considé rable qui s'est fait sentir sur le droit international’. Álvarezlvarez, As Edwin Williamson describes independence in Latin America, ‘This transformation had come about without a comparable revolution in the economy or in society” no new classes had risen to power and the oligarchic structures of the colonial period remained unchanged. note 5, at 6.
    • ‘Tous ces facteurs, outre qu'ils ont exercé sur le droit interne de chaque é tat une influence considé rable qui s'est fait sentir sur le droit international’.
  • 54
    • 85010118911 scopus 로고
    • For example, in his talk to the Grotius Society in, he asserted, ‘International life must be placed in time, for history is a source of information as well as the first cause of many events or relationships between nations; many of these can only be explainedwith reference to history, which exerts a great influence on the present life of the nations’. Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 19, at 41.
    • For example, in his talk to the Grotius Society in 1929, he asserted, ‘International life must be placed in time, for history is a source of information as well as the first cause of many events or relationships between nations; many of these can only be explainedwith reference to history, which exerts a great influence on the present life of the nations’. Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 19, at 41.
    • (1929)
  • 55
    • 85010140985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 19, at
    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 19, at 46.
  • 56
    • 85010148596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 22, at
    • Ringer, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 22, at 240.
    • Ringer1
  • 57
    • 85010107667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at.
    • ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at 265-66.
  • 58
    • 85010107669 scopus 로고
    • It is interesting in our context to note that after Seignobos developed his new history with Charles-Victor Langlois, moving away from the classical predilections of the French academy, he then sparred with the Durkheimians over the essence of social science. Seignobos argued, according to Fritz Ringer, that the ‘social sciences are inevitably to some degree retrospective’ and ‘social scientists have to learn the criticalmethods of the new history’. Ringer, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 22, at 271. It is important, however, to note that Durkheim himself by the end of the had warmed to the importance of history and the link to sociology. Keylor, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 40, at 168.
    • It is interesting in our context to note that after Seignobos developed his new history with Charles-Victor Langlois, moving away from the classical predilections of the French academy, he then sparred with the Durkheimians over the essence of social science. Seignobos argued, according to Fritz Ringer, that the ‘social sciences are inevitably to some degree retrospective’ and ‘social scientists have to learn the criticalmethods of the new history’. Ringer, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 22, at 271. It is important, however, to note that Durkheim himself by the end of the 1890s had warmed to the importance of history and the link to sociology. Keylor, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 40, at 168.
    • (1890)
  • 59
    • 85010107676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is a running theme ofMartha Hanna's book, TheMobilization of Intellect” French Scholars during the Great War, particularly in her chapter on ‘The Classicist Revival’,where she describes the return to classical studies and to French classicism, explaining that ‘[w]hen the theaters reopened in early 1915, the French classical tradition ofRacine and Corneille, almost ignored in peacetime, came to dominate the Parisian stage’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at 143. And Latin studies emphasized ‘the familiar classicismof Latinité “ rootedmore in Rome than in ancient Greece, it eschewed egalitarian universalism of republican classicism for the orderly, hierarchical universalism of Catholicism’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at 166. But Hanna's narrative is only the continuing story of the debates over French education and the place of classicism (in both senses) in Ringer's Fields of Knowledge, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 22.
    • This is a running theme ofMartha Hanna's book, TheMobilization of Intellect” French Scholars during the Great War (1996), particularly in her chapter on ‘The Classicist Revival’,where she describes the return to classical studies and to French classicism, explaining that ‘[w]hen the theaters reopened in early 1915, the French classical tradition ofRacine and Corneille, almost ignored in peacetime, came to dominate the Parisian stage’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at 143. And Latin studies emphasized ‘the familiar classicismof Latinité “ rootedmore in Rome than in ancient Greece, it eschewed egalitarian universalism of republican classicism for the orderly, hierarchical universalism of Catholicism’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at 166. But Hanna's narrative is only the continuing story of the debates over French education and the place of classicism (in both senses) in Ringer's Fields of Knowledge, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 22.
    • (1996)
  • 60
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    • ‘The Vocabulary of Progress in Interwar International Law” An Intellectual Portrait of Stelios Seferiades’, 16 EJIL 823, at 824.
    • Thomas Skouteris, ‘The Vocabulary of Progress in Interwar International Law” An Intellectual Portrait of Stelios Seferiades’, (2005) 16 EJIL 823, at 824.
    • (2005)
    • Skouteris, T.1
  • 61
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    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 5, at
    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 5, at 261.
  • 62
    • 84923548621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imperialism, Sovereignty and theMaking of International Law
    • A. Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and theMaking of International Law (2005), 33.
    • (2005) , pp. 33
    • Anghie, A.1
  • 64
    • 85010118974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Koskenniemi, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 1, at 282.
    • Koskenniemi, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 1, at 282 n. 67.
    • , Issue.67
  • 65
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    • Anghie, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 67, at
    • Anghie, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 67, at 3.
  • 66
    • 85010140977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Civilization and Its Contents
    • B.Mazlish, Civilization and Its Contents (2004), 8.
    • (2004) , pp. 8
    • Mazlish, B.1
  • 67
    • 85010140978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Le droit international est né et s'est dé veloppé en Europe; fait pour les situations qui existaient, il est le ré sultat du gé nie europé en; il n'é tait applicable qu'aux pays europé ens de civilisation chré tienne. Dans ce sens, les expressions “Droit international”, “Droit international europé en” et “Droit international universel” é taient synonymes.’ Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 5, at
    • ‘Le droit international est né et s'est dé veloppé en Europe; fait pour les situations qui existaient, il est le ré sultat du gé nie europé en; il n'é tait applicable qu'aux pays europé ens de civilisation chré tienne. Dans ce sens, les expressions “Droit international”, “Droit international europé en” et “Droit international universel” é taient synonymes.’ Álvarezlvarez, ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’. note 5, at 261-2.
  • 68
    • 85010151783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘L'existence de ces diversDroits internationaux sont loin de dé truire la communauté universelle desNations, comme à premiè re vue, on serait tenté de le croire’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at
    • ‘L'existence de ces diversDroits internationaux sont loin de dé truire la communauté universelle desNations, comme à premiè re vue, on serait tenté de le croire’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’., at 264.
  • 69
    • 85010089093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’.
    • ‘Il n'y a aucune utilité ni aucune né cessité à ce que les rè gles du Droit international soient universelles’. ‘Enfin l'influence de l'opinion publique est de plus en plus grande sur la direction des rapports des é tats et imprime une tendance plus dé mocratique et plus humanitaire aux rè gles qui doivent les ré gir’.
    • ‘Il n'y a aucune utilité ni aucune né cessité à ce que les rè gles du Droit international soient universelles’.
  • 70
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    • La solidarité latine-amé ricaine, fondé e sur la communauté d'origine, tendait à son tour à former une confé dé ration plus oumoins gé né rale, et à montrer que les nations latines d'Amé rique dans leurs lois ou certains actes internationaux se considé raient comme soeurs’. ‘Il n'y a aucune utilité ni aucune né cessité à ce que les rè gles du Droit international soient universelles’., at 243.
    • ‘Jusqu'au dernier tiers du XIXe siè cle la solidarité continentale s'est reporté e uniquement aux dé clarations contenues dans la doctrine de Monroë et ses amplifications. La solidarité latine-amé ricaine, fondé e sur la communauté d'origine, tendait à son tour à former une confé dé ration plus oumoins gé né rale, et à montrer que les nations latines d'Amé rique dans leurs lois ou certains actes internationaux se considé raient comme soeurs’. ‘Il n'y a aucune utilité ni aucune né cessité à ce que les rè gles du Droit international soient universelles’., at 243.
    • ‘Jusqu'au dernier tiers du XIXe siè cle la solidarité continentale s'est reporté e uniquement aux dé clarations contenues dans la doctrine de Monroë et ses amplifications.
  • 73
    • 85010125306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Koskenniemi, Note that in his ‘NewInternational Law’ talk at theGrotius Society, he talked about the need to ‘Americanise’ the sciences of international law and international relations by taking ‘into consideration the doctrines, the practices and the problems of the New World’, and here he states specifically that he means ‘not only the great Northern Republic but all the nations of the continent’. note 1, at
    • Koskenniemi, Note that in his ‘NewInternational Law’ talk at theGrotius Society, he talked about the need to ‘Americanise’ the sciences of international law and international relations by taking ‘into consideration the doctrines, the practices and the problems of the New World’, and here he states specifically that he means ‘not only the great Northern Republic but all the nations of the continent’. note 1, at 304.
  • 74
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    • Le nouveau droit international et sa nouvelle mé thode d'é tude d'aprè s les donné es de sa reconstruction
    • A. Álvarezlvarez, Le nouveau droit international et sa nouvelle mé thode d'é tude d'aprè s les donné es de sa reconstruction (1934), 58-9.
    • (1934) , pp. 58-59
    • Álvarezlvarez, A.1
  • 75
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    • For example, in his Grotius lecture he spends a good dealmore time talking about the future direction or ‘reconstruction’ of international law as a pursuit of the ‘ought’ than he did in Le droit international amé ricain.
    • There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez. For example, in his Grotius lecture he spends a good dealmore time talking about the future direction or ‘reconstruction’ of international law as a pursuit of the ‘ought’ than he did in Le droit international amé ricain.
    • There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez.
  • 76
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    • Álvarezlvarez, There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez. note 80, at
    • Álvarezlvarez, There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez. note 80, at 15.
  • 77
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    • ‘[U]ne grande famille de nations’. Álvarezlvarez, There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez. note 5, at
    • ‘[U]ne grande famille de nations’. Álvarezlvarez, There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez. note 5, at 19.
  • 78
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    • There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez., at 20.
    • ‘[U]ne politique d'hé gé monie’. There are othermajormoves in Álvarezlvarez., at 20.
    • ‘[U]ne politique d'hé gé monie’.
  • 85
    • 85010112616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part II bears the title ‘La nationalité dans le droit international amé ricain’. note 24, at 96.
    • Clark, Part II bears the title ‘La nationalité dans le droit international amé ricain’. note 24, at 96.
    • Clark1
  • 88
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    • ‘On peut considé rer comme le chef de cette nouvelle é cole M. Louis Renault, l'é minent professeur de l'Université de Paris.’ Álvarezlvarez, Part II bears the title ‘La nationalité dans le droit international amé ricain’… note 5, at
    • ‘On peut considé rer comme le chef de cette nouvelle é cole M. Louis Renault, l'é minent professeur de l'Université de Paris.’ Álvarezlvarez, Part II bears the title ‘La nationalité dans le droit international amé ricain’… note 5, at 8-9.
  • 90
    • 85010091764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Koskenniemi, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 1, at
    • Koskenniemi, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 1, at 284.
  • 91
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    • Of course, many nations saw themselves at the forefront of international law. One can read, for example, the first number of the AJIL in to see numerous references to an unquestioned leadership of the United States in the development of international arbitration.
    • Of course, many nations saw themselves at the forefront of international law. One can read, for example, the first number of the AJIL in 1907 to see numerous references to an unquestioned leadership of the United States in the development of international arbitration.
    • (1907)
  • 92
    • 85010088954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[T]ant pour des raisons d'é quilibre que pour des motifs d'humanité ou de religion’. Álvarezlvarez, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 5, at
    • ‘[T]ant pour des raisons d'é quilibre que pour des motifs d'humanité ou de religion’. Álvarezlvarez, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 5, at 101.
  • 93
    • 85010107193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obrego’ n, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 6, at
    • Obrego’ n, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 6, at 105.
  • 94
    • 85010148582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EdwinWilliamson sees the transition of cultural leadership moving from Spain to France as early as the late eighteenth century” ‘By the end of the eighteenth century France had largely replaced Spain as the cultural lodestar of Latin America, and French-inspired neo-classical styles and tastes had succeeded the Iberian baroque traditions that had held sway since the early seventeenth century’. Williamson, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 26, at
    • EdwinWilliamson sees the transition of cultural leadership moving from Spain to France as early as the late eighteenth century” ‘By the end of the eighteenth century France had largely replaced Spain as the cultural lodestar of Latin America, and French-inspired neo-classical styles and tastes had succeeded the Iberian baroque traditions that had held sway since the early seventeenth century’. Williamson, ‘A cette é cole appartiennent les principaux et jeunes publicistes franç ais; leurs travaux marquent une è re nouvelle dans l'é tude et l'application du droit international.’ note 26, at 286-7.
  • 96
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    • Collier and Slater, History of Chile note 49, at
    • Collier and Slater, History of Chile note 49, at 173.
  • 97
    • 85010171703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In addition to the famous Latin Americanwriters, Ruben Dare’ o and SimonMarti, EdwinWilliamson tells us that the Guatemalan writer Enrique Go’ mez Carrillo wrote in this genre, the cro’ nica, through three decades in Paris.Williamson, History of Chile note 26, at
    • In addition to the famous Latin Americanwriters, Ruben Dare’ o and SimonMarti, EdwinWilliamson tells us that the Guatemalan writer Enrique Go’ mez Carrillo wrote in this genre, the cro’ nica, through three decades in Paris.Williamson, History of Chile note 26, at 304.
  • 98
    • 85010107162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obrego’ n, History of Chile note 6, at
    • Obrego’ n, History of Chile note 6, at 105.
  • 101
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    • (emphasis in original).
    • History of Chile… (emphasis in original).
    • History of Chile.
  • 102
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    • ‘Le motif de la guerre civile qui eut lieu en au Chili, la derniè re des trios seules guerres civiles qui ont é claté dans ce pays, fut un principe de Droit constitutionnel.’ History of Chile., at 193 n. 1.
    • ‘Le motif de la guerre civile qui eut lieu en 1891 au Chili, la derniè re des trios seules guerres civiles qui ont é claté dans ce pays, fut un principe de Droit constitutionnel.’ History of Chile., at 193 n. 1.
    • (1891)
  • 103
    • 85010107163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Le Chili est l'unique pays de l'Amé rique du Sud qui n'a pas é té victime de ces constants mouvements ré volutionnaires.’ History of Chile., at 42
    • ‘Le Chili est l'unique pays de l'Amé rique du Sud qui n'a pas é té victime de ces constants mouvements ré volutionnaires.’ History of Chile., at 42 n. 2.
    • , Issue.2
  • 104
    • 85010089052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[L]emilieu donna naissance à quelques institutions essentiellement cré oles, et dans la formation desquelles lamé tropole n'eut aucune part’. History of Chile., at
    • ‘[L]emilieu donna naissance à quelques institutions essentiellement cré oles, et dans la formation desquelles lamé tropole n'eut aucune part’. History of Chile., at 28.
  • 106
    • 85010089021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Dans l'Ancien Monde, en effet, que peuple la seule race blanche, avec toutes les varié té s qui la constituent, la civilisation é tait le fruit du propre gé nie de cette race’., at 187.
    • ‘[P]ar la faible proportion de sa race blanche pure’. ‘Dans l'Ancien Monde, en effet, que peuple la seule race blanche, avec toutes les varié té s qui la constituent, la civilisation é tait le fruit du propre gé nie de cette race’., at 187.
    • ‘[P]ar la faible proportion de sa race blanche pure’.
  • 107
    • 85010089028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[P]ar la faible proportion de sa race blanche pure’. See also Álvarezlvarez's footnote in which he talks about the advantages of the United States with its population in its great majority ‘of pure white blood’ (de sang blanc pur) and talks about the Latin American states ‘occupying mostly the tropical zone’ (occupant surtout la zone tropicale). ‘[P]ar la faible proportion de sa race blanche pure’., at 41 n. 1.
    • ‘[D]ix-neuf vingtiè mes de la race blanche’. ‘[P]ar la faible proportion de sa race blanche pure’. See also Álvarezlvarez's footnote in which he talks about the advantages of the United States with its population in its great majority ‘of pure white blood’ (de sang blanc pur) and talks about the Latin American states ‘occupying mostly the tropical zone’ (occupant surtout la zone tropicale). ‘[P]ar la faible proportion de sa race blanche pure’., at 41 n. 1.
    • ‘[D]ix-neuf vingtiè mes de la race blanche’.
  • 108
    • 85010136190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘[D]ix-neuf vingtiè mes de la race blanche’., at 263. Álvarezlvarez also uses as examples for the different problems among the continents a set of schematic examples” ‘For example” the neutral state in Europe, hegemony in America, slavery in Africa and the open-door system, regime of capitulations, and foreign concessions in Asia’ (Par exemple” é tat neutre en Europe; hé gé monie, en Amé rique; esclavage, en Afrique; systè me de la porte ouverte, ré gime des capitulations, concessions é trangè res, en Asie). ‘[D]ix-neuf vingtiè mes de la race blanche’., at 262.
    • ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’. ‘[D]ix-neuf vingtiè mes de la race blanche’., at 263. Álvarezlvarez also uses as examples for the different problems among the continents a set of schematic examples” ‘For example” the neutral state in Europe, hegemony in America, slavery in Africa and the open-door system, regime of capitulations, and foreign concessions in Asia’ (Par exemple” é tat neutre en Europe; hé gé monie, en Amé rique; esclavage, en Afrique; systè me de la porte ouverte, ré gime des capitulations, concessions é trangè res, en Asie). ‘[D]ix-neuf vingtiè mes de la race blanche’., at 262.
    • ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’.
  • 111
    • 85010151135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the Latin American context, Edwin Williamson describes a nineteenth-century tradition of books in which ‘Love across racial or social boundaries was the quintessential theme’, and if he describes the novels of Manoel de Macedo as works ‘about star-crossed lovers of different social and racial backgrounds’, that characterizesmany of the plot-lines of the nineteenth-century LatinAmerican novel.Williamson, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 26, at
    • In the Latin American context, Edwin Williamson describes a nineteenth-century tradition of books in which ‘Love across racial or social boundaries was the quintessential theme’, and if he describes the novels of Manoel de Macedo as works ‘about star-crossed lovers of different social and racial backgrounds’, that characterizesmany of the plot-lines of the nineteenth-century LatinAmerican novel.Williamson, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 26, at 295, 297.
    • , vol.295 , pp. 297
  • 112
    • 85010151141 scopus 로고
    • ’… comme on l'a souvent dit, “coupé la France en deux”. P. Ory and J.-F. Sirinelli, Les Intellectuels en France” de l'affaire Dreyfus à nos jours, 13; it is, of course, standard fare for Ory and Sirinelli to see the Dreyfus affair as a starting point in their narrative.
    • ’… comme on l'a souvent dit, “coupé la France en deux”. P. Ory and J.-F. Sirinelli, Les Intellectuels en France” de l'affaire Dreyfus à nos jours (1992), 13; it is, of course, standard fare for Ory and Sirinelli to see the Dreyfus affair as a starting point in their narrative.
    • (1992)
  • 113
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    • Ringer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 22, at 221; on the faculty at the é cole normale supé rieure, see R. J. Smith, The EcoleNormale Supé rieure and the Third Republic, particularly the activities at the Latin quarter bookshop, the Librairie Bellais, opened by Charles Pé guy.
    • Ringer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 22, at 221; on the faculty at the é cole normale supé rieure, see R. J. Smith, The EcoleNormale Supé rieure and the Third Republic (1982), particularly the activities at the Latin quarter bookshop, the Librairie Bellais, opened by Charles Pé guy.
    • (1982)
  • 114
    • 85010139196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ringer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 22, at 221; on Bourgeois, Koskenniemi tells us that ‘Bourgeois became one of the few anti-Dreyfusards among the Radicals, less out of antisemitism than fear of the consequences of the affair on republicanism generally’, Koskenniemi, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 1, at
    • Ringer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 22, at 221; on Bourgeois, Koskenniemi tells us that ‘Bourgeois became one of the few anti-Dreyfusards among the Radicals, less out of antisemitism than fear of the consequences of the affair on republicanism generally’, Koskenniemi, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 1, at 291.
  • 115
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    • Ringer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 22, at
    • Ringer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 22, at 247.
  • 116
    • 85010091736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Thalamas affair, see Clark, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 24, at 16; Hanna, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 63, at 43; Ory and Sirinelli, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 122, at
    • On the Thalamas affair, see Clark, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 24, at 16; Hanna, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 63, at 43; Ory and Sirinelli, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 122, at 56-7.
  • 117
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    • also notes in his study of the philosophy of international law in Latin America that Álvarezlvarez characterizes the feeling of solidarity among Latin American states ‘alternately [using the] terms sentimentality, mentality, spirit, and psychology’, although Jacobini does not see this as reflecting any vagueness in Álvarezlvarez's conceptualization. Jacobini, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 25, at 126.
    • H. B. Jacobini also notes in his study of the philosophy of international law in Latin America that Álvarezlvarez characterizes the feeling of solidarity among Latin American states ‘alternately [using the] terms sentimentality, mentality, spirit, and psychology’, although Jacobini does not see this as reflecting any vagueness in Álvarezlvarez's conceptualization. Jacobini, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 25, at 126.
    • Jacobini, H.B.1
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    • ‘J. L. Brierly and the Modernization of International Law’, 25 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 881, at 899.
    • C. Landauer, ‘J. L. Brierly and the Modernization of International Law’, (1993) 25 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 881, at 899.
    • (1993)
    • Landauer, C.1
  • 119
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    • EdwinWilliamson, for example, provides a description of the ongoing racial violence between Indians and whites in Latin America. Williamson, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 26, at 246. And one can think specifically of the various Chileanwars on theMapuchewell
    • EdwinWilliamson, for example, provides a description of the ongoing racial violence between Indians and whites in Latin America. Williamson, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 26, at 246. And one can think specifically of the various Chileanwars on theMapuchewell into the 1880s that should clearly be part of Álvarezlvarez's frame of reference.
    • (1880)
  • 120
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    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 5, at
    • Álvarezlvarez, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 5, at 187.
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    • It is interesting that in one of the key examples of the Anglo-American treatises rejecting the historical introduction, Ian Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law, Brownlie made a decision to run a footnote directly from his section titles, so that in the footnote for ‘Sources of the Law’ Brownlie lists thirteen texts addressing sources of law; thus the history of his text is bracketed. I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law
    • It is interesting that in one of the key examples of the Anglo-American treatises rejecting the historical introduction, Ian Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law, Brownlie made a decision to run a footnote directly from his section titles, so that in the footnote for ‘Sources of the Law’ Brownlie lists thirteen texts addressing sources of law; thus the history of his text is bracketed. I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (1990), 1.
    • (1990) , pp. 1
  • 122
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    • LawofNations.An Introduction to the International Lawof Peace, 50; see discussion in Landauer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 128, at 912-13.
    • J. L. Brierly, LawofNations.An Introduction to the International Lawof Peace (1928), 50; see discussion in Landauer, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 128, at 912-13.
    • (1928)
    • Brierly, J.L.1
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    • Law and Peace, 71. In Peace Through Law he made basically the same argument” ‘We have good reason to believe that international law-that is, the law of inter-State community, completely decentralized and dominated by the principle of self-help develops the same way as the primitive law of the pre-State community’. H. Kelsen, Peace Through Law (2000 [1943])
    • Hans Kelsen, Law and Peace (1942), 71. In Peace Through Law he made basically the same argument” ‘We have good reason to believe that international law-that is, the law of inter-State community, completely decentralized and dominated by the principle of self-help develops the same way as the primitive law of the pre-State community’. H. Kelsen, Peace Through Law (2000 [1943]), 22.
    • (1942) , pp. 22
    • Kelsen, H.1
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    • Oppenheim, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 21, at
    • Oppenheim, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 21, at 356.
  • 125
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    • ‘Antinomies of the United Nations” Hans Kelson and Alf Ross on the Charter’, 14 EJIL 767.
    • See C. Landauer, ‘Antinomies of the United Nations” Hans Kelson and Alf Ross on the Charter’, (2003) 14 EJIL 767.
    • (2003)
    • Landauer, C.1
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    • See, for example, his discussion of the French Revolution or, finally, the intellectual force of France-‘l'influence de l'Europe, et notamment de la France, à laquelle ils é taient lié s par leur culture intellectuelle et par un commerce florissant’. Álvarezlvarez, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 5, at 35.
    • And we should remember that the French contribution was also part of his narrative. See, for example, his discussion of the French Revolution or, finally, the intellectual force of France-‘l'influence de l'Europe, et notamment de la France, à laquelle ils é taient lié s par leur culture intellectuelle et par un commerce florissant’. Álvarezlvarez, ‘S'il existe un Droit international amé ricain, un Droit asiatique et un Droit africain, la diffé rence entre le premier et les deux autres est bien marqué e’… note 5, at 35.
    • we should remember that the French contribution was also part of his narrative.


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