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This assemblage is the one co-occurring with Ardipithecus and excludes the small contemporary samples of fossils from the more easterly localities of SAG-VP-1 and -3; see (2, 3) and table S1 for details.
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5
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Included in the larger mammal subassemblage analyzed here are the following taxa: Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Proboscidca, Primates, Carnivora (except Viverridae), and Tubulidentata.
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Taphonomic and curatorial biases inevitably compromise quantitative interpretations of any assemblage, including Aramis. For example, a single hominid canine may break into only a few identifiable fragments, whereas one elephantid's tusk or molar can shatter into thousands of identifiable fragments. Simple comparisons of fragment abundance can therefore be misleading. Our abundance data take these potential problems into account (see Fig. 1 for details).
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The Aramis Tragelaphus cf. moroitu has a body size close to that of the living nyala (T. angasii) and is likely a direct descendent of the T. moroitu recorded from the Mio-Pliocene of Asa Koma and Kuseralee.
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Crushing and shearing areas of 10 cercopithecoid molars yielded surfaces that could be included in this analysis. Surface images were made using an SEM at ×500 magnification, and microwear features were collected using the "Microwear" software (v. 2.2, 1996). Microwear features included relatively few pits, with narrow pits and scratches. The microwear on the molars of the Aramis monkeys is consistent with both frugivory and folivory, but they were not routinely feeding on hard objects. A diet of soft, but perhaps tough, foods would be typical of colobines, and the same might be true for the papionin, which has tall molars with a large amount of relief and has a low level of basal flare in comparison with other papionins.
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Our analysis also raised numerous questions about the assumptions and procedures underlying such efforts.
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84888487575
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For example, there are 12 "grazing" taxa compared to only 5 "browsing" taxa, but the former are represented by only 152 specimens, whereas the latter are represented by 758 (NISP).
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It is evident that in most rift-valley depositional settings, a variety of environments would almost always have been available to hominids. Of primary interest is determining whether any one of these environments was the preferred habitat of these primates. Mixed assemblages cannot usually do this.
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Supported by NSF (grants SBR-82-10897, 93-18698, 9512534, 96-32389, 99-10344, and 03-21893 HOMINIDRHOI; and grant SBR 98-71480 for mass spectrometry instrumentation at the Environmental Isotope Palcobiogeochemistry Laboratory) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (G.S. and H.S.). We thank L. Bach, H. Gilbert, and K. Brudvik for illustrations; the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, the Authority for Research and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage, and the National Museum of Ethiopia for permissions and facilitation; and the Afar Regional Government, the Afar people of the Middle Awash, and many other field workers for contributing directly to the data.
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