'Inequality is the root of social evil,' or Maybe not? Two stories about inequality and public policy

Canadian Public Policy

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 367-414

  Corak, Miles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Inequality; Middle class; Poverty; Social mobility; Top incomes

Indexed keywords

CLASS; INCOME DISTRIBUTION; POVERTY; SOCIAL MOBILITY; SOCIAL POLICY;

CANADA;

EID: 85008391621     PISSN: 03170861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/cpp.2016-056     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (119)

1. Atkinson, A.B. 2015. Inequality: What can be done? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/9780674287013.
2. AuCoin, E., L. Hills, and G. Notten. 2015. "Comparing Apples and Oranges? Poverty Reduction Strategies in Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, and Quebec." At http://www.onpovertyreduction.ca/prs-timelines/.
3. Autor, D.H. 2015. "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation." Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(2): 3-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3.
4. Autor, D.H., F. Levy, and R.J. Murnane. 2003. "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(4): 1279-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801.
5. Aydemir, A., and G.J. Borjas. 2007. "Cross-Country Variation in the Impact of International Migration: Canada, Mexico, and the United States." Journal of the European Economic Association 54(4): 663-808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.4.663.
6. Aydemir, A., W.-H. Chen, and M. Corak. 2009. "Intergenerational Mobility among the Children of Canadian Immigrants." Review of Economics and Statistics 91(2): 377-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.2.377.
7. Aydemir, A., W.-H. Chen, and M. Corak. 2013. "Intergenerational Education Mobility among the Children of Canadian Immigrants." Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques 39(Supplement 1): 107-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/CPp.39.Supplement1.S107.
8. Aydemir, A., and M. Skuterud. 2005. "Explaining the Deteriorating Entry Earnings of Canada's Immigrant Cohorts, 1966-2000." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 38(2): 641-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00297.x.
9. Banting, K., and J. Myles. 2013. "Introduction: Inequality and the Fading of Redistributive Politics." In Inequality and the Fading of Redistributive Politics, eds. K. Banting and J. Myles, 1-42. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
10. Banting, K., and J. Myles. 2016. "Framing the New Inequality: The Politics of Income Distribution in Canada." In Income Inequality: The Canadian Story, eds. D.A. Green, W.C. Riddell, and F. St-Hillaire, 509-40. Montreal: Institute for Public Policy.
11. Bartels, L.M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
12. Beach, C.M., and G.A. Slotsve. 1996. Are We Becoming Two Societies? Income Polarization and the Myth of the Declining Middle Class in Canada. Social Policy Challenge 12. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute.
13. Bingley, P., M. Corak, and N. Westergard-Nielson. 2012. "Equality of Opportunity and Intergenerational Transmission of Employers." In From Parents to Children: The Intergenerational Transmission of Advantage, eds. J. Ermisch, M. Jantti, and T. Smeeding, 441-60. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
14. Blanden, J. 2005. "Love and Money: Intergenerational Mobility and Marital Matching on Parental Income." Research Paper No. 272. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. At http://www.surrey.ac.uk/economics/files/gpapers/Jo%20Blanden%20Love%20and%20Money.pdf.
15. Bloom, H., S. Schwartz, S. Lui-Gurr, and S.-W. Lee. 1999. Testing a Re-Employment Incentive for Displaced Workers: The Earnings Supplement Project. Ottawa: Social Research and Demonstration Corp.
16. Boadway, R. 2015. "Tax Policy for a Rent-Rich Economy." Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques 41(4): 253-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2015-044.
17. Bonikowska, A., and R. Morissette. 2012. "Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers with Stable Labour Market Attachment: Recent Evidence from Canada." Catalogue No. 11F0019M - No. 346. Ottawa: Statistics Canada Research Paper.
18. Brisson, M. 2015. Employment Insurance and Active Labour Market Policies in Canada. Major Research Paper, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa.
19. Burton, P., and S. Phipps. 2011. "Families, Time, and Well-Being in Canada." Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques 37(3): 395-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.37.3.395.
20. Canadian Press. 2012. "There Are No Bad Jobs, Flaherty Says." Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 15 May 2012. At http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/there-are-no-bad-jobs-flaherty-says-1.1246444.
21. Carabash, M. 2011. "Dental Professional Corporations, Part 2: Tax Benefits for Dentistry Professional Corporations." At http://www.dentistlawyers.ca/dentistry-professional-corporations-part-2/05/.
22. Carney, M. 2014. "Inclusive Capitalism: Creating a Sense of the Systemic." Speech given at the Conference on Inclusive Capitalism. London 27 May 2014. At http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2014/speech731.pdf.
23. Charles, Prince of Wales. 2014. "Opening Address." Presented at Conference on Inclusive Capitalism. London, 27 May 2014. At http://www.inc-cap.com/videos/hrh-prince-of-wales/.
24. Chen, W.-H., and M. Corak. 2008. "Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty." Demography 45(3): 537-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0024.
25. Chen, W.-H., and F. Hou. 2016. "One Size Does Not Fit All: Different Pathways to Social Mobility among Children of Immigrants." Presented at the Queen's International Institute on Social Policy Conference, "Social Canada Revisited: Is Canada's Social Architecture Fit for Contemporary Purposes?" Queen's University, August 22-24, 2016. At http://www.queensu.ca/sps/qiisp.
26. Chen, W.-H., Y. Ostrovsky, and P. Piraino. 2016. "Intergenerational Income Transmission: New Evidence from Canada." Research Paper No. 379. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
27. Chetty, R., N. Hendren, P. Kline, and E. Saez. 2014. "Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States." Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(4): 1553-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju022.
28. Corak, M. 1989. "Policy in the Era of Free Trade: Some Comments on the de Grandpre Report." Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques 15(3): 335-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550829.
29. Corak, M. 2001. "Are the Kids All Right? Intergenerational Mobility and Child Well-Being in Canada." In The Review of Economic and Social Performance, eds. K. G. Banting, A. Sharpe, and F. St-Hilaire, 273-92. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
30. Corak, M. 2006. "Principles and Practicalities in Measuring Child Poverty for the Rich Countries." International Social Security Review 59(2): 3-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2006.00237.x.
31. Corak, M. 2008. "Immigration in the Long Run: The Education and Earnings Mobility of Second-Generation Canadians." IRPP Choices 14(13). At http://irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/research/family-policy/immigration-in-the-long-run/vol14no13.pdf.
32. Corak, M. 2012. "Age at Immigration and the Education Outcomes of Children." In Realizing the Potential of Immigrant Youth, eds. A. Masten, K. Liebkind, and D.J. Hernandez, 90-116. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139094696.006.
33. Corak, M. 2013a. "Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27(3): 79-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.3.79.
34. Corak, M. 2013b. "Inequality from Generation to Generation: The United States in Comparison." In The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century, ed. R.S. Rycroft, 107-26. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
35. Corak, M. 2014. "Two Facts about 'The Prospects for This Generation in an Unequal World'." Economics for Public Policy Blog. Paper presented at the Keith Davey Forum on Public Affairs. Toronto, 17 September. At milescorak.com/2014/09/14/two-facts-about-the-prospects-for-this-generation-in-an-unequal-world/.
36. Corak, M. 2016. "The Divided Landscape of Economic Opportunity: Intergenerational Income Mobility in Canada's Regions and Cities." Unpublished manuscript, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.
37. Corak, M., and P. Piraino. 2011. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Employers." Journal of Labor Economics 29(1): 37-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656371.
38. Corak, M., and P. Piraino. 2016. "The Inheritance of Employers and Nonlinearities in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility." In Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy, eds. K. Basu and J. Stiglitz, 1-34. London: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137554598-1.
39. Côté, A. 2014. "Inflation Targeting in the Post-Crisis Era." Remarks by the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada. Calgary, 18 November. At http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2014/11/inflation-targeting-post-crisis-era/.
40. Cotton, C., M. Webber, and Y. Saint-Pierre. 1999. "Should the Low Income Cutoffs Be Updated? A Discussion Paper." Catalogue no. 75F0002MIE-99009. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Income Statistics Division. At http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m1999009-eng.pdf.
41. Cowell, F.A. 2011. Measuring Inequality. 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199594030.001.0001.
42. Deaton, A. 2016. "Measuring and Understanding Behavior, Welfare, and Poverty." American Economic Review 106(6): 1221-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.106.6.1221.
43. Diamond, P.A. 2016. "Addressing the Forces Driving Inequality in the United States." Contemporary Economic Policy 34(3): 403-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/coep.12184.
44. Elberts, R.W. 2014. "Displaced Long-Term Workers or LongTerm Displaced Workers: What to do?" Paper presented at the Queen's International Institute on Social Policy Conference, "The Middle Class and Social Policy: Rethinking the Canadian Model?" Kingston, Ontario, 18-20 August. At http://www.queensu.ca/sps/qiisp.
45. Feir, D. 2016. "The Long Term Effects of Forcible Assimilation Policy: The Case of Indian Boarding Schools." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 49(2): 433-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12203.
46. Feldstein, M., and D. Altman. 2007. "Unemployment Insurance Savings Accounts." Tax Policy and the Economy 21(1): 35-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tpe.21.20061914.
47. Fellegi, I.P. 1999. "On Poverty and Low Income." Catalogue no. 75F0002MIE-99009.
48. Reprinted as an appendix in C. Cotton, M. Webber, and Y. Saint-Pierre (1999), "Should the Low Income Cutoffs Be Updated? A Discussion Paper." Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Income Statistics Division. At http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m1999009-eng.pdf.
49. Fishkin, J. 2014. Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812141.001.0001.
50. Fortin, N., and T. Lemieux. 2016. "Wage Inequality in Canadian Provinces." In Income Inequality: The Canadian Story, eds. D.A. Green, W.C. Riddell, and F. St-Hillaire, 229-38. Montreal: Institute for Public Policy.
51. Fortin, P. 2016. "A Stable 4% Inflation Could Get Canadians One Half Million More Jobs." Working Paper No. 16-04. Montreal: Centre Interuniversitaire sur le Risque, les Politiques Economiques et l'Emploi. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2756047.
52. Frenette, M., D.A. Green, and K. Milligan. 2007. "The Tale of the Tails: Canadian Income Inequality in the 1980s and 1990s." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 40(3): 734-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.00429.x.
53. Government of Canada. 2012. "Fact Sheet - Temporary Foreign Worker Program." Ottawa: Author. At http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/employers/temp-foreign-worker-program.asp.
54. Government of Canada. 2016. Supplementing Maternity, Parental, Compassionate Care or Parents of Critically Ill Children Benefits. At http://www.esdc.gc.ca/en/ei/employers-maternity-parental-benefits.page.
55. Government of Canada, Human Resources and Skills Development. 2016. EI Monitoring and Assessment Report 2014/2015, Annex 2 - Employment Insurance Benefits Data Tables. At http://www.esdc.gc.ca/en/reports/ei/monitoring2015/annex2.page.
56. Government of Canada, Service Canada. 2013. Work-Sharing Program: Applicant Guide. At http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/work-sharing/ws-applicantguide.pdf.
57. Government of Canada, Service Canada. 2015a. Benefits for Parents of Critically Ill Children (PCIC). In Digest of Benefit Entitlement Principles. At http://www.esdc.gc.ca/en/reports/ei/digest/ch-22/table-of-contents.page?.
58. Government of Canada, Service Canada. 2015b. Benefits for the Self-Employed. In Digest of Benefit Entitlement Principles. At http://www.esdc.gc.ca/en/reports/ei/digest/ch-23/table-of-contents.page?.
59. Government of Canada, Service Canada. 2015c. Compassionate Care Benefits. In Digest of Benefit Entitlement Principles. At http://www.esdc.gc.ca/en/reports/ei/digest/ch-23/table-of-contents.page?.
60. Greeley, B. 2013. "The Gatsby Curve: How Inequality Became a Household Word." BloombergBusiness, 12 December. At http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-12-05/obama-talks-inequality-and-mobility-going-full-gatsby.
61. Green, D.A., and B. Sand. 2015. "Has the Canadian Labour Market Polarized?" Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 48(2): 612-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12145.
62. Green, D.A., and J. Townsend. 2010. "Understanding the Wage Patterns of Canadian Less Skilled Workers: The Role of Implicit Contracts." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 43(1): 373-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2009.01576.x.
63. Hacker, J.S., and P. Pierson. 2010. Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer - and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York: Simon & Schuster.
64. Heisz, A. 2007. "Income inequality and Redistribution in Canada, 1976 to 2004." Research Paper No. 298. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
65. Heisz, A., and B. Murphy. 2016. "The Role of Taxes and Transfers in Reducing Income Inequality." In Income Inequality: The Canadian Story, eds. D.A. Green, W.C. Riddell, and F. St-Hillaire, 435-78. Montreal: Institute for Public Policy.
66. Humber, Y., and C. Donville. 2014. "Potash Corp. Names Next CEO, Brings Doyle Era to a Close." BloombergBusiness, 7 April. At http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-06/potash-corp-names-tilk-as-next-ceo-replacing-doyle-in-july.
67. Institute for Competitiveness & Prosperity. 2007. Prosperity, Inequality, and Poverty. Working Paper 10. Toronto: Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto.
68. Isaacson, W. 2011. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster.
69. Krueger, A.B. 2012. "The Rise and Consequence of Inequality in the United States." Speech to the Center for American Progress. Washington, DC, 12 January. At https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/krueger-cap-speech-final-remarks.pdf.
70. Ladurantaye, S. 2011. "Bill Doyle's Modest Return to Saskatoon." The Globe and Mail, 23 February. At http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/bill-doyles-modest-return-to-saskatoon/article567803/.
71. Lalonde, R.J. 2007. The Case for Wage Insurance. CSR No. 30 (September). New York: Council on Foreign Relations. At http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/WageInsuranceCSR.pdf.
72. Lemieux, T., and W.C. Riddell. 2016. "Who Are Canada's Top 1 Percent?" In Income Inequality: The Canadian Story, eds. D.A. Green, W.C. Riddell, and F. St-Hillaire, 103-56. Montreal: Institute for Public Policy.
73. Léonard, A. 2014. "The Employment Insurance Program in Canada: How it Works." Background Paper No. 2010-52-E. Ottawa: Library of Parliament. At http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2010-52-e.pdf.
74. Leonhardt, D., and K. Quealy. 2014. "The American Middle Class Is No Longer the World's Richest." New York Times, 22 April. At http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/23/upshot/the-american-middle-class-is-no-longer-the-worlds-richest.html?-r=1&abt=0002&abg=1.
75. Lu, Y., R. Morissette, and T. Schirle. 2011. "The Growth of Family Earnings Inequality in Canada, 1980-2005." Review of Income and Wealth 57(1): 23-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2010.00377.x.
76. Marchand, J. 2012. "Local Labor Market Impacts of Energy Boom-Bust-Boom in Western Canada." Journal of Urban Economics 71(1): 165-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2011.06.001.
77. Marchand, J. 2015. "The Distributional Impacts of the Energy Boom in Western Canada." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 48(2): 714-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12141.
78. Mazumder, B. 2005. "Fortunate Sons: New Estimates of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States Using Social Security Earnings Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 87(2): 235-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0034653053970249.
79. McCall, L. 2013. The Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139225687.
80. McMillan, C. 2007. "How Free Trade Came to Canada: Lessons in Policy Analysis." In Policy Options/Options Politiques October: 24-31.
81. Milanovic, B. 2016. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/9780674969797.
82. Murphy, B., and M. Veall. 2015. "A Tale of Two Cities: The Surge of Top Incomes at the City Level in Canada." In Thinking Outside the Box: Innovation in Policy Ideas, eds. K.G. Banting, R.P. Chaykowski, and S.F. Lehrer, 347-64. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
83. Nakache, D., and P.J. Kinoshita. 2010. The Canadian Temporary Foreign Worker Program: Do Short-Term Economic Needs Prevail over Human Rights Concerns? Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
84. Nordhaus, W.D. 2006. "An Economic History of Computing." Unpublished manuscript. At http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/computing-June2006.pdf.
85. Oreopoulos, P. 2011. "Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labor Market? A Field Experiment with Thirteen Thousand Resumes." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3(4): 148-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.4.148.
86. Oreopoulos, P., M. Page, and A.H. Stevens. 2008. "The Intergenerational Effects of Worker Displacement." Journal of Labor Economics 26(3): 455-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588493.
87. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2011. Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising. Paris: Author. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264119536-en.
88. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015a. In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All. Paris: Author. At http://www.oecd.org/social/in-it-together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all-9789264235120-en.htm.
89. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015b. OECD Employment Outlook 2015. Paris: Author. At http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2015-empl-outlook-2015-e.n
90. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). n.d. "What Are Equivalence Scales?" At http://www.oecd.org/eco/growth/OECD-Note-EquivalenceScales.pdf.
91. Osberg, L. 2015. How Much Income Tax Could Canada's Top 1% Pay? Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
92. Palma, J.G. 2016. "Do Nations Just Get the Inequality They Deserve? The 'Palma Ratio' Reexamined." In Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy, eds. K. Basu and J. Stiglitz, 35-97. London: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137554598-2.
93. Palmer, R., and L. Egan. 2011. "Jean Chretien: Lessons from Canada's Basket Case Moment." Financial Post, 21 November 2011. At http://business.financialpost.com/uncategorized/lessons-from-canadas-basket-case-moment
94. Piketty, T. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/9780674369542.
95. Pope Francis. 2013. Evangelii Gaudium: Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World (24 November 2013). Vatican City: Vatican Press. Accessed 3 September 2014 at http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost-exhortations/index.html#apost-exhortations.
96. Pope Francis. 2014. Twitter post. 28 April 2014. At https://twitter.com/pontifex/status/460697074585980928. Accessed 20 September 2016.
97. Reeves, R. 2013. "The Case for Downward Mobility." Social Mobility Memos. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. At http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2013/09/30-case-for-downward-mobility-reeves.
98. Representative for Children and Youth and Provincial Health Officer. 2015. Growing Up in B.C 2015. British Columbia: Office of the Provincial Health Officer.
99. Riddell, W.C. 2014. "Displaced Workers in Canada: Evidence and Policy Response" Presented to the Queen's International Institute on Social Policy Conference, "The Middle Class and Social Policy: Rethinking the Canadian Model?" Kingston, Ontario, 18-20 August 2014. At http://www.queensu.ca/sps/qiisp.
100. Rosen, S. 1981. "The Economics of Superstars." American Economic Review 71(5): 845-58.
101. Sarlo, C., J. Clemens, and J. Emes. 2015. Income Inequality: Measurement Sensitivities. Vancouver: Fraser Institute. At https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research/income-inequality-measurement-sensitivities.
102. Scott, A.O. 2016. Better Living Through Criticism: How to Think About Art, Pleasure, Beauty, and Truth. New York: Penguin Press.
103. Sen, A. 1973. On Economic Inequality. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198281935.001.0001.
104. Sen, A. 1983. "Poor, Relatively Speaking." Oxford Economic Papers 35(2): 153-69.
105. Smith, A. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York: Modern Library Edition. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00043218.
106. Standard & Poor's. 2014. "How Increasing Income Inequality Is Dampening U.S. Economic Growth, and Possible Ways to Change the Tide." At https://www.globalcreditportal.com/ratingsdirect/renderArticle.do?articleId=1351366&SctArtId=255732&from=CM&nsl-code=LIME&sourceObjectId=8741033&sourceRevId=1&fee-ind=N&exp-date=20240804-19:41:13.
107. Trudeau, J. n.d. "Minister of Families, Children and Social Development Mandate Letter." At http://pm.gc.ca/eng/minister-families-children-and-social-development-mandate-letter.
108. UNICEF. 2005. "Child Poverty in Rich Countries, 2005." Report Card No. 6. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
109. Veall, M.R. 2012. "Top Income Shares in Canada: Recent Trends and Policy Implications." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 45(4): 1247-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2012.01744.x.
110. Waldfogel, J. 2013. Britain's War on Poverty. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
111. Walker, G.F. 1997. Suburban Motel: Problem Child, Criminal Genius, Risk Everything, Adult Entertainment, Featuring Loretta, The End of Civilization. Vancouver: Talon Books.
112. White House. 2011a. "From the Archives: President Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism Speech." The White House Blog. At http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/12/06/archives-president-teddy-roosevelts-new-nationalism-speech.
113. White House. 2011b. "Remarks by the President on the Economy in Osawatomie, Kansas." At http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/12/06/remarks-president-economy-osawatomie-kansas.
114. White House. 2013. "Remarks by the President on Economic Mobility." At https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/04/remarks-president-economic-mobility.
115. White House. 2016. "FACT SHEET: Improving Economic Security by Strengthening and Modernizing the Unemployment Insurance System." At https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/16/fact-sheet-improving-economic-security-strengthening-and-modernizing.
116. Wolfson, M., M. Veall, N. Brooks, and B. Murphy. 2016. "Piercing the Veil - Private Corporations and the Income of the Affluent." Canadian Tax Journal 64(1): 1-30.
117. Worswick, C. 2004. "Adaptation and Inequality: Children of immigrants in Canadian Schools." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique 37(1) 53-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.003-1.x.
118. Worswick, C. 2013. "Economic Implications of Recent Changes to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program." IRPP Insight No. 4 (October 17). Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
119. Yellen, J.L. 2014. "Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances." Speech at the Conference on Economic Opportunity and Inequality, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Boston, 17 October. At http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/yellen20141017a.htm.