Chikungunya virus: Current perspectives on a reemerging virus

Microbiology Spectrum

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2016, Pages

  Morrison, Clayton R ^a   Plante, Kenneth S ^a   Heise, Mark T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VIRUS VACCINE;

ANIMAL; CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; EPIDEMIC; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; VIRAL VACCINES;

EID: 85008366368     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21650497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0017-2016     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Lumsden WH. 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. II. General description and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49:33-57.
2. Kuno G. 2015. A re-examination of the history of etiologic confusion between dengue and Chikungunya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004101.
3. Carey DE. 1971. Chikungunya and dengue: a case of mistaken identity? J Hist Med Allied Sci 26:243-262.
4. McIntosh BM, Harwin RM, Paterson HE, Westwater ML. 1963. An epidemic of Chikungunya in South-Eastern Southern Rhodesia. Cent Afr J Med 43:351-359.
5. Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Peyrefitte CN, Yogolelo R, Mathina Basisya E, Koyange D, Pukuta E, Mashako M, Tolou H, Durand JP. 2003. Epidemic of Chikungunya virus in 1999 and 200 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Med Trop (Mars) 63:637-638. (In French.)
6. Hammon WM, Rudnick A, Sather GE. 1960. Viruses associated with epidemic hemorrhagic fevers of the Philippines and Thailand. Science 131:1102-1103.
7. Lam SK, Chua KB, Hooi PS, Rahimah MA, Kumari S, Tharmaratnam M, Chuah SK, Smith DW, Sampson IA. 2001. Chikungunya infection-an emerging disease in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32:447-451.
8. Deller JJ, Jr, Russell PK. 1967. An analysis of fevers of unknown origin in American soldiers in Vietnam. Ann Intern Med 66:1129-1143.
9. Thiboutot MM, Kannan S, Kawalekar OU, Shedlock DJ, Khan AS, Sarangan G, Srikanth P, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. 2010. Chikungunya: a potentially emerging epidemic? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e623.
10. Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Bedno SA, Breiman RF, Sang R, Sergon K, Powers AM, Onyango CO, Small J, Tucker CJ, Linthicum KJ. 2007. Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76:405-407.
11. Kariuki Njenga M, Nderitu L, Ledermann JP, Ndirangu A, Logue CH, Kelly CH, Sang R, Sergon K, Breiman R, Powers AM. 2008. Tracking epidemic Chikungunya virus into the Indian Ocean from East Africa. J Gen Virol 89:2754-2760.
12. Paquet C, Quatresous I, Solet JL, Sissoko D, Renault P, Pierre V, Cordel H, Lassalle C, Thiria J, Zeller H, Schuffnecker I. 2006. Chikungunya outbreak in Réunion: epidemiology and surveillance, 2005 to early January 2006. Euro Surveill 11:E060202.3.
13. Mavalankar D, Shastri P, Raman P. 2007. Chikungunya epidemic in India: a major public-health disaster. Lancet Infect Dis 7:306-307.
14. Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, Murri S, Frangeul L, Vaney MC, Lavenir R, Pardigon N, Reynes JM, Pettinelli F, Biscornet L, Diancourt L, Michel S, Duquerroy S, Guigon G, Frenkiel MP, Brehin AC, Cubito N, Despres P, Kunst F, Rey FA, Zeller H, Brisse S. 2006. Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak. PLoS Med 3:e263.
15. Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S. 2007. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 3:e201.
16. Rezza G, Nicoletti L, Angelini R, Romi R, Finarelli AC, Panning M, Cordioli P, Fortuna C, Boros S, Magurano F, Silvi G, Angelini P, Dottori M, Ciufolini MG, Majori GC, Cassone A, CHIKV Study Group. 2007. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370:1840-1846.
17. Grandadam M, Caro V, Plumet S, Thiberge JM, Souares Y, Failloux AB, Tolou HJ, Budelot M, Cosserat D, Leparc-Goffart I, Despres P. 2011. Chikungunya virus, southeastern France. Emerg Infect Dis 17:910-913.
18. Gibney KB, Fischer M, Prince HE, Kramer LD, St George K, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Staples JE. 2011. Chikungunya fever in the United States: a fifteen year review of cases. Clin Infect Dis 52:e121-e126.
19. Khan K, Bogoch I, Brownstein JS, Miniota J, Nicolucci A, Hu W, Nsoesie EO, Cetron M, Creatore MI, German M, Wilder-Smith A. 6 June 2014. Assessing the origin of and potential for international spread of chikungunya virus from the Caribbean. PLoS Curr doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.2134a0a7bf37fd8d388181539fea2da5.
20. Nhan TX, Claverie A, Roche C, Teissier A, Colleuil M, Baudet JM, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D. 2014. Chikungunya virus imported into French Polynesia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 20:1773-1774.
21. Tan KK, Sy AK, Tandoc AO, Khoo JJ, Sulaiman S, Chang LY, AbuBakar S. 2015. Independent emergence of the cosmopolitan Asian Chikungunya virus, Philippines 2012. Sci Rep 5:12279.
22. Van Bortel W, Dorleans F, Rosine J, Blateau A, Rousset D, Matheus S, Leparc-Goffart I, Flusin O, Prat C, Cesaire R, Najioullah F, Ardillon V, Balleydier E, Carvalho L, Lemaitre A, Noel H, Servas V, Six C, Zurbaran M, Leon L, Guinard A, van den Kerkhof J, Henry M, Fanoy E, Braks M, Reimerink J, Swaan C, Georges R, Brooks L, Freedman J, Sudre B, Zeller H. 2014. Chikungunya outbreak in the Caribbean region, December 2013 to March 2014, and the significance for Europe. Euro Surveill 19(13): pii=20759.
23. Kendrick K, Stanek D, Blackmore C, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Notes from the field: transmission of chikungunya virus in the continental United States-Florida, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63:1137.
24. Vega-Rua A, Zouache K, Girod R, Failloux AB, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R. 2014. High level of vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from ten American countries as a crucial factor in the spread of Chikungunya virus. J Virol 88:6294-6306.
25. Marcondes CB, Ximenes MF. 22 December 2015. Zika virus in Brazil and the danger of infestation by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0220-2015.
26. Vega-Rua A, Zouache K, Caro V, Diancourt L, Delaunay P, Grandadam M, Failloux AB. 2013. High efficiency of temperate Aedes albopictus to transmit chikungunya and dengue viruses in the Southeast of France. PLoS One 8:e59716.
27. Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Leal G, Forrester N, Higgs S, Huang J, Weaver SC. 2011. Chikungunya virus emergence is constrained in Asia by lineage-specific adaptive landscapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:7872-7877.
28. Teixeira MG, Andrade AM, Costa Mda C, Castro JN, Oliveira FL, Goes CS, Maia M, Santana EB, Nunes BT, Vasconcelos PF. 2015. East/Central/South African genotype chikungunya virus, Brazil, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 21:906-907.
29. Thiberville SD, Boisson V, Gaudart J, Simon F, Flahault A, de Lamballerie X. 2013. Chikungunya fever: a clinical and virological investigation of outpatients on Reunion Island, South-West Indian Ocean. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2004.
30. Thiberville SD, Moyen N, Dupuis-Maguiraga L, Nougairede A, Gould EA, Roques P, de Lamballerie X. 2013. Chikungunya fever: epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis and therapy. Antiviral Res 99:345-370.
31. Sissoko D, Ezzedine K, Moendandze A, Giry C, Renault P, Malvy D. 2010. Field evaluation of clinical features during chikungunya outbreak in Mayotte, 2005-2006. Trop Med Int Health 15:600-607.
32. Javelle E, Ribera A, Degasne I, Gauzere BA, Marimoutou C, Simon F. 2015. Specific management of post-chikungunya rheumatic disorders: a retrospective study of 159 cases in Reunion Island from 2006-2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003603.
33. Simon F, Parola P, Grandadam M, Fourcade S, Oliver M, Brouqui P, Hance P, Kraemer P, Ali Mohamed A, de Lamballerie X, Charrel R, Tolou H. 2007. Chikungunya infection: an emerging rheumatism among travelers returned from Indian Ocean islands. Report of 47 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 86:123-137.
34. Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Staikowsky F, Lory M, Le Moullec N, Becquart JP, Wengling C, Michault A, Paganin F. 2007. Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 44:1401-1407.
35. Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Jossaume A, Gouix A, Cotte L, Michault A, Arvin-Berod C, Paganin F. 2008. Persistent arthralgia associated with chikungunya virus: a study of 88 adult patients on Reunion Island. Clin Infect Dis 47:469-475.
36. Brighton SW, Simson IW. 1984. A destructive arthropathy following Chikungunya virus arthritis-a possible association. Clin Rheumatol 3:253-258.
37. Sissoko D, Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Renault P, Moscetti F, Ledrans M, Pierre V. 2009. Post-epidemic Chikungunya disease on Reunion Island: course of rheumatic manifestations and associated factors over a 15-month period. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e389.
38. Chaaithanya IK, Muruganandam N, Raghuraj U, Sugunan AP, Rajesh R, Anwesh M, Rai SK, Vijayachari P. 2014. Chronic inflammatory arthritis with persisting bony erosions in patients following chikungunya infection. Indian J Med Res 140:142-145.
39. Manimunda SP, Vijayachari P, Uppoor R, Sugunan AP, Singh SS, Rai SK, Sudeep AB, Muruganandam N, Chaitanya IK, Guruprasad DR. 2010. Clinical progression of chikungunya fever during acute and chronic arthritic stages and the changes in joint morphology as revealed by imaging. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104:392-399.
40. Ozden S, Huerre M, Riviere JP, Coffey LL, Afonso PV, Mouly V, de Monredon J, Roger JC, El Amrani M, Yvin JL, Jaffar MC, Frenkiel MP, Sourisseau M, Schwartz O, Butler-Browne G, Despres P, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE. 2007. Human muscle satellite cells as targets of Chikungunya virus infection. PLoS One 2:e527.
41. Phuklia W, Kasisith J, Modhiran N, Rodpai E, Thannagith M, Thongsakulprasert T, Smith DR, Ubol S. 2013. Osteoclastogenesis induced by CHIKV-infected fibroblast-like synoviocytes: a possible interplay between synoviocytes and monocytes/macrophages in CHIKVinduced arthralgia/arthritis. Virus Res 177:179-188.
42. Morrison TE, Oko L, Montgomery SA, Whitmore AC, Lotstein AR, Gunn BM, Elmore SA, Heise MT. 2011. A mouse model of chikungunya virus-induced musculoskeletal inflammatory disease: evidence of arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, and persistence. Am J Pathol 178:32-40.
43. Pal P, Dowd KA, Brien JD, Edeling MA, Gorlatov S, Johnson S, Lee I, Akahata W, Nabel GJ, Richter MK, Smit JM, Fremont DH, Pierson TC, Heise MT, Diamond MS. 2013. Development of a highly protective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Chikungunya virus. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003312.
44. Gardner J, Anraku I, Le TT, Larcher T, Major L, Roques P, Schroder WA, Higgs S, Suhrbier A. 2010. Chikungunya virus arthritis in adult wild-type mice. J Virol 84:8021-8032.
45. Messaoudi I, Vomaske J, Totonchy T, Kreklywich CN, Haberthur K, Springgay L, Brien JD, Diamond MS, Defilippis VR, Streblow DN. 2013. Chikungunya virus infection results in higher and persistent viral replication in aged rhesus macaques due to defects in anti-viral immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2343.
46. Hoarau JJ, Jaffar Bandjee MC, Krejbich Trotot P, Das T, Li-Pat-Yuen G, Dassa B, Denizot M, Guichard E, Ribera A, Henni T, Tallet F, Moiton MP, Gauzere BA, Bruniquet S, Jaffar Bandjee Z, Morbidelli P, Martigny G, Jolivet M, Gay F, Grandadam M, Tolou H, Vieillard V, Debre P, Autran B, Gasque P. 2010. Persistent chronic inflammation and infection by Chikungunya arthritogenic alphavirus in spite of a robust host immune response. J Immunol 184:5914-5927.
47. Labadie K, Larcher T, Joubert C, Mannioui A, Delache B, Brochard P, Guigand L, Dubreil L, Lebon P, Verrier B, de Lamballerie X, Suhrbier A, Cherel Y, Le Grand R, Roques P. 2010. Chikungunya disease in nonhuman primates involves long-term viral persistence in macrophages. J Clin Invest 120:894-906.
48. Hawman DW, Stoermer KA, Montgomery SA, Pal P, Oko L, Diamond MS, Morrison TE. 2013. Chronic joint disease caused by persistent Chikungunya virus infection is controlled by the adaptive immune response. J Virol 87:13878-13888.
49. Long KM, Heise MT. 2015. Protective and pathogenic responses to Chikungunya virus infection. Curr Trop Med Rep 2:13-21.
50. Chow A, Her Z, Ong EK, Chen JM, Dimatatac F, Kwek DJ, Barkham T, Yang H, Renia L, Leo YS, Ng LF. 2011. Persistent arthralgia induced by Chikungunya virus infection is associated with interleukin-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Infect Dis 203:149-157.
51. Ng LF, Chow A, Sun YJ, Kwek DJ, Lim PL, Dimatatac F, Ng LC, Ooi EE, Choo KH, Her Z, Kourilsky P, Leo YS. 2009. IL-1beta, IL-6, and RANTES as biomarkers of Chikungunya severity. PLoS One 4:e4261.
52. Long KM, Ferris MT, Whitmore AC, Montgomery SA, Thurlow LR, McGee CE, Rodriguez CA, Lim JK, Heise MT. 2016. γδ T cells play a protective role in Chikungunya virus-induced disease. J Virol 90:433-443.
53. + T cells during Chikungunya virus infection in mice. J Immunol 190:259-269.
54. Rampal, Sharda M, Meena H. 2007. Neurological complications in Chikungunya fever. J Assoc Physicians India 55:765-769.
55. Wielanek AC, Monredon JD, Amrani ME, Roger JC, Serveaux JP. 2007. Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating a Chikungunya virus infection. Neurology 69:2105-2107.
56. Singh SS, Manimunda SP, Sugunan AP, Sahina, Vijayachari P. 2008. Four cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with chikungunya virus infection. Epidemiol Infect 136:1277-1280.
57. Economopoulou A, DominguezM, Helynck B, Sissoko D, Wichmann O, Quenel P, Germonneau P, Quatresous I. 2009. Atypical Chikungunya virus infections: clinical manifestations, mortality and risk factors for severe disease during the 2005-2006 outbreak on Reunion. Epidemiol Infect 137:534-541.
58. Gerardin P, Couderc T, Bintner M, Tournebize P, Renouil M, Lemant J, Boisson V, Borgherini G, Staikowsky F, Schramm F, Lecuit M, Michault A, Encephalchik Study Group. 2016. Chikungunya virus-associated encephalitis: a cohort study on La Reunion Island, 2005-2009. Neurology 86:94-102.
59. Fritel X, Rollot O, Gerardin P, Gauzere BA, Bideault J, Lagarde L, Dhuime B, Orvain E, Cuillier F, Ramful D, Samperiz S, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Michault A, Cotte L, Kaminski M, Fourmaintraux A, Chikungunya-Mere-Enfant T. 2010. Chikungunya virus infection during pregnancy, Reunion, France, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 16:418-425.
60. Gerardin P, Barau G, Michault A, Bintner M, Randrianaivo H, Choker G, Lenglet Y, Touret Y, Bouveret A, Grivard P, Le Roux K, Blanc S, Schuffenecker I, Couderc T, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lecuit M, Robillard PY. 2008. Multidisciplinary prospective study of mother-tochild chikungunya virus infections on the island of La Reunion. PLoS Med 5:e60.
61. Mahendradas P, Ranganna SK, Shetty R, Balu R, Narayana KM, Babu RB, Shetty BK. 2008. Ocular manifestations associated with chikungunya. Ophthalmology 115:287-291.
62. Soumahoro MK, Gerardin P, Boelle PY, Perrau J, Fianu A, Pouchot J, Malvy D, Flahault A, Favier F, Hanslik T. 2009. Impact of Chikungunya virus infection on health status and quality of life: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 4:e7800.
63. Weaver SC, Osorio JE, Livengood JA, Chen R, Stinchcomb DT. 2012. Chikungunya virus and prospects for a vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 11:1087-1101.
64. White A, Berman S, Lowenthal JP. 1972. Comparative immunogenicities of Chikungunya vaccines propagated in monkey kidney monolayers and chick embryo suspension cultures. Appl Microbiol 23:951-952.
65. Harrison VR, Eckels KH, Bartelloni PJ, Hampton C. 1971. Production and evaluation of a formalin-killed Chikungunya vaccine. J Immunol 107:643-647.
66. Levitt NH, Ramsburg HH, Hasty SE, Repik PM, Cole FE, Lupton HW. 1986. Development of an attenuated strain of chikungunya virus for use in vaccine production. Vaccine 4:157-162.
67. McClain DJ, Pittman PR, Ramsburg HH, Nelson GO, Rossi CA, Mangiafico JA, Schmaljohn AL, Malinoski FJ. 1998. Immunologic interference from sequential administration of live attenuated alphavirus vaccines. J Infect Dis 177:634-641.
68. Edelman R, Tacket CO, Wasserman SS, Bodison SA, Perry JG, Mangiafico JA. 2000. Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine TSI-GSD-218. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:681-685.
69. Enserink M. 2006. Infectious diseases. Massive outbreak draws fresh attention to little-known virus. Science 311:1085.
70. Turell MJ, Malinoski FJ. 1992. Limited potential for mosquito transmission of a live, attenuated chikungunya virus vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:98-103.
71. Gorchakov R, Wang E, Leal G, Forrester NL, Plante K, Rossi SL, PartidosCD, Adams AP, Seymour RL, Weger J, Borland EM, ShermanMB, Powers AM, Osorio JE, Weaver SC. 2012. Attenuation of Chikungunya virus vaccine strain 181/clone 25 is determined by two amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 86:6084-6096.
72. Silva LA, Khomandiak S, Ashbrook AW, Weller R, Heise MT, Morrison TE, Dermody TS. 2014. A single-amino-acid polymorphism in Chikungunya virus E2 glycoprotein influences glycosaminoglycan utilization. J Virol 88:2385-2397.
73. Ashbrook AW, Burrack KS, Silva LA, Montgomery SA, Heise MT, Morrison TE, Dermody TS. 2014. Residue 82 of the Chikungunya virus E2 attachment protein modulates viral dissemination and arthritis in mice. J Virol 88:12180-12192.
74. Plante KS, Rossi SL, Bergren NA, Seymour RL, Weaver SC. 2015. Extended preclinical safety, efficacy and stability testing of a live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine candidate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004007.
75. Plante K, Wang E, Partidos CD, Weger J, Gorchakov R, Tsetsarkin K, Borland EM, Powers AM, Seymour R, Stinchcomb DT, Osorio JE, Frolov I, Weaver SC. 2011. Novel chikungunya vaccine candidate with an IRESbased attenuation and host range alteration mechanism. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002142.
76. Roy CJ, Adams AP, Wang E, Plante K, Gorchakov R, Seymour RL, Vinet-Oliphant H, Weaver SC. 7 January 2014. Chikungunya vaccine candidate is highly attenuated and protects nonhuman primates against telemetrically monitored disease following a single dose. J Infect Dis doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu014.
77. Partidos CD, Paykel J, Weger J, Borland EM, Powers AM, Seymour R, Weaver SC, Stinchcomb DT, Osorio JE. 2012. Cross-protective immunity against o'nyong-nyong virus afforded by a novel recombinant chikungunya vaccine. Vaccine 30:4638-4643.
78. Partidos CD, Weger J, Brewoo J, Seymour R, Borland EM, Ledermann JP, Powers AM, Weaver SC, Stinchcomb DT, Osorio JE. 2011. Probing the attenuation and protective efficacy of a candidate chikungunya virus vaccine in mice with compromised interferon (IFN) signaling. Vaccine 29:3067-3073.
79. Akahata W, Yang ZY, Andersen H, Sun S, Holdaway HA, Kong WP, Lewis MG, Higgs S, Rossmann MG, Rao S, Nabel GJ. 2010. A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic Chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection. Nat Med 16:334-338.
80. Chang LJ, Dowd KA, Mendoza FH, Saunders JG, Sitar S, Plummer SH, Yamshchikov G, Sarwar UN, Hu Z, Enama ME, Bailer RT, Koup RA, Schwartz RM, Akahata W, Nabel GJ, Mascola JR, Pierson TC, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE, Team VS. 2014. Safety and tolerability of chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1 doseescalation trial. Lancet 384:2046-2052.
81. Brandler S, Ruffie C, Combredet C, Brault JB, Najburg V, Prevost MC, Habel A, Tauber E, Despres P, Tangy F. 2013. A recombinant measles vaccine expressing chikungunya virus-like particles is strongly immunogenic and protects mice from lethal challenge with chikungunya virus. Vaccine 31:3718-3725.
82. Ramsauer K, Schwameis M, Firbas C, Mullner M, Putnak RJ, Thomas SJ, Despres P, Tauber E, Jilma B, Tangy F. 2015. Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a recombinant measles-virus-based chikungunya vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active-comparator, first-in-man trial. Lancet Infect Dis 15:519-527.
83. Tiwari M, Parida M, Santhosh SR, Khan M, Dash PK, Rao PV. 2009. Assessment of immunogenic potential of Vero adapted formalin inactivated vaccine derived from novel ECSA genotype of Chikungunya virus. Vaccine 27:2513-2522.
84. Wang E, Kim DY, Weaver SC, Frolov I. 2011. Chimeric Chikungunya viruses are nonpathogenic in highly sensitive mouse models but efficiently induce a protective immune response. J Virol 85:9249-9252.
85. Wang D, Suhrbier A, Penn-Nicholson A, Woraratanadharm J, Gardner J, Luo M, Le TT, Anraku I, Sakalian M, Einfeld D, Dong JY. 2011. A complex adenovirus vaccine against chikungunya virus provides complete protection against viraemia and arthritis. Vaccine 29:2803-2809.
86. Muthumani K, Lankaraman KM, Laddy DJ, Sundaram SG, Chung CW, Sako E, Wu L, Khan A, Sardesai N, Kim JJ, Vijayachari P, Weiner DB. 2008. Immunogenicity of novel consensus-based DNA vaccines against Chikungunya virus. Vaccine 26:5128.
87. Mallilankaraman K, Shedlock DJ, Bao H, Kawalekar OU, Fagone P, Ramanathan AA, Ferraro B, Stabenow J, Vijayachari P, Sundaram SG, Muruganandam N, Sarangan G, Srikanth P, Khan AS, Lewis MG, Kim JJ, Sardesai NY, Muthumani K, Weiner DB. 2011. A DNA vaccine against chikungunya virus is protective in mice and induces neutralizing antibodies in mice and nonhuman primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e928.
88. Kumar M, Sudeep AB, Arankalle VA. 2012. Evaluation of recombinant E2 protein-based and whole-virus inactivated candidate vaccines against chikungunya virus. Vaccine 30:6142-6149.
89. Metz SW, Geertsema C, Martina BE, Andrade P, Heldens JG, van Oers MM, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM, Pijlman GP. 2011. Functional processing and secretion of Chikungunya virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins in insect cells. Virol J 8:353.
90. Metz SW, Gardner J, Geertsema C, Le TT, Goh L, Vlak JM, Suhrbier A, Pijlman GP. 2013. Effective chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine produced in insect cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2124.
91. Graci JD, Cameron CE. 2006. Mechanisms of action of ribavirin against distinct viruses. Rev Med Virol 16:37-48.
92. Ravichandran R, Manian M. 2008. Ribavirin therapy for Chikungunya arthritis. J Infect Dev Ctries 2:140-142.
93. Briolant S, Garin D, Scaramozzino N, Jouan A, Crance JM. 2004. In vitro inhibition of Chikungunya and Semliki Forest viruses replication by antiviral compounds: synergistic effect of interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination. Antiviral Res 61:111-117.
94. Khan M, Dhanwani R, Patro IK, Rao PV, Parida MM. 2011. Cellular IMPDH enzyme activity is a potential target for the inhibition of Chikungunya virus replication and virus induced apoptosis in cultured mammalian cells. Antiviral Res 89:1-8.
95. Fresno M, Jimenez A, Vazquez D. 1977. Inhibition of translation in eukaryotic systems by harringtonine. Eur J Biochem 72:323-330.
96. Fan IJ, Han R. 1979. The effect of harringtonine on the cell cycle of L-1210 cells and the bone marrow stem cells in mice. Yao Xue Xue Bao 14:467-473. (Author's translation.)
97. Kaur P, ThiruchelvanM, Lee RC, Chen H, Chen KC, Ng ML, Chu JJ. 2013. Inhibition of chikungunya virus replication by harringtonine, a novel antiviral that suppresses viral protein expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:155-167.
98. Couderc T, Khandoudi N, Grandadam M, Visse C, Gangneux N, Bagot S, Prost JF, Lecuit M. 2009. Prophylaxis and therapy for Chikungunya virus infection. J Infect Dis 200:516-523.
99. Warter L, Lee CY, Thiagarajan R, Grandadam M, Lebecque S, Lin RT, Bertin-Maghit S, Ng LF, Abastado JP, Despres P, Wang CI, Nardin A. 2011. Chikungunya virus envelope-specific human monoclonal antibodies with broad neutralization potency. J Immunol 186:3258-3264.
100. Goh LY, Hobson-Peters J, Prow NA, Gardner J, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Pyke AT, Suhrbier A, Hall RA. 2013. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the E2 protein of chikungunya virus protects against disease in a mouse model. Clin Immunol 149:487-497.
101. Selvarajah S, Sexton NR, Kahle KM, Fong RH, Mattia KA, Gardner J, Lu K, Liss NM, Salvador B, Tucker DF, Barnes T, Mabila M, Zhou X, Rossini G, Rucker JB, Sanders DA, Suhrbier A, Sambri V, Michault A, Muench MO, Doranz BJ, Simmons G. 2013. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody targeting the acid-sensitive region in chikungunya virus E2 protects from disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2423.
102. Jin J, Liss NM, Chen DH, Liao M, Fox JM, Shimak RM, Fong RH, Chafets D, Bakkour S, Keating S, Fomin ME, Muench MO, Sherman MB, Doranz BJ, Diamond MS, Simmons G. 2015. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block Chikungunya virus entry and release by targeting an epitope critical to viral pathogenesis. Cell Rep 13:2553-2564.
103. Smith SA, Silva LA, Fox JM, Flyak AI, Kose N, Sapparapu G, Khomandiak S, Ashbrook AW, Kahle KM, Fong RH, Swayne S, Doranz BJ, McGee CE, Heise MT, Pal P, Brien JD, Austin SK, Diamond MS, Dermody TS, Crowe JE, Jr. 2015. Isolation and characterization of broad and ultrapotent human monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic activity against Chikungunya virus. Cell Host Microbe 18:86-95.
104. Pal P, Fox JM, Hawman DW, Huang YJ, Messaoudi I, Kreklywich C, Denton M, Legasse AW, Smith PP, Johnson S, AxthelmMK, Vanlandingham DL, StreblowDN, Higgs S, Morrison TE, DiamondMS. 2014. Chikungunya viruses that escape monoclonal antibody therapy are clinically attenuated, stable, and not purified in mosquitoes. J Virol 88:8213-8226.
105. Ramful D, Carbonnier M, Pasquet M, Bouhmani B, Ghazouani J, Noormahomed T, Beullier G, Attali T, Samperiz S, Fourmaintraux A, Alessandri JL. 2007. Mother-to-child transmission of Chikungunya virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:811-815.
106. Khan M, Santhosh SR, Tiwari M, Lakshmana Rao PV, Parida M. 2010. Assessment of in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against Chikungunya virus in Vero cells. J Med Virol 82:817-824.
107. Brighton SW. 1984. Chloroquine phosphate treatment of chronic Chikungunya arthritis. An open pilot study. S Afr Med J 66:217-218.
108. Chopra A, Saluja M, Venugopalan A. 2014. Effectiveness of chloroquine and inflammatory cytokine response in patients with early persistent musculoskeletal pain and arthritis following chikungunya virus infection. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:319-326.
109. de Lamballerie X, Boisson V, Reynier J-C, Enault S, Charrel RN, Flahault A, Roques P, Le Grand R. 2008. Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. Infect Disord Drug Targets 8:837-840 doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0049.
110. MiroloM, FabbriM, SironiM, Vecchi A, Guglielmotti A, ManganoG, Biondi G, Locati M, Mantovani A. 2008. Impact of the anti-inflammatory agent bindarit on the chemokinome: selective inhibition of the monocyte chemotactic proteins. Eur Cytokine Netw 19:119-122.
111. Zoja C, Corna D, Benedetti G, Morigi M, Donadelli R, Guglielmotti A, Pinza M, Bertani T, Remuzzi G. 1998. Bindarit retards renal disease and prolongs survival in murine lupus autoimmune disease. Kidney Int 53:726-734.
112. Chen W, Foo SS, Taylor A, Lulla A, Merits A, Hueston L, Forwood MR, Walsh NC, Sims NA, Herrero LJ, Mahalingam S. 2015. Bindarit, an inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic protein synthesis, protects against bone loss induced by chikungunya virus infection. J Virol 89:581-593.
113. Poo YS, Nakaya H, Gardner J, Larcher T, Schroder WA, Le TT, Major LD, Suhrbier A. 2014. CCR2 deficiency promotes exacerbated chronic erosive neutrophil-dominated chikungunya virus arthritis. J Virol 88:6862-6872.
114. Ganu MA, Ganu AS. 2011. Post-chikungunya chronic arthritis-our experience with DMARDs over two year follow up. J Assoc Physicians India 59:83-86.
115. Rulli NE, Rolph MS, Srikiatkhachorn A, Anantapreecha S, Guglielmotti A, Mahalingam S. 2011. Protection from arthritis and myositis in a mouse model of acute chikungunya virus disease by bindarit, an inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis. J Infect Dis 204:1026-1030 doi:10.1093/infdis/jir470.