Type 2 diabetes mellitus in African women

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

Volumn 123, Issue , 2017, Pages 87-96

  Goedecke, Julia H ^a   Mtintsilana, Asanda ^a   Dlamini, Siphiwe N ^a   Pascal Kengne, Andre ^a  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue biology; Body fat distribution; Detection and management of diabetes; Dual burden of disease; Pathophysiology; Risk factors for diabetes

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID;

ADIPOGENESIS; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CORTICOSTEROID METABOLISM; CULTURAL FACTOR; DISEASE EXACERBATION; FEMALE; FOOD INSECURITY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE; LIPID STORAGE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITION; OBESITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ASPECT; URBANIZATION; ADULT; BLACK PERSON; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ETHNOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED;

ADULT; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85008199782     PISSN: 01688227     EISSN: 18728227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.11.017     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. [1] International Diabetes Federation. Seventh ed., 2015, IDF Diabetes Atlas.
2. [2] Peer, N., Kengne, A.P., Motala, A.A., Mbanya, J.-C., Diabetes in the Africa region: an update. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103 (2014), 197–205, 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.006.
3. [3] Hilawe, E.H., Yatsuya, H., Kawaguchi, L., Aoyama, A., Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 91 (2013), 671–682D, 10.2471/BLT.12.113415.
4. [4] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration NCD-RisC, Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4·4 million participants. Lancet 2016:387 (1980), 1513–1530, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8.
5. [5] Sobngwi, E., Ndour-Mbaye, M., Boateng, K.A., Ramaiya, K.L., Njenga, E.W., Diop, S.N., et al. Type 2 diabetes control and complications in specialised diabetes care centres of six sub-Saharan African countries: the Diabcare Africa study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 95 (2012), 30–36, 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.018.
6. [6] Negin, J., Bärnighausen, T., Lundgren, J.D., Mills, E.J., Aging with HIV in Africa. AIDS 26 (2012), S1–S5, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283560f54.
7. [7] Chandler-Laney, P.C., Phadke, R.P., Granger, W.M., Fernández, J.R., Muñoz, J.A., Man, C.D., et al. Age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function among European-American and African-American Women. Obesity 19 (2009), 528–535, 10.1038/oby.2010.212.
8. [8] Goedecke, J.H., George, C., Veras, K., Peer, N., Lombard, C., Victor, H., et al. Sex differences in insulin sensitivity and insulin response with increasing age in black South African men and women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 122 (2016), 207–214, 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.11.005.
9. [9] Baptiste-Roberts, K., Gary, T.L., Beckles, G.L.A., Gregg, E.W., Owens, M., Porterfield, D., et al. Family history of diabetes, awareness of risk factors, and health behaviors among African Americans. Am J Public Health 97 (2007), 907–912, 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077032.
10. [10] Danquah, I., Othmer, T., Frank, L.K., Bedu-Addo, G., Schulze, M.B., Mockenhaupt, F.P., The TCF7L2 rs7903146 (T) allele is associated with type 2 diabetes in urban Ghana: a hospital-basedcase–control study. BMC Med Genet 14 (2013), 1–9, 10.1186/1471-2350-14-96.
11. [11] Abdelhamid, I., Lasram, K., Meiloud, G., Ben Halim, N., Kefi, R., Samb, A., et al. E23K variant in KCNJ11 gene is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Mauritanian population. Primary Care Diabetes 8 (2014), 171–175, 10.1016/j.pcd.2013.10.006.
12. [12] Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384 (2014), 766–781, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.
13. [13] Christensen, D.L., Friis, H., Mwaniki, D.L., Kilonzo, B., Tetens, I., Boit, M.K., et al. Prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated risk factors in rural and urban populations of different ethnic groups in Kenya. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 84 (2009), 303–310, 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.03.007.
14. [14] Peer, N., Bradshaw, D., Laubscher, R., Steyn, N., Steyn, K., Urban–rural and gender differences in tobacco and alcohol use, diet and physical activity among young black South Africans between 1998 and 2003. Global Health Action, 6, 2013, 934, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745.
15. [15] Kufe, C.N., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Leopold, F., Assah, F., Ngufor, G., Mbeh, G., et al. Risk factors of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 2015, 1–10, 10.1186/s12889-015-1413-2.
16. [16] Okoro, E.O., Oyejola, B.A., Etebu, E.N., Sholagberu, H., Kolo, P.M., Chijioke, A., et al. Body size preference among Yoruba in three Nigerian communities. Eat Weight Disord 19 (2013), 77–88, 10.1007/s40519-013-0060-9.
17. [17] Okop, K.J., Mukumbang, F.C., Mathole, T., Levitt, N., Puoane, T., Perceptions of body size, obesity threat and the willingness to lose weight among black South African adults: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 2016, 1–13, 10.1186/s12889-016-3028-7.
18. [18] Appiah, CA, Otoo, GE, Steiner-Asiedu, M, Preferred body size in urban Ghanaian women: implication on the overweight/obesity problem. Pan Afr Med J, 2016, 23 doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.23.239.7883.
19. [19] Matoti-Mvalo, T., Puoane, T., Perceptions of body size and its association with HIV/AIDS. South African J Clin Nutr 24 (2011), 1–6.
20. [20] McHiza, Z.J., Goedecke, J.H., Lambert, E.V., Intra-familial and ethnic effects on attitudinal and perceptual body image: a cohort of South African mother-daughter dyads. BMC Public Health, 11, 2011, 433, 10.1186/1471-2458-11-433.
21. [21] Njelekela, M.A., Mpembeni, R., Muhihi, A., Mligiliche, N.L., Spiegelman, D., Hertzmark, E., et al. Gender-related differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their correlates in urban Tanzania. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 9, 2009, 32, 10.1136/tc.11.3.210.
22. [22] Schatz, E., Seeley, J., Gender, ageing and carework in East and Southern Africa: a review. Global Public Health 10 (2015), 1185–1200, 10.1080/17441692.2015.1035664.
23. [23] Steyn, N.P., McHiza, Z.J., Obesity and the nutrition transition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1311 (2014), 88–101, 10.1111/nyas.12433.
24. [24] Bosu, W.K., An overview of the nutrition transition in West Africa: implications for non-communicable diseases. Proc Nutr Soc 74 (2014), 466–477, 10.1017/S0029665114001669.
25. [25] Unwin, N., James, P., McLarty, D., Machybia, H., Nkulila, P., Tamin, B., et al. Rural to urban migration and changes in cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 10, 2010, 455, 10.1079/PHN2005784.
26. [26] Puoane T, Matwa P, Bradley H, Hughes G. Socio-cultural Factors Influencing Food Consumption Patterns in the Black African Population in an Urban Township in South Africa 2006:1–5.
27. [27] Steyn, N.P., Nel, J.H., Parker, W.-A., Ayah, R., Mbithe, D., Dietary, social, and environmental determinants of obesity in Kenyan women. Scand J Public Health 39 (2011), 88–97, 10.1177/1403494810384426.
28. [28] Assah, F., Mbanya, J.-C., Ekelund, U., Wareham, N., Brage, S., Patterns and correlates of objectively measured free-living physical activity in adults in rural and urban Cameroon. J Epidemiol Community Health 69 (2015), 700–707, 10.1136/jech-2014-205154.
29. [29] Cornia, G.A., Rosignoli, S., Tiberti, L., WHO commission on social determinants of health. 2007, Globalization and Health Knowledge Network Research Papers.
30. [30] Sedibe, H.M., Kahn, K., Edin, K., Gitau, T., Ivarsson, A., Norris, S.A., Qualitative study exploring healthy eating practices and physical activity among adolescent girls in rural South Africa., 14, 2014, 1–9, 10.1186/1471-2431-14-211.
31. [31] World Bank, World bank annual report 2015. 2015, Carlos Rossel, Washington DC, 10.1596/978-1-4648-0574-5.
32. [32] FAO, IFAD, WFP. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN 2015. The state of food insecurity in the world 2015:1–62.
33. [33] Abrahams, Z., Mchiza, Z., Steyn, N.P., Diet and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa: stages in the nutrition transition. BMC Public Health, 11, 2011, 801, 10.1186/1471-2458-11-801.
34. [34] Mbanya, J.-C., Assah, F.K., Saji, J., Atanga, E.N., Obesity and type 2 diabetes in Sub-Sahara Africa. Curr Diab Rep, 14, 2014, 501, 10.1007/s11892-014-0501-5.
35. [35] Guthold, R., Louazani, S.A., Riley, L.M., Cowan, M.J., Bovet, P., Damasceno, A., et al. Physical activity in 22 African countries. Am J Prev Med 41 (2011), 52–60, 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.008.
36. [36] Sobngwi, E., Mbanya, J.-C.N., Unwin, N.C., Kengne, A.-P., Fezeu, L., Minkoulou, E.M., et al. Physical activity and its relationship with obesity, hypertension and diabetes in urban and rural Cameroon. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 (2002), 1009–1016, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802008.
37. [37] Dickie, K., Micklesfield, L.K., Chantler, S., Lambert, E.V., Goedecke, J.H., Meeting physical activity guidelines is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in black South African women; a 5.5-year follow-up study. BMC Public Health 14 (2014), 1–11, 10.1186/1471-2458-14-498.
38. [38] Goedecke, J.H., Levitt, N.S., Lambert, E.V., Utzschneider, K.M., Faulenbach, M.V., Dave, J.A., et al. Differential effects of abdominal adipose tissue distribution on insulin sensitivity in black and white South African women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17 (2009), 1506–1512, 10.1038/oby.2009.73.
39. [39] Kinsman, J., Norris, S.A., Kahn, K., Twine, R., Riggle, K., Edin, K., et al. A model for promoting physical activity among rural South African adolescent girls. Global Health Action, 8, 2015, 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300222.
40. [40] Goedecke, J.H., Dave, J.A., Faulenbach, M.V., Utzschneider, K.M., Lambert, E.V., West, S., et al. Insulin response in relation to insulin sensitivity: an appropriate beta-cell response in black South African women. Diabetes Care 32 (2009), 860–865, 10.2337/dc08-2048.
41. [41] van der Merwe, M.T., Crowther, N.J., Schlaphoff, G.P., Gray, I.P., Joffe, B.I., Lönnroth, P.N., Evidence for insulin resistance in black women from South Africa. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24 (2000), 1340–1346.
42. [42] Osei, K., Schuster, D.P., Owusu, S.K., Amoah, A.G., Race and ethnicity determine serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations and hepatic insulin extraction and insulin clearance: comparative studies of three populations of West African ancestry and white Americans. Metab Clin Exp 46 (1997), 53–58.
43. [43] Geer, E.B., Shen, W., Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. Gend Med 6 (2009), 60–75, 10.1016/j.genm.2009.02.002.
44. [44] Goedecke, J.H., Keswell, D., Weinreich, C., Fan, J., Hauksson, J., Victor, H., et al. Ethnic differences in hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity and their associated determinants in obese black and white South African women. Diabetologia 58 (2015), 2647–2652, 10.1007/s00125-015-3720-7.
45. [45] Preis, S.R., Massaro, J.M., Robins, S.J., Hoffmann, U., Vasan, R.S., Irlbeck, T., et al. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in the Framingham heart study. Obesity 18 (2009), 2191–2198, 10.1038/oby.2010.59.
46. [46] Shay, C.M., Carnethon, M.R., Church, T.R., Hankinson, A.L., Chan, C., Jacobs, D.R. Jr, et al. Lower extremity fat mass is associated with insulin resistance in overweight and obese individuals: the CARDIA study. Obesity 19 (2011), 2248–2253, 10.1038/oby.2011.113.
47. [47] Keswell, D., Tootla, M., Goedecke, J.H., Associations between body fat distribution, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in black and white South African women. Cardiovasc J Afr 27 (2016), 1–7, 10.5830/CVJA-2015-088.
48. [48] Rush, E.C., Goedecke, J.H., Jennings, C., Micklesfield, L., Dugas, L., Lambert, E.V., et al. BMI, fat and muscle differences in urban women of five ethnicities from two countries. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 31 (2007), 1232–1239, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803576.
49. [49] Sumner, A.E., Micklesfield, L.K., Ricks, M., Tambay, A.V., Avila, N.A., Thomas, F., et al. Waist circumference, BMI, and visceral adipose tissue in white women and women of african descent. Obesity 19 (2009), 671–674, 10.1038/oby.2010.201.
50. [50] Chantler, S., Dickie, K., Micklesfield, L.K., Goedecke, J.H., Longitudinal changes in body fat and its distribution in relation to cardiometabolic risk in black South African Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 13 (2015), 381–388, 10.1089/met.2015.0021.
51. [51] Christensen, D.L., Faurholt-Jepsen, D., Faerch, K., Mwaniki, D.L., Boit, M.K., Kilonzo, B., et al. Insulin resistance and beta-cell function in different ethnic groups in Kenya: the role of abdominal fat distribution. Acta Diabetol 51 (2013), 53–60, 10.1007/s00592-013-0474-x.
52. [52] Goedecke, J.H., Evans, J., Keswell, D., Stimson, R.H., Livingstone, D.E.W., Hayes, P., et al. Reduced gluteal expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes in black South African women is associated with obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 (2011), E2029–33, 10.1210/jc.2011-1576.
53. [53] Kotzé-Hörstmann, L.M., Keswell, D., Adams, K., Dlamini, T., Goedecke, J.H., Hypoxia and extra-cellular matrix gene expression in adipose tissue associates with reduced insulin sensitivity in black South African women. Endocrine, 2016, 1, 10.1007/s12020-016-1089-0.
54. [54] Wensveen, F.M., Valentić, S., Šestan, M., Turk Wensveen, T., Polić, B., The, “Big Bang” in obese fat: Events initiating obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Eur J Immunol 45 (2015), 2446–2456, 10.1002/eji.201545502.
55. [55] Evans, J., Goedecke, J.H., Söderström, I., Burén, J., Alvehus, M., Blomquist, C., et al. Depot- and ethnic-specific differences in the relationship between adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 74 (2010), 51–59, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03883.x.
56. [56] Ness, R.B., Haggerty, C.L., Harger, G., Ferrell, R., Differential distribution of allelic variants in cytokine genes among African Americans and White Americans. Am J Epidemiol 160 (2004), 1033–1038, 10.1093/aje/kwh325.
57. [57] Goedecke, J.H., Chorell, E., Livingstone, D.E.W., Stimson, R.H., Hayes, P., Adams, K., et al. Glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in adipose tissue and associated metabolic risk in black and white South African women. Int J Obesity, 2014, 1–9, 10.1038/ijo.2014.94.
58. 2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is an important regulator at the interface of obesity and inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 119 (2010), 56–72, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.013.
59. [59] Punyadeera, C., van der Merwe, M.T., Crowther, N.J., Toman, M., Schlaphoff, G.P., Gray, I.P., Ethnic differences in lipid metabolism in two groups of obese South African women. J Lipid Res 42 (2001), 760–767.
60. [60] Schutte, A., Olckers, A., Metabolic syndrome risk in black South African women compared to Caucasian women. Horm Metab Res 39 (2007), 651–657, 10.1055/s-2007-985394.
61. [61] Goedecke, J.H., Wake, D.J., Levitt, N.S., Lambert, E.V., Collins, M.R., Morton, N.M., et al. Glucocorticoid metabolism within superficial subcutaneous rather than visceral adipose tissue is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in South African women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65 (2006), 81–87, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02552.x.
62. [62] Snel, M., Jonker, J.T., Schoones, J., Lamb, H., de Roos, A., Pijl, H., et al. Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions. Int J Endocrinol 2012 (2012), 1–18, 10.1155/2012/983814.
63. [63] Ingram, K.H., Lara-Castro, C., Gower, B.A., Makowsky, R., Allison, D.B., Newcomer, B.R., et al. Intramyocellular lipid and insulin resistance: differential relationships in European and African Americans. Obesity 19 (2009), 1469–1475, 10.1038/oby.2011.45.
64. [64] UNAIDS. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010 (Joint United Nations Programme on Hiv/Aids (Unaids)). Pap/Chrt. World Health Organization; 2011.
65. [65] Abrahams, Z., Dave, J.A., Maartens, G., Levitt, N.S., Changes in blood pressure, glucoselevels, insulin secretion and anthropometry after long term exposure to antiretroviral therapy in South African women. AIDS Res Therapy, 2015, 1–6, 10.1186/s12981-015-0065-8.
66. [66] Goedecke, J.H., Micklesfield, L.K., Levitt, N.S., Lambert, E.V., West, S., Maartens, G., et al. Effect of different antiretroviral drug regimens on body fat distribution of HIV-infected South African Women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 29 (2013), 557–563, 10.1089/aid.2012.0252.
67. [67] Marais, Ben J., et al. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. Lancet Infect Dis 13 (2013), 436–448, 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70015-X.
68. [68] Young, F., Critchley, J.A., Johnstone, L.K., Unwin, N.C., A review of co-morbidity between infectious and chronic disease in Sub Saharan Africa: TB and Diabetes Mellitus, HIV and Metabolic Syndrome, and the impact of globalization. Global Health, 5, 2009, 9, 10.1186/1744-8603-5-9.
69. [69] Sobngwi, E., Mbanya, J.-C., The double burden of infectious diseases and diabetes— A bidirectional relationship. US Endocrinol Highlights, 2015, 1–2 UK F.
70. [70] Peer, N, The converging burdens of infectious and non-communicable diseases in rural-to-urban migrant Sub-Saharan African populations: a focus on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and cardio-metabolic diseases. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines, 2015, 1–8, 10.1186/s40794-015-0007-4.
71. [71] Mendenhall, E., Omondi, G.B., Bosire, E., Isaiah, G., Musau, A., Ndetei, D., et al. Social Science & Medicine. Soc Sci Med 146 (2015), 11–20, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.015.
72. [72] NCD Alliance, Non-communicable diseases: a priority for women's health and development. 2011, NCD Alliance, Geneva.
73. [73] McIntyre, D., Thiede, M., Dahlgren, G., Whitehead, M., What are the economic consequences for households of illness and of paying for health care in low- and middle-income country contexts?. Soc Sci Med 62 (2006), 858–865, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.001.
74. [74] World Diabetes Foundation, Global alliance for women's health. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 104 (2009), S46–S50, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.11.014.
75. [75] Guo, F., Moellering, D.R., Garvey, W.T., Use of HbA1c for diagnoses of diabetes and prediabetes: comparison with diagnoses based on fasting and 2-hr glucose values and effects of gender, race, and age. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 12 (2014), 258–268, 10.1089/met.2013.0128.
76. [76] Echouffo-Tcheugui, J.B., Dzudie, A., Epacka, M.E., Choukem, S.P., Doualla, M.S., Luma, H., et al. Prevalence and determinants of undiagnosed diabetes in an urban sub-Saharan African population. Primary Care Diabetes 6 (2012), 229–234, 10.1016/j.pcd.2012.05.002.