Hierarchical nanostructures of metal oxides for enhancing charge separation and transport in photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion systems

Nanoscale Horizons

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 96-108

  Chen, Haining ^a   Yang, Shihe ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENERGY CONVERSION; HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; METALS; NANOSTRUCTURES; SEPARATION; SOLAR ENERGY;

CHARGE SEPARATIONS; DESIGN AND APPLICATION; FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS; HIERARCHICAL NANOSTRUCTURES; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL SOLAR CELL; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICALS;

DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 85007567977     PISSN: 20556756     EISSN: 20556764     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/c5nh00033e     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. W. Chen Y. Qiu S. Yang Branched ZnO nanostructures as building blocks of photoelectrodes for efficient solar energy conversion Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012 14 10872 10881
2. M. A. Butler D. S. Ginley Principles of photoelectrochemical, solar energy conversion J. Mater. Sci. 1980 15 1 19
3. R. Memming Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical processes Electrochim. Acta 1980 25 77 88
4. A. J. Bard Design of semiconductor photoelectrochemical systems for solar energy conversion J. Phys. Chem. 1982 86 172 177
5. R. Memming, Photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion, in Electrochemistry II, in Top. Curr. Chem., ed., E. Steckhan, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988, vol. 143, pp. 79-112
6. P. V. Kamat Meeting the Clean Energy Demand: Nanostructure Architectures for Solar Energy Conversion J. Phys. Chem. C 2007 111 2834 2860
7. M. Gratzel Photoelectrochemical cells Nature 2001 414 338 344
8. M. G. Walter E. L. Warren J. R. McKone S. W. Boettcher Q. Mi E. A. Santori N. S. Lewis Solar water splitting cells Chem. Rev. 2010 110 6446 6473
9. X. Wang C. Liow D. Qi B. Zhu W. R. Leow H. Wang C. Xue X. Chen S. Li Programmable Photo-Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Based on Multi-Segmented CdS-Au Nanorod Arrays Adv. Mater. 2014 26 3506 3512
10. X. Wang C. Liow A. Bisht X. Liu T. C. Sum X. Chen S. Li Engineering Interfacial Photo-Induced Charge Transfer Based on Nanobamboo Array Architecture for Efficient Solar-to-Chemical Energy Conversion Adv. Mater. 2015 27 2207 2214
11. 2 films Nature 1991 353 737 740
12. A. Hagfeldt G. Boschloo L. Sun L. Kloo H. Pettersson Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Chem. Rev. 2010 110 6595 6663
13. H. G. Park J. K. Holt Recent advances in nanoelectrode architecture for photochemical hydrogen production Energy Environ. Sci. 2010 3 1028 1036
14. A. Kudo Y. Miseki Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009 38 253 278
15. A. B. Martinson T. W. Hamann M. J. Pellin J. T. Hupp New architectures for dye-sensitized solar cells Chemistry 2008 14 4458 4467
16. J. Van de Lagemaat A. Frank Effect of the surface-state distribution on electron transport in dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells: Nonlinear electron-transport kinetics J. Phys. Chem. B 2000 104 4292 4294
17. J. Bisquert Physical electrochemistry of nanostructured devices Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008 10 49 72
18. W. Q. Wu Y. F. Xu C. Y. Su D. B. Kuang Ultra-long anatase TiO2 nanowire arrays with multi-layered configuration on FTO glass for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2014 7 644 649
19. X. Feng K. Shankar O. K. Varghese M. Paulose T. J. Latempa C. A. Grimes Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis details and applications Nano Lett. 2008 8 3781 3786
20. I. S. Cho M. Logar C. H. Lee L. Cai F. B. Prinz X. Zheng Rapid and controllable flame reduction of TiO2 nanowires for enhanced solar water-splitting Nano Lett. 2014 14 24 31
21. M. Law L. E. Greene J. C. Johnson R. Saykally P. Yang Nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells Nat. Mater. 2005 4 455 459
22. H. N. Chen L. Q. Zhu M. Wang H. C. Liu W. P. Li Wire-shaped quantum dots-sensitized solar cells based on nanosheets and nanowires Nanotechnology 2011 22 475402
23. H. N. Chen L. Q. Zhu H. C. Liu W. P. Li Growth of ZnO nanowires on fibers for one-dimensional flexible quantum dot-sensitized solar cells Nanotechnology 2012 23 075402
24. B. Liu E. S. Aydil Growth of Oriented Single-Crystalline Rutile TiO2 Nanorods on Transparent Conducting Substrates for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009 131 3985 3990
25. E. Enache-Pommer B. Liu E. S. Aydil Electron transport and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells made from single-crystal rutile TiO2 nanowires Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009 11 9648 9652
26. 2 nanorod arrays Small 2009 5 104 111
27. H. Chen Z. Wei K. Yan Y. Bai S. Yang Unveiling Two Electron-Transport Modes in Oxygen-Deficient TiO2 Nanowires and Their Influence on Photoelectrochemical Operation J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014 5 2890 2896
28. Q. Kang J. Cao Y. Zhang L. Liu H. Xu J. Ye Reduced TiO2 nanotube arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting J. Mater. Chem. A 2013 1 5766
29. P. Roy S. Berger P. Schmuki TiO2 Nanotubes: Synthesis and Applications Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011 50 2904 2939
30. A. B. F. Martinson M. S. Góes F. Fabregat-Santiago J. Bisquert M. J. Pellin J. T. Hupp Electron Transport in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on ZnO Nanotubes: Evidence for Highly Efficient Charge Collection and Exceptionally Rapid Dynamics† J. Phys. Chem. A 2009 113 4015 4021
31. K. Zhu N. R. Neale A. Miedaner A. J. Frank Enhanced Charge-Collection Efficiencies and Light Scattering in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Oriented TiO2 Nanotubes Arrays Nano Lett. 2007 7 69 74
32. O. K. Varghese M. Paulose C. A. Grimes Long vertically aligned titania nanotubes on transparent conducting oxide for highly efficient solar cells Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009 4 592 597
33. H. N. Chen W. P. Li H. C. Liu L. Q. Zhu CdS quantum dots sensitized single- and multi-layer porous ZnO nanosheets for quantum dots-sensitized solar cells Electrochem. Commun. 2011 13 331 334
34. Q. Hou L. Q. Zhu H. N. Chen H. C. Liu W. P. Li Growth of flower-like porous ZnO nanosheets by electrodeposition with Zn-5(OH)(8)(NO3)(2)center dot 2H(2)O as precursor Electrochim. Acta 2012 78 55 64
35. H. N. Chen L. Q. Zhu Q. Hou H. C. Liu W. P. Li Hollow TiO2 Porous Nanosheets: Transformation from ZnO Porous Nanosheets and Application in Photoelectrochemical Cells ChemSusChem 2013 6 983 988
36. H. N. Chen L. Q. Zhu H. C. Liu W. P. Li Zn-5(OH)(8)Cl-2 center dot H2O-based quantum dots-sensitized solar cells: A common corrosion product enhances the performance of photoelectrochemical cells Electrochim. Acta 2013 105 289 298
37. Q. Hou L. Q. Zhu H. N. Chen H. C. Liu W. P. Li Highly regular and ultra-thin porous ZnO nanosheets: An indirect electrodeposition method using acetate-containing precursor and their application in quantum dots-sensitized solar cells Electrochim. Acta 2013 94 72 79
38. X. Wang Z. Li J. Shi Y. Yu One-Dimensional Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Nanowires, Nanorods, and Nanobelts Chem. Rev. 2014 114 9346 9384
39. Q. Zhang G. Cao Nanostructured photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells Nano Today 2011 6 91 109
40. Q. Zhang G. Cao Hierarchically structured photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 2011 21 6769 6774
41. H.-Y. Chen D.-B. Kuang C.-Y. Su Hierarchically micro/nanostructured photoanode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 2012 22 15475 15489
42. C. Cheng H. J. Fan Branched nanowires: Synthesis and energy applications Nano Today 2012 7 327 343
43. B. Nikoobakht X. Wang A. Herzing J. Shi Scalable synthesis and device integration of self-registered one-dimensional zinc oxide nanostructures and related materials Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013 42 342 365
44. F. E. Osterloh Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013 42 2294 2320
45. Z.-F. Huang L. Pan J.-J. Zou X. Zhang L. Wang Nanostructured Bismuth Vanadate-Based Materials for Solar-Energy-Driven Water Oxidation: A Review on Recent Progress Nanoscale 2014 6 14044 14063
46. Z. Ren Y. Guo C.-H. Liu P.-X. Gao Hierarchically Nanostructured Materials for Sustainable Environmental Applications Front. Chem. 2013 1 18
47. Q. Zhang E. Uchaker S. L. Candelaria G. Cao Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013 42 3127 3171
48. Q. Zhang K. Park J. Xi D. Myers G. Cao Recent Progress in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Nanocrystallite Aggregates Adv. Energy Mater. 2011 1 988 1001
49. X. Xin, Dye-and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells based on nanostructured wide-bandgap semiconductors via an integrated experimental and modeling study, 2012
50. Z. Yang C. Y. Chen P. Roy H. T. Chang Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells incorporating nanomaterials Chem. Commun. 2011 47 9561 9571
51. J. Xu Z. Chen J. A. Zapien C.-S. Lee W. Zhang Surface Engineering of ZnO Nanostructures for Semiconductor-Sensitized Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2014 26 5337 5367
52. J. Tian G. Cao Control of Nanostructures and Interfaces of Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Quantum-Dots-Sensitized Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015 6 1859 1869
53. L. Forro O. Chauvet D. Emin L. Zuppiroli H. Berger F. Lévy High mobility n-type charge carriers in large single crystals of anatase (TiO2) J. Appl. Phys. 1994 75 633 635
54. L. Dloczik O. Ileperuma I. Lauermann L. M. Peter E. A. Ponomarev G. Redmond N. J. Shaw I. Uhlendorf Dynamic Response of Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells: Characterization by Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. B 1997 101 10281 10289
55. A. C. Fisher L. M. Peter E. A. Ponomarev A. B. Walker K. G. U. Wijayantha Intensity Dependence of the Back Reaction and Transport of Electrons in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. B 2000 104 949 958
56. J. R. Jennings A. Ghicov L. M. Peter P. Schmuki A. B. Walker Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Oriented TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Transport, Trapping, and Transfer of Electrons J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 130 13364 13372
57. I. S. Cho Z. Chen A. J. Forman D. R. Kim P. M. Rao T. F. Jaramillo X. Zheng Branched TiO(2) nanorods for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production Nano Lett. 2011 11 4978 4984
58. K. Sivula F. Le Formal M. Grätzel Solar Water Splitting: Progress Using Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Photoelectrodes ChemSusChem 2011 4 432 449
59. P. M. Rao L. Cai C. Liu I. S. Cho C. H. Lee J. M. Weisse P. Yang X. Zheng Simultaneously Efficient Light Absorption and Charge Separation in WO3/BiVO4 Core/Shell Nanowire Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Nano Lett. 2014 14 1099 1105
60. X. Sun Q. Li J. Jiang Y. Mao Morphology-tunable synthesis of ZnO nanoforest and its photoelectrochemical performance Nanoscale 2014 6 8769 8780
61. Y. Qiu S. Yang ZnO Nanotetrapods: Controlled Vapor-Phase Synthesis and Application for Humidity Sensing Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007 17 1345 1352
62. Z. Zhu J. Qiu K. Yan S. Yang Building High-Efficiency CdS/CdSe-Sensitized Solar Cells with a Hierarchically Branched Double-Layer Architecture ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013 5 4000 4005
63. K. Yan L. Zhang J. Qiu Y. Qiu Z. Zhu J. Wang S. Yang A quasi-quantum well sensitized solar cell with accelerated charge separation and collection J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013 135 9531 9539
64. W. Chen H. Zhang I. M. Hsing S. Yang A new photoanode architecture of dye sensitized solar cell based on ZnO nanotetrapods with no need for calcination Electrochem. Commun. 2009 11 1057 1060
65. W. Chen Y. Qiu S. Yang A new ZnO nanotetrapods/SnO2 nanoparticles composite photoanode for high efficiency flexible dye-sensitized solar cells Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010 12 9494 9501
66. W. Chen Y. Qiu Y. Zhong K. S. Wong S. Yang High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on the Composite Photoanodes of SnO2 Nanoparticles/ZnO Nanotetrapods J. Phys. Chem. A 2010 114 3127 3138
67. Y. Qiu K. Yan H. Deng S. Yang Secondary branching and nitrogen doping of ZnO nanotetrapods: building a highly active network for photoelectrochemical water splitting Nano Lett. 2012 12 407 413
68. C. T. Wu W. P. Liao J. J. Wu Three-dimensional ZnO nanodendrite/nanoparticle composite solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 2011 21 2871 2876
69. Y. Qiu S.-F. Leung Z. Wei Q. Lin X. Zheng Y. Zhang Z. Fan S. Yang Enhanced Charge Collection for Splitting of Water Enabled by an Engineered Three-Dimensional Nanospike Array J. Phys. Chem. C 2014 118 22465 22472
70. Y. Yue X. Yang Y. Wu N. T. Salim A. Islam T. Noda L. Han Selective Deposition of Insulating Metal Oxide in Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Device Performance ChemSusChem 2015 8 2625 2629
71. H. Chen Z. Wei K. Yan Y. Yi J. Wang S. Yang Liquid phase deposition of TiO 2 nanolayer affords CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3/nanocarbon solar cells with high open-circuit voltage Faraday Discuss. 2014 176 271 286
72. L. A. Marusak R. Messier W. B. White Optical absorption spectrum of hematite, αFe2O3 near IR to UV J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1980 41 981 984
73. A. Kay I. Cesar M. Grätzel New Benchmark for Water Photooxidation by Nanostructured α-Fe2O3 Films J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006 128 15714 15721
74. S. D. Tilley M. Cornuz K. Sivula M. Grätzel Light-Induced Water Splitting with Hematite: Improved Nanostructure and Iridium Oxide Catalysis Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010 49 6405 6408
75. S. C. Warren K. Voitchovsky H. Dotan C. M. Leroy M. Cornuz F. Stellacci C. Hebert A. Rothschild M. Gratzel Identifying champion nanostructures for solar water-splitting Nat. Mater. 2013 12 842 849
76. H. Chen Z. Wei K. Yan Y. Bai Z. Zhu T. Zhang S. Yang Epitaxial Growth of ZnO Nanodisks with Large Exposed Polar Facets on Nanowire Arrays for Promoting Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Small 2014 10 4760 4769
77. H. Wang Y. S. Bai Q. O. Wu W. Zhou H. Zhang J. H. Li L. Guo Rutile TiO2 nano-branched arrays on FTO for dye-sensitized solar cells Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011 13 6977 6982
78. D. Lee Y. Rho F. I. Allen A. M. Minor S. H. Ko C. P. Grigoropoulos Synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 nanowires with densely-packed and omnidirectional branches Nanoscale 2013 5 11147 11152
79. L. Chu L. Li J. Su F. Tu N. Liu Y. Gao A General Method for Preparing Anatase TiO2 Treelike-Nanoarrays on Various Metal Wires for Fiber Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Sci. Rep. 2014 4 4020
80. F. Shao J. Sun L. Gao S. Yang J. Luo Forest-like TiO2 hierarchical structures for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 2012 22 6824 6830
81. M. Ye D. Zheng M. Lv C. Chen C. Lin Z. Lin Hierarchically structured nanotubes for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells Adv. Mater. 2013 25 3039 3044
82. P. Roy D. Kim I. Paramasivam P. Schmuki Improved efficiency of TiO2 nanotubes in dye sensitized solar cells by decoration with TiO2 nanoparticles Electrochem. Commun. 2009 11 1001 1004
83. W. Guo D. Zheng M. Lu C.-J. Lin Z. L. Wang Branched TiO2 Nanorods Covered with TiO2 Nanosheets for Harvesting Solar Energies in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ECS Trans. 2011 41 103 109
84. C. Y. Jiang X. W. Sun G. Q. Lo D. L. Kwong J. X. Wang Improved dye-sensitized solar cells with a ZnO-nanoflower photoanode Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007 90 263501
85. S. H. Ko D. Lee H. W. Kang K. H. Nam J. Y. Yeo S. J. Hong C. P. Grigoropoulos H. J. Sung Nanoforest of hydrothermally grown hierarchical ZnO nanowires for a high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell Nano Lett. 2011 11 666 671
86. M. McCune W. Zhang Y. Deng High efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells based on three-dimensional multilayered ZnO nanowire arrays with "caterpillar-like" structure Nano Lett. 2012 12 3656 3662
87. H. M. Cheng W. H. Chiu C. H. Lee S. Y. Tsai W. F. Hsieh Formation of Branched ZnO Nanowires from Solvothermal Method and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Applications J. Phys. Chem. C 2008 112 16359 16364
88. F. Xu M. Dai Y. Lu L. Sun Hierarchical ZnO Nanowire-Nanosheet Architectures for High Power Conversion Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2010 114 2776 2782
89. J. Qiu M. Guo X. Wang Electrodeposition of Hierarchical ZnO Nanorod-Nanosheet Structures and Their Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011 3 2358 2367
90. W. T. Jiang C. T. Wu Y. H. Sung J. J. Wu Room-temperature fast construction of outperformed ZnO nanoarchitectures on nanowire-array templates for dye-sensitized solar cells ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013 5 911 917
91. H. Kim K. Yong A highly efficient light capturing 2D (nanosheet)-1D (nanorod) combined hierarchical ZnO nanostructure for efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cells Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013 15 2109 2116
92. M. Ye X. Xin C. Lin Z. Lin High Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Hierarchically Structured Nanotubes Nano Lett. 2011 11 3214 3220
93. W.-Q. Wu H.-S. Rao H.-L. Feng H.-Y. Chen D.-B. Kuang C.-Y. Su A family of vertically aligned nanowires with smooth, hierarchical and hyperbranched architectures for efficient energy conversion Nano Energy 2014 9 15 24
94. X. Dou D. Sabba N. Mathews L. H. Wong Y. M. Lam S. Mhaisalkar Hydrothermal Synthesis of High Electron Mobility Zn-doped SnO2 Nanoflowers as Photoanode Material for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Chem. Mater. 2011 23 3938 3945
95. Q. Zhang C. S. Dandeneau X. Zhou G. Cao ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2009 21 4087 4108
96. C. Yasuo I. Ashraful W. Yuki K. Ryoichi K. Naoki H. Liyuan Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Conversion Efficiency of 11.1% Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2006 45 L638
97. A. Yella H.-W. Lee H. N. Tsao C. Yi A. K. Chandiran M. K. Nazeeruddin E. W.-G. Diau C.-Y. Yeh S. M. Zakeeruddin M. Grätzel Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt(ii/iii)-Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency Science 2011 334 629 634
98. S. Mathew A. Yella P. Gao R. Humphry-Baker F. E. CurchodBasile N. Ashari-Astani I. Tavernelli U. Rothlisberger K. NazeeruddinMd M. Grätzel Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers Nat. Chem. 2014 6 242 247
99. W.-Q. Wu H.-L. Feng H.-S. Rao Y.-F. Xu D.-B. Kuang C.-Y. Su Maximizing omnidirectional light harvesting in metal oxide hyperbranched array architectures Nat. Commun. 2014 5 3968
100. W.-Q. Wu Y.-F. Xu H.-S. Rao C.-Y. Su D.-B. Kuang Multistack Integration of Three-Dimensional Hyperbranched Anatase Titania Architectures for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014 136 6437 6445
101. T. P. Chou Q. Zhang G. E. Fryxell G. Z. Cao Hierarchically Structured ZnO Film for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Enhanced Energy Conversion Efficiency Adv. Mater. 2007 19 2588 2592
102. Q. Zhang T. P. Chou B. Russo S. A. Jenekhe G. Cao Aggregation of ZnO nanocrystallites for high conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells Angew. Chem. 2008 47 2402 2406
103. K. Park Q. Zhang B. B. Garcia X. Zhou Y. H. Jeong G. Cao Effect of an ultrathin TiO(2) layer coated on submicrometer-sized ZnO nanocrystallite aggregates by atomic layer deposition on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells Adv. Mater. 2010 22 2329 2332
104. N. Memarian I. Concina A. Braga S. M. Rozati A. Vomiero G. Sberveglieri Hierarchically Assembled ZnO Nanocrystallites for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011 50 12321 12325
105. D. Chen F. Huang Y.-B. Cheng R. A. Caruso Mesoporous Anatase TiO2Beads with High Surface Areas and Controllable Pore Sizes: A Superior Candidate for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2009 21 2206 2210
106. D. Chen L. Cao F. Huang P. Imperia Y. B. Cheng R. A. Caruso Synthesis of monodisperse mesoporous titania beads with controllable diameter, high surface areas, and variable pore diameters (14-23 nm) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010 132 4438 4444
107. 2 Beads for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010 20 1301 1305
108. F. Sauvage D. Chen P. Comte F. Huang L.-P. Heiniger Y.-B. Cheng R. A. Caruso M. Graetzel Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Employing a Single Film of Mesoporous TiO2 Beads Achieve Power Conversion Efficiencies Over 10% ACS Nano 2010 4 4420 4425
109. D. H. Chen R. A. Caruso Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Spherical Titania Nanostructures and Their Applications Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013 23 1356 1374
110. K. Yan Y. Qiu W. Chen M. Zhang S. Yang A double layered photoanode made of highly crystalline TiO2 nanooctahedra and agglutinated mesoporous TiO2 microspheres for high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2011 4 2168
111. Y. Liu, R. Che, G. Chen, J. Fan, Z. Sun, Z. Wu, M. Wang, B. Li, J. Wei, Y. Wei, G. Wang, G. Guan, A. A. Elzatahry, A. A. Bagabas, A. M. Al-Enizi, Y. Deng, H. Peng and D. Zhao, Radially oriented mesoporous TiO2 microspheres with single-crystal-like anatase walls for high-efficiency optoelectronic devices, 2015, vol. 1
112. 2 Nanotubes Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014 24 379 386
113. X. Sheng D. He J. Yang K. Zhu X. Feng Oriented assembled TiO2 hierarchical nanowire arrays with fast electron transport properties Nano Lett. 2014 14 1848 1852