Childhood socioeconomic status, adult socioeconomic status, and old-age health trajectories: Connecting early, middle, and late life

Demographic Research

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 285-320

  Zimmer, Zachary ^a   Hanson, Heidi A ^b   Smith, Ken R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85006927629     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14359871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.10     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Adler, N., Singh-Manoux, A., Schwartz, J., Stewart, J., Matthews, K., and Marmot M.G. (2008). Social status and health: A comparison of British civil servants in Whitehall-II with European-and African-Americans in CARDIA. Social Science & Medicine 66(5): 1034-45. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.031.
2. Antonovsky, A. (1967). Social class, life expectancy and overall mortality. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 45(2): 31-73. doi:10.2307/3348839.
3. Arias, E. (2002). United States Life Tables, 2000. National Vital Statistics Reports (Center for Disease Control) 51(3): 1-39.
4. Behrman, J.R. and Taubman, P. (1986). Birth order, schooling, and earnings. Journal of Labor Economics: S121-S45. doi:10.1086/298124.
5. Blackwell, D.L., Hayward, M.D., and Crimmins, E.M. (2001). Does childhood health affect chronic morbidity in later life? Social Science and Medicine 52(8): 1269-84. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00230-6.
6. Bobak, M., Pikhart, H., Rose, R., Hertzman, C., and Marmot, M.G. (2000). Socioeconomic factors, marterial inequalities, and perceived control in self-rated health: Cross-sectional data from seven post-communist countries. Social Science & Medicine 51(9): 1343-50. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00096-4.
7. Braveman, P.A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D.R., and Pamuk, E. (2010). Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us. American journal of public health 100: S186-S96. doi:10.2105/AJPH. 2009.166082.
8. Charlson, M.E., Pompei, P., Ales, K.L., and MacKenzie, C.R. (1987). A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40(5): 373-83. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8.
9. Chen, F., Yang, Y., and Liu, G. (2010). Social change and socioeconomic disparities in health over the life course in China: A cohort analysis. American Sociological Review 75(1): 126-50. doi:10.1177/0003122409359165.
10. Dodge, H.H., Du, Y., Saxton, J.A., and Ganguli, M. (2006). Cognitive domains and trajectories of functional independence in nondemented elderly persons. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 61(12): 1330-37. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.12.1330.
11. Dodge, H.H., Shen, C., and Ganguli, M. (2008). Application of the Pattern-Mixture Latent Trajectory Model in an Epidemiological Study with Non-Ignorable Missingness. Journal of Data Science 6(3): 231-46.
12. Elder, G.H. Jr., Van Nguyen, T., and Caspi, A. (1985). Linking family hardship to children's lives. Child development: 361-75. doi:10.2307/1129726.
13. Elo, I.T. (2009). Social Class Differentials in Health and Mortality: Patterns and Explanations in Comparative Perspective. Annual Review of Sociology 35: 553-72. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115929.
14. Elo, I.T. and Preston, S.H. (1997). Effects of early-life conditions on adult mortality: A review. Population index 58(2): 186-212. doi:10.2307/3644718.
15. Engdahl, B. and Tambs, K. (2010). Occupation and the risk of hearing impairment-results from the Nord-Trondelag study on hearing loss. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health 36(3): 250-57. doi:10.5271/sjweh.2887.
16. Erikson, R., Goldthorpe, J.H., and Portocarero, L. (1979). Intergenerational class mobility in three Western European societies: England, France and Sweden. British journal of Sociology: 415-41. doi:10.2307/589632.
17. Freedman, V.A., Martin, L.G., Schoeni, R.F., and Cornman, J.C. (2008). Declines in late-life disability: The role of early-and mid-life factors. Social Science & Medicine 66(7): 1588-602. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.037.
18. Fujishiro, K., Xu, J., and Gong, F. (2010). What does 'occupation' represent as an indicator of socioeconomic status?: Exploring occupational prestige and health. Social Science & Medicine 71(12): 2100-07. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010. 09.026.
19. Gagnon, A., Smith, K.R., Tremblay, M., Vézina, H., Paré, P.P., and Desjardins, B. (2009). Is there a trade-off between fertility and longevity? A comparative study of women from three large historical databases accounting for mortality selection. American Journal of Human Biology 21(4): 533-40. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20893.
20. Galobardes, B., Lynch, J.W., and Smith, G.D. (2004). Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiolgical Review 26: 7-21. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxh008.
21. Galobardes, B., Lynch, J.W., and Smith, G.D. (2008). Is the association between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality established? Update of a systematic review. Journal of epidemiology and community health 62(5): 387-90. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.065508.
22. Galobardes, B., Smith, G.D., and Lynch, J.W. (2006). Systematic review of the influence of childhood socioeconomic circumstances on risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Ann Epidemiol 16(2): 91-104. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem. 2005.06.053.
23. Gavrilov, L.A. and Gavrilova, N.S. (2012). Biodemography of exceptional longevity: early-life and mid-life predictors of human longevity. Biodemography and social biology 58(1): 14-39. doi:10.1080/19485565.2012.666121.
24. Gavrilova, N.S. (2003). Early-life predictors of human longevity: analysis of the XIXth century birth cohorts. In: Annales de démographie historique. Belin: 177-98.
25. Haas, S. (2008). Trajectories of functional health: The 'long arm' of childhood health and socioeconomic factors. Social Science & Medicine 66(4): 849-61. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.004.
26. Hallqvist, J., Lynch, J., Bartley, M., Lang, T., and Blane, D. (2004). Can we disentangle life course processes of accumulation, critical period and social mobility? An analysis of disadvantaged socio-economic positions and myocardial infarction in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. Social Science & Medicine 58(8): 1555-62. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00344-7.
27. Hamil-Luker, J. and O'rand, A.M. (2007). Gender differences in the link between childhood socioeconomic conditions and heart attack risk in adulthood. Demography 44(1): 137-58. doi:10.1353/dem.2007.0004.
28. Hart, CL. and Smith, G.D. (2003). Relation between number of siblings and adult mortality and stroke risk: 25 year follow up of men in the Collaborative study. Journal of epidemiology and community health 57(5): 385-91. doi:10.1136/jech.57.5.385.
29. Haviland, A.B., Jones, B.L., and Nagin, D.S. (2011). Group-based trajectory modeling extended to account for nonrandom participant attrition. Sociological Methods and Research 40(2): 367-90. doi:10.1177/0049124111400041.
30. Hay, D.I. (1988). Socioeconomic status and health status: A study of males in the Canada Health Survey. Social Science and Medicine 27(12): 1317-25. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90196-7.
31. Hayward, M.D. and Gorman, B.K. (2004). The long arm of childhood: The influence of early-life social conditions on men's mortality. Demography 41(1): 87-107. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0005.
32. Hayward, M.D., Miles, T.P., Crimmins, E.M., and Yang, Y. (2000). The significance of socioeconomic status in explaining the racial gap in chronic health conditions. American Sociological Review: 910-30. doi:10.2307/2657519.
33. Heckman, J.J. (1976). The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. In: Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Volume 5, number 4. NBER: 475-92.
34. House, J.S., Kessler, R.C., Herzog, R.A., Kinney, A.M., Mero, R.P., and Breslow, M.F. (1990). Age, socioeconomic status and health. The Milbank Quarterly 68(3): 383-411. doi:10.2307/3350111.
35. Huntley, A.L., Johnson, R., Purdy, S., Valderas, J.M., and Salisbury, C. (2012). Measures of multimorbidity and morbidity burden for use in primary care and community settings: a systematic review and guide. The Annals of Family Medicine 10(2): 134-41. doi:10.1370/afm.1363.
36. Kadushin, C. (1964). Social class and the experience of ill health. Sociological Inquiry 34: 67-80. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00573.x.
37. Kahn, J.R. and Pearlin, L.I. (2006). Financial strain over the life course and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 47(1): 17-31. doi:10.1177/002214650604700102.
38. Kirkwood, T.B.L. and Rose, M.R. (1991). Evolution of senescence: late survival sacrificed for reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 332(1262): 15-24. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0028.
39. Knodel, J. and Van de Walle, E. (1979). Lessons from the past: Policy implications of historical fertility studies. Population and development review: 217-45. doi:10.2307/1971824.
40. Koenig, H.G. (2013). Is religion good for your health?: The effects of religion on physical and mental health. Routledge.
41. Kuh, D. and Ben-Shlomo, Y. (1997). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Lawlor, D.A., Sterne, J.A.C., Tynelius, P., Smith, G.D., and Rasmussen, F. (2006). Association of childhood socioeconomic position with cause-specific mortality in a prospective record linkage study of 1,839,384 individuals. American Journal of Epidemiology 164(9): 907-15. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj319.
43. Lundberg, O. (1991). Childhood living conditions, health status, and social mobility: a contribution to the health selection debate. European Sociological Review 7(2): 149-62.
44. Luo, Y., and Waite, L.J. (2005). The impact of childhood and adult SES on physical, mental, and cognitive well-being in later life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 60(2): 93-S101. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.2.S93.
45. Macintyre, S. (1997). The Black Report and beyond: what are the issues? Soc Sci Med 44(6): 723-45. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00183-9.
46. Mackenbach, J.P., Stirbu, I., Roskam, A.J.R., Schaap, M.M., Menvielle, G., Leinsalu, M., Kunst, A.E., and Socioec European Union Working Grp. (2008). Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. New England Journal of Medicine 358(23): 2468-81. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0707519.
47. Marmot, M.G. and Siegrist, J. (2004). Health inequalities and the psychosocial environment. Social Science and Medicine 58(8): 1461. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00348-4.
48. Marmot, M.G., Stansfeld, S., Patel, C., North, F., Head, J., White, I., Brunner, E., Feeney, A., and Smith, G.D. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. The Lancet 337(8754): 1387-93. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93068-K.
49. Melchior, M., Moffit, T.E., Milne, B.J., Poulton, R., and Caspi, A. (2007). Why Do Children from Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Families Suffer from Poor Health When They Reach Adulthood? A Life-Course Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 166(8): 966-74. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm155.
50. Meyer, C.M., Armenian, H.K., Eaton, W.W., and Ford, D.E. (2004). Incident hypertension associated with depression in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment area follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders 83(2-3):127-33. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.004.
51. Mineau, G., Smith, K.R., and Bean, L. (2004). Adult mortality risks and religious affiliation. In: Annales de démographie historique. Belin: 85-104.
52. Montez, J.K. (2013). The socioeconomic origins of physical functioning among older US adults. Advances in life course research 18(4): 244-56. doi:10.1016/j.alcr. 2013.08.001.
53. Nagin, D.S. (1999). Analyzing developmental trajectories: A semiparametric, group-based approach. Psychological Methods 4(2): 139-57. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.2.139.
54. Nagin, D.S. (2005). Group Based Modeling of Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674041318.
55. Nagin, D.S. and Tremblay, R.E. (2001). Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: A group-based method. Psychological Methods 6(1): 18-34. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.6.1.18.
56. Nam, C.B. and Powers, M.G. (1968). Changes in relative status level of workers in the United States, 1950-1960. Social Forces 48(2): 158-77. doi:10.2307/2575146.
57. Nam. C.B. and Powers, M.G. (1983). The Socioeconomic Approach to Status Measurement. Houston: Cap and Gown Press.
58. Nam, C.B. and Terrie, E.W. (1982). Measurement of socioeconomic status from United States census data. In: Powers, M.G. (ed.). Measures of Socioeconomic Status: Current Issues. Boulder, CO: Westview Press: 29-42.
59. Petrelli, A., Gnavi, R., Marianacci, C., and Costa, G. (2006). Socioeconomic inequalities in coronary heart disease in Italy: A multilevel population-based study. Social Science and Medicine 63(2): 446-56. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed. 2006.01.018.
60. Powers, C., Graham, H., Pernille, D., Hallqvist, J., Joung, I., Kuh, D., and Lynch, J. (2005). The contribution of childhood and adult socioeconomic position to adult obesity and smoking behavior: an international comparison. International Journal of Epidemiology 34(2): 335-44. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh394.
61. Preston, S.H., Hill, M.E., and Drevenstedt, G.L. (1998). Childhood conditions that predict survival to advanced ages among African-Americans. Social Science & Medicine 47(9): 1231-46. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00180-4.
62. Pudrovska, T., and Anikputa, B. (2014). Early-life socioeconomic status and mortality in later life: an integration of four life-course mechanisms. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences gbt122. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt122.
63. Rabe-Hesketh, S. and Skrondal, A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using STATA. College Station, TX: StataCorp.
64. Raudenbush, S.W. and Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Sage.
65. Roeder, K., Lynch, K.G., and Nagin, D.S. (1999). Modeling uncertainty in latent class membership: A case study in criminology. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(447): 766-76. doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474179.
66. Ross, C.E. and Wu, C.L. (1996). Education, age and the cumulative advantage in health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 37(March): 104-20. doi:10.2307/2137234.
67. Schiller, J.S., Lucas, J.W., Ward, B.W., and Peregoy, J.A. (2012). Summary health statistics for US adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10, Data from The National Health Survey (252): 1-207.
68. Smith, K.R. and Hanson, H.A. (Forthcoming). Early-life influences on health and mortality. In: Wright, J. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Edition. New York: Elsevier.
69. Smith, K.R., Mineau, G.P., Garibotti, G., and Kerber, R. (2009). Effects of childhood and middle-adulthood family conditions on later-life mortality: Evidence from the Utah Population Database, 1850-2002. Social Science and Medicine 68(9): 1649-58. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.010.
70. Splansky, G.L., Corey, D., Yang, Q., Atwood, L.D., Cupples, L.A., Benjamin, E.J., D'Agostino, R.B., Fox, C.S., Larson, M.G., and Murabito, J.M. (2007). The third generation cohort of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study: design, recruitment, and initial examination. American Journal of Epidemiology 165(11): 1328-35. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm021.
71. Steenland, K., Halperin, W., Hu, S., and Walker, J.T. (2003). Deaths due to injuries among employed adults: the effects of socioeconomic class. Epidemiology 14(1): 74-79. doi:10.1097/00001648-200301000-00017.
72. Steenland, K., Hu, S., and Walker, J. (2004). All-cause and cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status among employed persons in 27 US states, 1984-1997. American journal of public health 94(6): 1037-42. doi:10.2105/AJPH. 94.6.1037.
73. Stowasser, T., Heiss, F., McFadden, D., and Winter, J. (2014). Understanding the SES gradient in health among the elderly: The e of childhood circumstances. Department of Economics, University of Munich. doi:10.7208/chicago/978022 6146126.003.0006.
74. Tang, M., Chen, Y., and Krewski, D. (2003). Gender-related differences in the association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes. International Journal of Epidemiology 32(3): 381-85. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg075.
75. Temby, O.F., and Smith, K.R. (2013). The association between adult mortality risk and family history of longevity: The moderating effects of socioeconomic status. Journal of Biosocial Science October 8: 1-14.
76. van de Mheen, H., Stronks, K., Looman, C.W.N., and Mackenbach, JP. (1998). Does childhood socioeconomic status influence adult health through behavioural factors? International Journal of Epidemiology 27(3): 431-37. doi:10.1093/ije/27.3.431.
77. White, K.M. and Preston, S.H. (1996). How many Americans are alive because of twentieth-century improvements in mortality? Population and development review 22(3): 415-29. doi:10.2307/2137714.
78. Wilkinson, R.G. (1997). Socioeconomic determinants of health: Health inequalities: relative or absolute material standards? Bmj 314(7080): 591. doi:10.1136/bmj. 314.7080.591.
79. Zick, C.D. and Smith, K.R. (2006). Utah at the beginning of the new millennium: a demographic perspective. University of Utah Press.
80. Zimmer, Z., Martin, L.G., Jones, B.L., and Nagin, D.S. (2014). Examining late-life functional limitation trajectories and their associations with underlying onset, recover, and mortality. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 69(2): 275-86. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt099.
81. Zimmer, Z., Martin, L.G., Nagin, D.S., and Jones, B.L. (2012). Modeling disability trajectories and mortality of the oldest-old in China. Demography 49(1). doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0075-7.