Diagnostic conversion to bipolar disorder in unipolar depressed patients participating in trials on antidepressants

European Psychiatry

Volumn 40, Issue , 2017, Pages 76-81

  Holmskov, J ^a,b   Licht, R W ^b,c   Andersen, K ^a   Bjerregaard Stage, T ^a   Morkeberg Nilsson F ^d   Bjerregaard Stage, K ^a   Valentin, J B ^b   Bech, P ^e   Ernst Nielsen, R ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^c AALBORG UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^d Psychiatric Centre Ballerup   (Denmark)

^e Mental Health Center Glostrup   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Affective disorders; Antidepressant; Criteria; Epidemiology; Mania and bipolar disorder; Unipolar depression

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; MOCLOBEMIDE; PAROXETINE;

ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSION ASSESSMENT; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GIBBONS GLOBAL DEPRESSION SEVERITY; HAMILTON DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAIER PHILLIPP SEVERITY SUBSCALE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MELANCHOLIA; MIDDLE AGED; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; SUICIDE; COMPLICATION; DEPRESSION; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK;

ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; RECURRENCE; RISK;

EID: 85006272394     PISSN: 09249338     EISSN: 17783585     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. [1] Adam, D., Mental health: on the spectrum. Nature 496:7446 (2013), 416–418.
2. [2] World Health Organization, The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guideline. 1992, WHO, Geneva.
3. [3] American Psychiatric Association (APA), Diagnostical and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 2013, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
4. [4] Goodwin, F.K.J., Jamison, K.R., Manic-depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. 2nd ed., 2007, Oxford University Press, New York [1262 p.].
5. [5] Angst, J., Sellaro, R., Stassen, H.H., Gamma, A., Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a long-term prospective study of hospital admissions. J Affect Disord 84:2–3 (2005), 149–157.
6. [6] Goldberg, J.F., Harrow, M., Whiteside, J.E., Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 158:8 (2001), 1265–1270.
7. [7] Fiedorowicz, J.G., Endicott, J., Leon, A.C., Solomon, D.A., Keller, M.B., Coryell, W.H., Subthreshold hypomanic symptoms in progression from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 168:1 (2011), 40–48.
8. [8] Akiskal, H.S., Maser, J.D., Zeller, P.J., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Keller, M., et al. Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:2 (1995), 114–123.
9. [9] Strober, M., Carlson, G., Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:5 (1982), 549–555.
10. [10] Rao, U., Ryan, N.D., Birmaher, B., Dahl, R.E., Williamson, D.E., Kaufman, J., et al. Unipolar depression in adolescents: clinical outcome in adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:5 (1995), 566–578.
11. [11] Serretti, A., Mandelli, L., Lattuada, E., Cusin, C., Smeraldi, E., Clinical and demographic features of mood disorder subtypes. Psychiatry Res 112:3 (2002), 195–210.
12. [12] Mitchell, P.B., Malhi, G.S., Bipolar depression: phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics. Bipolar Disord 6:6 (2004), 530–539.
13. [13] Mitchell, P.B., Goodwin, G.M., Johnson, G.F., Hirschfeld, R.M., Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach. Bipolar Disord 10:1 Pt 2 (2008), 144–152.
14. [14] Benazzi, F., Clinical differences between bipolar II depression and unipolar major depressive disorder: lack of an effect of age. J Affect Disord 75:2 (2003), 191–195.
15. [15] Solomon, D.A., Leon, A.C., Maser, J.D., Truman, C.J., Coryell, W., Endicott, J., et al. Distinguishing bipolar major depression from unipolar major depression with the screening assessment of depression-polarity (SAD-P). J Clin Psychiatry 67:3 (2006), 434–442.
16. [16] Parker, G., Roy, K., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., The nature of bipolar depression: implications for the definition of melancholia. J Affect Disord 59:3 (2000), 217–224.
17. [17] Mitchell, P.B., Wilhelm, K., Parker, G., Austin, M.P., Rutgers, P., Malhi, G.S., The clinical features of bipolar depression: a comparison with matched major depressive disorder patients. J Clin Psychiatry 62:3 (2001), 212–216 [quiz 7].
18. [18] Strober, M., Lampert, C., Schmidt, S., Morrell, W., The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:1 (1993), 34–42.
19. [19] Perlis, R.H., Brown, E., Baker, R.W., Nierenberg, A.A., Clinical features of bipolar depression versus major depressive disorder in large multicenter trials. Am J Psychiatry 163:2 (2006), 225–231.
20. [20] Angst, J., Felder, W., Frey, R., Stassen, H.H., The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis of monopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr (1970) 226:1 (1978), 57–64.
21. [21] Winokur, G., Wesner, R., From unipolar depression to bipolar illness: 29 who changed. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76:1 (1987), 59–63.
22. [22] Benazzi, F., Akiskal, H.S., How best to identify a bipolar-related subtype among major depressive patients without spontaneous hypomania: superiority of age at onset criterion over recurrence and polarity?. J Affect Disord 107:1–3 (2008), 77–88.
23. [23] Takeshima, M., Oka, T., A comprehensive analysis of features that suggest bipolarity in patients with a major depressive episode: which is the best combination to predict soft bipolarity diagnosis?. J Affect Disord 147:1–3 (2013), 150–155.
24. [24] Tondo, L., Visioli, C., Preti, A., Baldessarini, R.J., Bipolar disorders following initial depression: modeling predictive clinical factors. J Affect Disord 167 (2014), 44–49.
25. [25] Mitchell, P., Parker, G., Jamieson, K., Wilhelm, K., Hickie, I., Brodaty, H., et al. Are there any differences between bipolar and unipolar melancholia?. J Affect Disord 25:2 (1992), 97–105.
26. [26] Olfson, M., Das, A.K., Gameroff, M.J., Pilowsky, D., Feder, A., Gross, R., et al. Bipolar depression in a low-income primary care clinic. Am J Psychiatry 162:11 (2005), 2146–2151.
27. [27] Muzina, D.J., Kemp, D.E., McIntyre, R.S., Differentiating bipolar disorders from major depressive disorders: treatment implications. Ann Clin Psychiatry 19:4 (2007), 305–312.
28. [28] Bowden, C.L., A different depression: clinical distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. J Affect Disord 84:2–3 (2005), 117–125.
29. [29] Beesdo, K., Hofler, M., Leibenluft, E., Lieb, R., Bauer, M., Pfennig, A., Mood episodes and mood disorders: patterns of incidence and conversion in the first three decades of life. Bipolar Disord 11:6 (2009), 637–649.
30. [30] Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J.L., Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158:1 (2001), 125–127.
31. [31] Hantouche, E.G., Akiskal, H.S., Bipolar II vs. unipolar depression: psychopathologic differentiation by dimensional measures. J Affect Disord 84:2–3 (2005), 127–132.
32. [32] Paroxetine: a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. Danish University Antidepressant Group. J Affect Disord 18:4 (1990), 289–299.
33. [33] Moclobemide: a reversible MAO-A-inhibitor showing weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. Danish University Antidepressant Group. J Affect Disord 28:2 (1993), 105–116.
34. [34] Clomipramine dose-effect study in patients with depression: clinical end points and pharmacokinetics. Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG). Clin Pharmacol Ther 66:2 (1999), 152–165.
35. [35] Citalopram: clinical effect profile in comparison with clomipramine. A controlled multicenter study. Danish University Antidepressant Group. Psychopharmacology 90:1 (1986), 131–138.
36. [36] Pedersen, C.B., The Danish Civil Registration System. Scand J Public Health 39:7 Suppl. (2011), 22–25.
37. [37] Lynge, E., Sandegaard, J.L., Rebolj, M., The Danish National Patient Register. Scand J Public Health 39:7 Suppl. (2011), 30–33.
38. [38] Carney, M.W., Roth, M., Garside, R.F., The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. Br J Psychiatry 111 (1965), 659–674.
39. [39] Bech, P., Gram, L.F., Reisby, N., Rafaelsen, O.J., The WHO Depression Scale. Relationship to the Newcastle Scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62:2 (1980), 140–153.
40. [40] Bech, P., The Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (MES) in clinical trials of therapies in depressive disorders: a 20-year review of its use as outcome measure. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106:4 (2002), 252–264.
41. [41] Hamilton, M., Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 6:4 (1967), 278–296.
42. [42] Bech, P., Clinical psychometrics. 2012, Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.
43. [43] Maier, W., Philipp, M., Comparative analysis of observer depression scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand 72:3 (1985), 239–245.
44. [44] Gibbons, R.D., Clark, D.C., Kupfer, D.J., Exactly what does the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale measure?. J Psychiatr Res 27:3 (1993), 259–273.
45. [45] Iwanami, T., Maeshima, H., Baba, H., Satomura, E., Namekawa, Y., Shimano, T., et al. Psychomotor agitation in major depressive disorder is a predictive factor of mood-switching. J Affect Disord 170 (2015), 185–189.
46. [46] Maina, G., Salvi, V., Rosso, G., Bogetto, F., Cyclothymic temperament and major depressive disorder: a study on Italian patients. J Affect Disord 121:3 (2010), 199–203.
47. [47] Bukh, J.D., Andersen, P.K., Kessing, L.V., Rates and predictors of remission, recurrence and conversion to bipolar disorder after the first lifetime episode of depression – a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 46:6 (2016), 1151–1161.
48. [48] Akiskal, H.S., Walker, P., Puzantian, V.R., King, D., Rosenthal, T.L., Dranon, M., Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. J Affect Disord 5:2 (1983), 115–128.
49. [49] Gilman, S.E., Dupuy, J.M., Perlis, R.H., Risks for the transition from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 73:6 (2012), 829–836.
50. [50] Chun, B.J., Dunner, D.L., A review of antidepressant-induced hypomania in major depression: suggestions for DSM-5. Bipolar Disord 6:1 (2004), 32–42.
51. [51] Akiskal, H.S., Hantouche, E.G., Allilaire, J.F., Sechter, D., Bourgeois, M.L., Azorin, J.M., et al. Validating antidepressant-associated hypomania (bipolar III): a systematic comparison with spontaneous hypomania (bipolar II). J Affect Disord 73:1–2 (2003), 65–74.
52. [52] Munk-Jorgensen, P., Okkels, N., Golberg, D., Ruggeri, M., Thornicroft, G., Fifty years’ development and future perspectives of psychiatric register research. Acta Psychiatr Scand 130:2 (2014), 87–98.
53. [53] Bock, C., Bukh, J.D., Vinberg, M., Gether, U., Kessing, L.V., Validity of the diagnosis of a single depressive episode in a case register. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 5, 2009, 4.
54. [54] Uggerby, P., Ostergaard, S.D., Roge, R., Correll, C.U., Nielsen, J., The validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register is good. Dan Med J, 60(2), 2013, A4578.