메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 177-190

Therapeutic effect of caffeine treatment immediately following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury on spatial memory in male rats

Author keywords

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; Morris water maze; Neonatal; Neuroprotection

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

EID: 85002333512     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20763425     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010177     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 57149118216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances
    • Volpe, J.J. Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol. 2009, 8, 110-124.
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 110-124
    • Volpe, J.J.1
  • 2
    • 70549103501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving understanding of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the term infant
    • De Vries, L.S.; Cowan, F.M. Evolving understanding of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the term infant. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2009, 16, 216-225.
    • (2009) Semin. Pediatr. Neurol , vol.16 , pp. 216-225
    • de Vries, L.S.1    Cowan, F.M.2
  • 3
    • 0033813820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
    • Vannucci, R.C. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Am. J. Perinatol. 2000, 17, 113-120.
    • (2000) Am. J. Perinatol , vol.17 , pp. 113-120
    • Vannucci, R.C.1
  • 4
    • 85150733580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5th ed.; Elsevier Health Sciences: New York, NY, USA
    • Volpe, J.J. Neurology of the Newborn, 5th ed.; Elsevier Health Sciences: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 347-400.
    • (2008) Neurology of the Newborn , pp. 347-400
    • Volpe, J.J.1
  • 5
    • 0031834150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term memory and language outcomes after extreme prematurity at birth
    • Briscoe, J.; Gathercole, S.E.; Marlow, N. Short-term memory and language outcomes after extreme prematurity at birth. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 1998, 41, 654-666.
    • (1998) J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res , vol.41 , pp. 654-666
    • Briscoe, J.1    Gathercole, S.E.2    Marlow, N.3
  • 6
    • 5444244412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory deficits in children at ages 3-4 who were low birth weight, preterm infants
    • Vicari, S.; Caravale, B.; Carlesimo, G.A.; Casadei, A.M.; Allemand, F. Spatial working memory deficits in children at ages 3-4 who were low birth weight, preterm infants. Neuropsychology 2004, 18, 673-678.
    • (2004) Neuropsychology , vol.18 , pp. 673-678
    • Vicari, S.1    Caravale, B.2    Carlesimo, G.A.3    Casadei, A.M.4    Allemand, F.5
  • 7
    • 79952209785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive and memory function in adolescents born very preterm
    • Luu, T.M.; Ment, L.; Allan, W.; Schneider, K.; Vohr, B.R. Executive and memory function in adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics 2011, 127, e639-e646.
    • (2011) Pediatrics , vol.127
    • Luu, T.M.1    Ment, L.2    Allan, W.3    Schneider, K.4    Vohr, B.R.5
  • 9
    • 24044548649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological and educational problems at school age associated with neonatal encephalopathy
    • Marlow, N.; Rose, A.S.; Rands, C.E.; Draper, E.S. Neuropsychological and educational problems at school age associated with neonatal encephalopathy. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005, 90, F380-F387.
    • (2005) Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed , vol.90
    • Marlow, N.1    Rose, A.S.2    Rands, C.E.3    Draper, E.S.4
  • 10
    • 0031578853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage
    • Vannucci, R.C.; Vannucci, S.J. A model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1997, 19, 234-249.
    • (1997) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci , vol.19 , pp. 234-249
    • Vannucci, R.C.1    Vannucci, S.J.2
  • 11
    • 23244434256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: Evolution of an animal model
    • Vannucci, R.C.; Vannucci, S.J. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: Evolution of an animal model. Dev. Neurosci. 2005, 27, 81-86.
    • (2005) Dev. Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 81-86
    • Vannucci, R.C.1    Vannucci, S.J.2
  • 13
    • 20344383233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory processing deficits in rats with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury
    • McClure, M.M.; Peiffer, A.M.; Rosen, G.D.; Fitch, R.H. Auditory processing deficits in rats with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2005, 23, 351-362.
    • (2005) Int. J. Dev. Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 351-362
    • McClure, M.M.1    Peiffer, A.M.2    Rosen, G.D.3    Fitch, R.H.4
  • 14
    • 33846217026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory processing and learning/memory following erythropoietin administration in neonatally hypoxic-ischemic injured rats
    • McClure, M.M.; Threlkeld, S.W.; Fitch, R.H. Auditory processing and learning/memory following erythropoietin administration in neonatally hypoxic-ischemic injured rats. Brain Res. 2007, 1132, 203-209.
    • (2007) Brain Res , vol.1132 , pp. 203-209
    • McClure, M.M.1    Threlkeld, S.W.2    Fitch, R.H.3
  • 15
    • 0038666370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia causes lateralized memory impairments in the adult rat
    • Arteni, N.S.; Salgueiro, J.; Torres, I.; Achaval, M.; Netto, C.A. Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia causes lateralized memory impairments in the adult rat. Brain Res. 2003, 973, 171-178.
    • (2003) Brain Res , vol.973 , pp. 171-178
    • Arteni, N.S.1    Salgueiro, J.2    Torres, I.3    Achaval, M.4    Netto, C.A.5
  • 16
    • 77949570709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateralized and sex-dependant behavioral and morphological effects of unilateral neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the rat
    • Arteni, N.S.; Pereira, L.O.; Rodrigues, A.L.; Lakinsky, D.; Achaval, M.E.; Netta, C.A. Lateralized and sex-dependant behavioral and morphological effects of unilateral neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 210, 92-98.
    • (2010) Behav. Brain Res , vol.210 , pp. 92-98
    • Arteni, N.S.1    Pereira, L.O.2    Rodrigues, A.L.3    Lakinsky, D.4    Achaval, M.E.5    Netta, C.A.6
  • 17
    • 0035825314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective and long-term learning impairment following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain insult in rats
    • Ikeda, T.; Mishima, K.; Yoshikawa, T.; Iwasaki, K.; Fujiwara, M.; Xia, X.Y.; Ikenoue, T. Selective and long-term learning impairment following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain insult in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2001, 118, 17-25.
    • (2001) Behav. Brain Res , vol.118 , pp. 17-25
    • Ikeda, T.1    Mishima, K.2    Yoshikawa, T.3    Iwasaki, K.4    Fujiwara, M.5    Xia, X.Y.6    Ikenoue, T.7
  • 18
    • 79955766657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early testosterone modulated sex differences in behavioral outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia in rats
    • Hill, C.A.; Threlkeld, S.W.; Fitch, R.H. Early testosterone modulated sex differences in behavioral outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia in rats. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2011, 29, 381-388.
    • (2011) Int. J. Dev. Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 381-388
    • Hill, C.A.1    Threlkeld, S.W.2    Fitch, R.H.3
  • 19
    • 24044553030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory processing deficits in unilaterally and bilaterally injured hypoxic-ischemic rats
    • McClure, M.M.; Threlkeld, S.W.; Rosen, G.D.; Fitch, R.H. Auditory processing deficits in unilaterally and bilaterally injured hypoxic-ischemic rats. Neuroreport 2005, 16, 1309-1312.
    • (2005) Neuroreport , vol.16 , pp. 1309-1312
    • McClure, M.M.1    Threlkeld, S.W.2    Rosen, G.D.3    Fitch, R.H.4
  • 20
    • 33745848839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid auditory processing and learning deficits in rats with P1 versus P7 neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury
    • McClure, M.M.; Threlkeld, S.W.; Rosen, G.D.; Fitch, R.H. Rapid auditory processing and learning deficits in rats with P1 versus P7 neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Behav. Brain Res. 2006, 172, 114-121.
    • (2006) Behav. Brain Res , vol.172 , pp. 114-121
    • McClure, M.M.1    Threlkeld, S.W.2    Rosen, G.D.3    Fitch, R.H.4
  • 21
    • 33646886812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of erythropoietin on auditory processing following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury
    • McClure, M.; Threlkeld, S.; Fitch, R.H. The effects of erythropoietin on auditory processing following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Brain Res. 2006, 1087, 190-195.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1087 , pp. 190-195
    • McClure, M.1    Threlkeld, S.2    Fitch, R.H.3
  • 22
    • 0035101941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinatal brain injury: From pathogenesis to neuroprotection
    • Volpe, J.J. Perinatal brain injury: From pathogenesis to neuroprotection. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 2001, 7, 56-64.
    • (2001) Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev , vol.7 , pp. 56-64
    • Volpe, J.J.1
  • 23
    • 16344372309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: From A(1) receptor activation to A (2A) receptor blockade
    • Cunha, R.A. Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: From A(1) receptor activation to A (2A) receptor blockade. Purinergic Signal. 2005, 1, 111-134.
    • (2005) Purinergic Signal , vol.1 , pp. 111-134
    • Cunha, R.A.1
  • 28
  • 29
    • 35848968639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the caffeination of prematurity
    • Stevenson, D.K. On the caffeination of prematurity. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 1967-1968.
    • (2007) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.357 , pp. 1967-1968
    • Stevenson, D.K.1
  • 30
    • 41849123809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of caffeine for apnea of prematurity also has long-term neurodevelopmental benefits
    • Benitz, W.E. Use of caffeine for apnea of prematurity also has long-term neurodevelopmental benefits. J. Pediatr. 2008, 152, 740-741.
    • (2008) J. Pediatr , vol.152 , pp. 740-741
    • Benitz, W.E.1
  • 31
    • 79955158242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour
    • Caffeine Collaborative Study Group
    • Gray, P.H.; Flenady, V.J.; Charles, B.G.; Steer, P.A.; Caffeine Collaborative Study Group. Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour. J. Paediatr. Child Health 2011, 47, 167-172.
    • (2011) J. Paediatr. Child Health , vol.47 , pp. 167-172
    • Gray, P.H.1    Flenady, V.J.2    Charles, B.G.3    Steer, P.A.4
  • 32
    • 76749107916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine increases cerebral cortical activity in preterm infants
    • Supcun, S.; Kutz, P.; Pielemeier, W.; Roll, C. Caffeine increases cerebral cortical activity in preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 2010, 156, 490-491.
    • (2010) J. Pediatr , vol.156 , pp. 490-491
    • Supcun, S.1    Kutz, P.2    Pielemeier, W.3    Roll, C.4
  • 33
    • 33846019232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of caffeine on chronic hypoxia-induced perinatal white matter injury
    • Back, S.A.; Craig, A.; Luo, N.L.; Ren, J.; Akundi, R.S.; Ribeiro, I.; Rivkees, S.A. Protective effects of caffeine on chronic hypoxia-induced perinatal white matter injury. Ann. Neurol. 2006, 60, 696-705.
    • (2006) Ann. Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 696-705
    • Back, S.A.1    Craig, A.2    Luo, N.L.3    Ren, J.4    Akundi, R.S.5    Ribeiro, I.6    Rivkees, S.A.7
  • 34
    • 79952422814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: Implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection
    • Rivkees, S.A.; Wendler, C.C. Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: Implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection. Pediatr. Res. 2011, 69, 271-278.
    • (2011) Pediatr. Res , vol.69 , pp. 271-278
    • Rivkees, S.A.1    Wendler, C.C.2
  • 35
    • 70449531509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine deaminase activity, lipid peroxidation and astrocyte responses in the cerebral cortex of rats alter neonatal hypoxia ischemia
    • Pimentel, V.C.; Belle, L.P.; Pinherio, F.V.; Bona, K.S.; Da Luz, S.C.A.; Moretto, M.B. Adenosine deaminase activity, lipid peroxidation and astrocyte responses in the cerebral cortex of rats alter neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2009, 27, 857-862.
    • (2009) Int. J. Dev. Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 857-862
    • Pimentel, V.C.1    Belle, L.P.2    Pinherio, F.V.3    Bona, K.S.4    da Luz, S.C.A.5    Moretto, M.B.6
  • 37
    • 0037007990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A1 adenosine receptor activation induces ventriculomegaly and white matter loss
    • Turner, C.P.; Yan, H.; Schwartz, M.; Othman, T.; Rivkees, S.A. A1 adenosine receptor activation induces ventriculomegaly and white matter loss. Neuroreport 2002, 13, 1199-1204.
    • (2002) Neuroreport , vol.13 , pp. 1199-1204
    • Turner, C.P.1    Yan, H.2    Schwartz, M.3    Othman, T.4    Rivkees, S.A.5
  • 38
    • 33846407222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of angiogenic factors and neovascularization in hypoxia
    • Ryzhov, S.; McCaleb, J.L.; Goldstein, A.E.; Biaggioni, I.; Feoktistov, I. Role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of angiogenic factors and neovascularization in hypoxia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 320, 565-572.
    • (2007) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , vol.320 , pp. 565-572
    • Ryzhov, S.1    McCaleb, J.L.2    Goldstein, A.E.3    Biaggioni, I.4    Feoktistov, I.5
  • 39
    • 0034234846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement of adenosine release during hypoxia in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice
    • Dale, N.; Pearson, T.; Frenguelli, B.G. Direct measurement of adenosine release during hypoxia in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. 2000, 526, 143-155.
    • (2000) J. Physiol , vol.526 , pp. 143-155
    • Dale, N.1    Pearson, T.2    Frenguelli, B.G.3
  • 40
    • 0141655168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution real time recording with microelectrode biosensors reveals novel aspects of adenosine release during hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices
    • Frenguelli, B.G.; Llaudet, E.; Dale, N. High-resolution real time recording with microelectrode biosensors reveals novel aspects of adenosine release during hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurochem. 2003, 86, 1506-1515.
    • (2003) J. Neurochem , vol.86 , pp. 1506-1515
    • Frenguelli, B.G.1    Llaudet, E.2    Dale, N.3
  • 41
    • 33751258255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous activation of adenosine A1 receptor accelerates ischemic suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity
    • Ilie, A.; Ciocan, D.; Zagrean, A.M.; Nita, D.A.; Zagrean, L.; Moldovan, M. Endogenous activation of adenosine A1 receptor accelerates ischemic suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 96, 2809-2814.
    • (2006) J. Neurophysiol , vol.96 , pp. 2809-2814
    • Ilie, A.1    Ciocan, D.2    Zagrean, A.M.3    Nita, D.A.4    Zagrean, L.5    Moldovan, M.6
  • 43
    • 0037338415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggravated brain damage after hypoxic ischemia in immature adenosine A2A knockout mice
    • Aden, U.; Halldner, L.; Lagercrantz, H.; Dalmau, I.; Ledent, C.; Fredholm, B.B. Aggravated brain damage after hypoxic ischemia in immature adenosine A2A knockout mice. Stroke 2003, 34, 739-744.
    • (2003) Stroke , vol.34 , pp. 739-744
    • Aden, U.1    Halldner, L.2    Lagercrantz, H.3    Dalmau, I.4    Ledent, C.5    Fredholm, B.B.6
  • 44
    • 0345561561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use
    • Fredholm, B.B.; Battig, K.; Holmen, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E.E. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol. Rev. 1999, 51, 83-133.
    • (1999) Pharmacol. Rev , vol.51 , pp. 83-133
    • Fredholm, B.B.1    Battig, K.2    Holmen, J.3    Nehlig, A.4    Zvartau, E.E.5
  • 45
    • 77956219897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine, adenosine receptors and synaptic plasticity
    • Costenla, A.R.; Cunha, R.A.; de Mendonca, A. Caffeine, adenosine receptors and synaptic plasticity. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2010, 20, 25-34.
    • (2010) J. Alzheimers Dis , vol.20 , pp. 25-34
    • Costenla, A.R.1    Cunha, R.A.2    de Mendonca, A.3
  • 46
    • 77957582068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylxanthines during pregnancy and early postnatal life
    • Aden, U. Methylxanthines during pregnancy and early postnatal life. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2011, 200, 373-389.
    • (2011) Handb. Exp. Pharmacol , vol.200 , pp. 373-389
    • Aden, U.1
  • 48
    • 0023840892 scopus 로고
    • Chronic caffeine intake alters the composition of various parts of the brain in young growing rats
    • Yazdani, M.; Hartman, A.D.; Hiller, H.I.; Temples, T.E.; Nakamoto, T. Chronic caffeine intake alters the composition of various parts of the brain in young growing rats. Dev. Pharnacol. Ther. 1988, 11, 102-108.
    • (1988) Dev. Pharnacol. Ther , vol.11 , pp. 102-108
    • Yazdani, M.1    Hartman, A.D.2    Hiller, H.I.3    Temples, T.E.4    Nakamoto, T.5
  • 49
    • 0025779951 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal exposure to therapeutic caffeine alters the ontogeny of adenosine A1 receptors in the brain of rats
    • Guillet, R.; Kellogg, C. Neonatal exposure to therapeutic caffeine alters the ontogeny of adenosine A1 receptors in the brain of rats. Neuropharmacology 1991, 30, 489-496.
    • (1991) Neuropharmacology , vol.30 , pp. 489-496
    • Guillet, R.1    Kellogg, C.2
  • 51
    • 78649985801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between serum caffeine levels and changes in cytokine profile in a cohort of preterm infants
    • Chavez-Valdez, R.; Ahlawat, R.; Wills-Karp, M.; Nathan, A.; Ezell, T.; Gauda, E.B. Correlation between serum caffeine levels and changes in cytokine profile in a cohort of preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 2011, 158, 57-64.
    • (2011) J. Pediatr , vol.158 , pp. 57-64
    • Chavez-Valdez, R.1    Ahlawat, R.2    Wills-Karp, M.3    Nathan, A.4    Ezell, T.5    Gauda, E.B.6
  • 52
    • 60449103179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine modulates TNF-alpha production by cord blood monocytes: The role of adenosine receptors
    • Chavez-Valdez, R.; Wills-Karp, M.; Ahlawat, R.; Cristofalo, E.A.; Nathan, A.; Gauda, E.B. Caffeine modulates TNF-alpha production by cord blood monocytes: The role of adenosine receptors. Pediatr. Res. 2009, 65, 203-208.
    • (2009) Pediatr. Res , vol.65 , pp. 203-208
    • Chavez-Valdez, R.1    Wills-Karp, M.2    Ahlawat, R.3    Cristofalo, E.A.4    Nathan, A.5    Gauda, E.B.6
  • 53
    • 77955479473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine modulates CREB-dependant gene expression in developing cortical neurons
    • Connolly, S.; Kingsbury, T.J. Caffeine modulates CREB-dependant gene expression in developing cortical neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2010, 25, 152-156.
    • (2010) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.25 , pp. 152-156
    • Connolly, S.1    Kingsbury, T.J.2
  • 54
    • 72849150168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist prevent memory impairment and synaptotoxicity in adult rats triggered by a convulsive episode in early life
    • Cognato, G.P.; Agostinho, P.M.; Hockemeyer, J.; Muller, C.E.; Souza, D.O.; Cunha, R.A. Caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist prevent memory impairment and synaptotoxicity in adult rats triggered by a convulsive episode in early life. J. Neurochem. 2010, 112, 453-462.
    • (2010) J. Neurochem , vol.112 , pp. 453-462
    • Cognato, G.P.1    Agostinho, P.M.2    Hockemeyer, J.3    Muller, C.E.4    Souza, D.O.5    Cunha, R.A.6
  • 55
    • 57749113461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: Population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring
    • Charles, B.G.; Townsend, S.R.; Steer, P.A.; Flenady, V.J.; Gray, P.H.; Shearman, A. Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: Population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther. Drug Monit. 2008, 30, 709-716.
    • (2008) Ther. Drug Monit , vol.30 , pp. 709-716
    • Charles, B.G.1    Townsend, S.R.2    Steer, P.A.3    Flenady, V.J.4    Gray, P.H.5    Shearman, A.6
  • 56
    • 32844471092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptors are expressed by GABAergic neurons of medulla oblongata in developing rat
    • Zaidi, S.I.A.; Jafri, A.; Martin, R.J.; Haxhiu, M.A. Adenosine A2A receptors are expressed by GABAergic neurons of medulla oblongata in developing rat. Brain Res. 2006, 1071, 42-53.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1071 , pp. 42-53
    • Zaidi, S.I.A.1    Jafri, A.2    Martin, R.J.3    Haxhiu, M.A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.