Preterm birth: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data

Vaccine

Volumn 34, Issue 49, 2016, Pages 6047-6056

  Quinn, Julie Anne ^a,b   Munoz, Flor M ^c   Gonik, Bernard ^d   Frau, Lourdes ^e   Cutland, Clare ^f   Mallett Moore, Tamala ^g   Kissou, Aimee ^h   Wittke, Frederick ⁱ   Das, Manoj ^j   Nunes, Tony ^k   Pye, Savia ^l   Watson, Wendy ^m   Ramos, Ana Maria Alguacil ⁿ   Cordero, Jose F ^o   Huang, Wan Ting ^p   Kochhar, Sonali ^q   Buttery, Jim ^a,b  

^a MURDOCH CHILDREN'S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e LMF Pharmacoepidemiology   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^g SANOFI PASTEUR   (France)

^h Infectious Department   (Burkina Faso)

ⁱ DEBIOPHARM SA   (Switzerland)

^j The INCLEN Trust International   (India)

^k OPTUM   (United States)

^l Communicable Disease Prevention and Control ^*  (Canada)

^m PFIZER INC   (United States)

ⁿ Direccion General de Salud Publica   (Spain)

^o UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO   (Puerto Rico)

^p CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL   (Taiwan)

^q Healthcare Management Consultants   (India)

more..

Author keywords

Adverse event; Antenatal; Case definition; Guidelines; Immunisation; Preterm birth

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DECISION MAKING; DRUG SAFETY; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREMATURE LABOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; MORBIDITY; NEWBORN; POVERTY; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; STATISTICS;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; MORBIDITY; POVERTY; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE BIRTH; STATISTICS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84999663819     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: 18732518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.045     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. [1] Howson, C.P., Kinney, M.V., Lawn, J., Born Too Soon: the global action report on preterm birth. 2012, March of Dimes, PMNCH, Save the Children, WHO.
2. [2] World Health Organization, ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision. 2010.
3. [3] Spong, C.Y., Defining term pregnancy: recommendations from the Defining “Term” Pregnancy Workgroup. JAMA 309 (2013), 2445–2446.
4. [4] ACOG Committee Opinion No 579, Definition of term pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 122 (2013), 1139–1140.
5. [5] Working party to discuss nomenclature based on gestational age and birthweight. Arch Dis Child, 45, 1970, 730.
6. [6] Villar, J., Papageorghiou, A.T., Knight, H.E., Gravett, M.G., Iams, J., Waller, S.A., et al. The preterm birth syndrome: a prototype phenotypic classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206 (2012), 119–123.
7. [7] Wijnans, L., de Bie, S., Dieleman, J., Bonhoeffer, J., Sturkenboom, M., Safety of pandemic H1N1 vaccines in children and adolescents. Vaccine 29 (2011), 7559–7571.
8. [8] Crider, K.S., Whitehead, N., Buus, R.M., Genetic variation associated with preterm birth: a HuGE review. Genet Med 7 (2005), 593–604.
9. [9] Blondel, B., Kogan, M.D., Alexander, G.R., Dattani, N., Kramer, M.S., Macfarlane, A., et al. The impact of the increasing number of multiple births on the rates of preterm birth and low birthweight: an international study. Am J Public Health 92 (2002), 1323–1330.
10. [10] Felberbaum, R.E., Multiple pregnancies after assisted reproduction – international comparison. Reprod Biomed Online 15:Suppl. 3 (2007), 53–60.
11. [11] Blondel, B., Macfarlane, A., Gissler, M., Breart, G., Zeitlin, J., Group, P.S., Preterm birth and multiple pregnancy in European countries participating in the PERISTAT project. BJOG 113 (2006), 528–535.
12. [12] Simmons, L.E., Rubens, C.E., Darmstadt, G.L., Gravett, M.G., Preventing preterm birth and neonatal mortality: exploring the epidemiology, causes, and interventions. Semin Perinatol 34 (2010), 408–415.
13. [13] Calderon-Margalit, R., Sherman, D., Manor, O., Kurzweil, Y., Adverse perinatal outcomes among immigrant women from Ethiopia in Israel. Birth 42 (2015), 125–131.
14. [14] Segal, S., Gemer, O., Yaniv, M., The outcome of pregnancy in an immigrant Ethiopian population in Israel. Arch Gynecol Obstet 258 (1996), 43–46.
15. [15] Alexander, G.R., Tompkins, M.E., Altekruse, J.M., Hornung, C.A., Racial differences in the relation of birth weight and gestational age to neonatal mortality. Public Health Rep 100 (1985), 539–547.
16. [16] Lawn, J.E., McClure, E.M., Blencowe, H., Birth outcomes: a global perspective. Jekel's epidemiology, biostatistics, preventive medicine, and public health. 2014, Elsevier, 272–287.
17. [17] Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Oestergaard, M.Z., Chou, D., Moller, A.B., Narwal, R., et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 379 (2012), 2162–2172.
18. [18] Froen, J.F., Cacciatore, J., McClure, E.M., Kuti, O., Jokhio, A.H., Islam, M., et al. Stillbirths: why they matter. Lancet 377 (2011), 1353–1366.
19. [19] Goldenberg, R.L., Culhane, J.F., Iams, J.D., Romero, R., Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371 (2008), 75–84.
20. [20] Kramer, M.S., Papageorghiou, A., Culhane, J., Bhutta, Z., Goldenberg, R.L., Gravett, M., et al. Challenges in defining and classifying the preterm birth syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206 (2012), 108–112.
21. [21] Goldenberg, R.L., Gravett, M.G., Iams, J., Papageorghiou, A.T., Waller, S.A., Kramer, M., et al. The preterm birth syndrome: issues to consider in creating a classification system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206 (2012), 113–118.
22. [22] Lawn, J.E., Gravett, M.G., Nunes, T.M., Rubens, C.E., Stanton, C., Group, G.R., Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (1 of 7): definitions, description of the burden and opportunities to improve data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 10(1 Suppl.), 2010, S1.
23. [23] Fedrick, J., Anderson, A.B., Factors associated with spontaneous pre-term birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83 (1976), 342–350.
24. [24] Swamy, G.K., Heine, R.P., Vaccinations for pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 125 (2015), 212–226.
25. [25] Glezen, W.P., Alpers, M., Maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis 28 (1999), 219–224.
26. [26] Munoz, F.M., Maternal immunization: an update for pediatricians. Pediatr Ann 42 (2013), 153–158.
27. [27] Fischer, G.W., Ottolini, M.G., Mond, J.J., Prospects for vaccines during pregnancy and in the newborn period. Clin Perinatol 24 (1997), 231–249.
28. [28] Heinonen, O.P., Shapiro, S., Monson, R.R., Hartz, S.C., Rosenberg, L., Slone, D., Immunization during pregnancy against poliomyelitis and influenza in relation to childhood malignancy. Int J Epidemiol 2 (1973), 229–235.
29. [29] Freda, V.J., A preliminary report on typhoid, typhus, tetanus, and cholera immunizations during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 71 (1956), 1134–1136.
30. [30] Brent, R.L., Risks and benefits of immunizing pregnant women: the risk of doing nothing. Reprod Toxicol 21 (2006), 383–389.
31. [31] Munoz, F.M., Englund, J.A., A step ahead. Infant protection through maternal immunization. Pediatr Clin N Am 47 (2000), 449–463.
32. [32] Bricks, L.F., Vaccines in pregnancy: a review of their importance in Brazil. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 58 (2003), 263–274.
33. [33] Kharbanda, E.O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Lipkind, H.S., Klein, N.P., Cheetham, T.C., Naleway, A., et al. Evaluation of the association of maternal pertussis vaccination with obstetric events and birth outcomes. JAMA 312 (2014), 1897–1904.
34. [34] Sukumaran, L., McCarthy, N.L., Kharbanda, E.O., McNeil, M.M., Naleway, A.L., Klein, N.P., et al. Association of Tdap vaccination with acute events and adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women with prior tetanus-containing immunizations. JAMA 314 (2015), 1581–1587.
35. [35] Lindsey, B., Kampmann, B., Jones, C., Maternal immunization as a strategy to decrease susceptibility to infection in newborn infants. Curr Opin Infect Dis 26 (2013), 248–253.
36. [36] Zheteyeva, Y.A., Moro, P.L., Tepper, N.K., Rasmussen, S.A., Barash, F.E., Revzina, N.V., et al. Adverse event reports after tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207 (2012), 591e–597e.
37. [37] Healy, C.M., Vaccines in pregnant women and research initiatives. Clin Obstet Gynecol 55 (2012), 474–486.
38. [38] Castillo-Solorzano, C., Reef, S.E., Morice, A., Vascones, N., Chevez, A.E., Castalia-Soares, R., et al. Rubella vaccination of unknowingly pregnant women during mass campaigns for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome elimination, the Americas 2001–2008. J Infect Dis 204:Suppl. 2 (2011), S713–S717.
39. [39] Amirthalingam, G., Andrews, N., Campbell, H., Ribeiro, S., Kara, E., Donegan, K., et al. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. Lancet 384 (2014), 1521–1528.
40. [40] Donegan, K., King, B., Bryan, P., Safety of pertussis vaccination in pregnant women in UK: observational study. BMJ, 349, 2014, g4219.
41. [41] Fell, D.B., Platt, R.W., Lanes, A., Wilson, K., Kaufman, J.S., Basso, O., et al. Fetal death and preterm birth associated with maternal influenza vaccination: systematic review. BJOG 122 (2015), 17–26.
42. [42] Richards, J.L., Hansen, C., Bredfeldt, C., Bednarczyk, R.A., Steinhoff, M.C., Adjaye-Gbewonyo, D., et al. Neonatal outcomes after antenatal influenza immunization during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: impact on preterm birth, birth weight, and small for gestational age birth. Clin Infect Dis 56 (2013), 1216–1222.
43. [43] Zaman, K., Roy, E., Arifeen, S.E., Rahman, M., Raqib, R., Wilson, E., et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 1555–1564.
44. [44] Moro, P.L., Broder, K., Zheteyeva, Y., Walton, K., Rohan, P., Sutherland, A., et al. Adverse events in pregnant women following administration of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990–2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204 (2011), 146 e1–e1467.
45. [45] Brydak, L.B., Nitsch-Osuch, A., Vaccination against influenza in pregnant women. Acta Biochim Pol 61 (2014), 589–591.
46. [46] Steinhoff, M.C., MacDonald, N., Pfeifer, D., Muglia, L.J., Influenza vaccine in pregnancy: policy and research strategies. Lancet 383 (2014), 1611–1613.
47. [47] Munoz, F.M., Greisinger, A.J., Wehmanen, O.A., Mouzoon, M.E., Hoyle, J.C., Smith, F.A., et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192 (2005), 1098–1106.
48. [48] Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Guidelines for vaccinating pregnant women from the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP). 2014.
49. [49] Ballantyne, J.W., Antenatal clinics and prematernity practice at the Edinburgh Royal Maternity Hospital in the years 1909–1915. Br Med J 1 (1916), 189–192.
50. [50] Ballantyne, J.W., The problem of the premature infant. Br Med J 1 (1902), 1196–1200.
51. [51] Phelps, D.L., Brown, D.R., Tung, B., Cassady, G., McClead, R.E., Purohit, D.M., et al. 28-day survival rates of 6676 neonates with birth weights of 1250 grams or less. Pediatrics 87 (1991), 7–17.
52. [52] Berkowitz, G.S., An epidemiologic study of preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol 113 (1981), 81–92.
53. [53] Battaglia, F.C., Lubchenco, L.O., A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age. J Pediatr 71 (1967), 159–163.
54. [54] Tucker, J., McGuire, W., Epidemiology of preterm birth. BMJ 329 (2004), 675–678.
55. [55] Villar, J., Cheikh Ismail, L., Victora, C.G., Ohuma, E.O., Bertino, E., Altman, D.G., et al. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet 384 (2014), 857–868.
56. [56] Salomon, L.J., Bernard, J.P., Ville, Y., Estimation of fetal weight: reference range at 20–36 weeks’ gestation and comparison with actual birth-weight reference range. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29 (2007), 550–555.
57. [57] Geerts, L.T., Brand, E.J., Theron, G.B., Routine obstetric ultrasound examinations in South Africa: cost and effect on perinatal outcome – a prospective randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103 (1996), 501–507.
58. [58] Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Chou, D., Oestergaard, M., Say, L., Moller, A.B., et al. Born too soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births. Reprod Health, 10(1 Suppl.), 2013, S2.
59. [59] Wilcox, A.J., On the importance – and the unimportance – of birthweight. Int J Epidemiol 30 (2001), 1233–1241.
60. [60] Gardosi, J., Chang, A., Kalyan, B., Sahota, D., Symonds, E.M., Customised antenatal growth charts. Lancet 339 (1992), 283–287.
61. [61] Gardosi, J., Mongelli, M., Wilcox, M., Chang, A., An adjustable fetal weight standard. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 6 (1995), 168–174.
62. [62] Papageorghiou, A.T., Ohuma, E.O., Altman, D.G., Todros, T., Cheikh Ismail, L., Lambert, A., et al. International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet 384 (2014), 869–879.
63. [63] Cooke, R.W., Conventional birth weight standards obscure fetal growth restriction in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 92 (2007), F189–F192.
64. [64] Hutcheon, J.A., Zhang, X., Cnattingius, S., Kramer, M.S., Platt, R.W., Customised birthweight percentiles: does adjusting for maternal characteristics matter. BJOG 115 (2008), 1397–1404.
65. [65] Hutcheon, J.A., Platt, R.W., The missing data problem in birth weight percentiles and thresholds for small-for-gestational-age. Am J Epidemiol 167 (2008), 786–792.
66. [66] Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Bethesda MEKSNIoCHaHD. Preterm Labor and Birth: Overview.
67. [67] Blackmore, C.A., Rowley, D.L., Kiely, J.L., Preterm birth. From data to action: CDC's public health surveillance for women, infants and children, 1994, US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
68. [68] Fleischman, A.R., Oinuma, M., Clark, S.L., Rethinking the definition of term pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 116 (2010), 136–139.
69. [69] Pereira, A.P., Dias, M.A., Bastos, M.H., da Gama, S.G., Leal Mdo, C., Determining gestational age for public health care users in Brazil: comparison of methods and algorithm creation. BMC Res Notes, 6, 2013, 60.
70. [70] Rosenberg, R.E., Ahmed, A.S., Ahmed, S., Saha, S.K., Chowdhury, M.A., Black, R.E., et al. Determining gestational age in a low-resource setting: validity of last menstrual period. J Health Popul Nutr 27 (2009), 332–338.
71. [71] Ellertson, C., Elul, B., Ambardekar, S., Wood, L., Carroll, J., Coyaji, K., Accuracy of assessment of pregnancy duration by women seeking early abortions. Lancet 355 (2000), 877–881.
72. [72] Bracken, H., Clark, W., Lichtenberg, E.S., Schweikert, S.M., Tanenhaus, J., Barajas, A., et al. Alternatives to routine ultrasound for eligibility assessment prior to early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone-misoprostol. BJOG 118 (2011), 17–23.
73. [73] DiPietro, J.A., Allen, M.C., Estimation of gestational age: implications for developmental research. Child Dev 62 (1991), 1184–1199.
74. [74] Chauhan, K.P., Assessment of symphysio-fundal height (SFH) and its implication during antenatal period. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2 (2013), 363–366.
75. [75] Yang, H., Kramer, M.S., Platt, R.W., Blondel, B., Breart, G., Morin, I., et al. How does early ultrasound scan estimation of gestational age lead to higher rates of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186 (2002), 433–437.
76. [76] Goldenberg, R.L., Davis, R.O., Cutter, G.R., Hoffman, H.J., Brumfield, C.G., Foster, J.M., Prematurity, postdates, and growth retardation: the influence of use of ultrasonography on reported gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160 (1989), 462–470.
77. [77] Blondel, B., Morin, I., Platt, R.W., Kramer, M.S., Usher, R., Breart, G., Algorithms for combining menstrual and ultrasound estimates of gestational age: consequences for rates of preterm and postterm birth. BJOG 109 (2002), 718–720.
78. [78] Breart, G., Blondel, B., Tuppin, P., Grandjean, H., Kaminski, M., Did preterm deliveries continue to decrease in France in the 1980. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 9 (1995), 296–306.
79. [79] Henriksen, T.B., Wilcox, A.J., Hedegaard, M., Secher, N.J., Bias in studies of preterm and postterm delivery due to ultrasound assessment of gestational age. Epidemiology 6 (1995), 533–537.
80. [80] Kramer, M.S., McLean, F.H., Boyd, M.E., Usher, R.H., The validity of gestational age estimation by menstrual dating in term, preterm, and postterm gestations. JAMA 260 (1988), 3306–3308.
81. [81] Rowlands, S., Royston, P., Estimated date of delivery from last menstrual period and ultrasound scan: which is more accurate. Br J Gen Pract 43 (1993), 322–325.
82. [82] Buekens, P., Delvoye, P., Wollast, E., Robyn, C., Epidemiology of pregnancies with unknown last menstrual period. J Epidemiol Community Health 38 (1984), 79–80.
83. [83] Gardosi, J., Geirsson, R.T., Routine ultrasound is the method of choice for dating pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105 (1998), 933–936.
84. [84] Farr, V., Kerridge, D.F., Mitchell, R.G., The value of some external characteristics in the assessment of gestational age at birth. Dev Med Child Neurol 8 (1966), 657–660.
85. [85] Dubowitz, L.M., Dubowitz, V., Goldberg, C., Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant. J Pediatr 77 (1970), 1–10.
86. [86] Mitchell, D., Accuracy of pre- and postnatal assessment of gestational age. Arch Dis Child 54 (1979), 896–897.
87. [87] Parkin, J.M., Hey, E.N., Clowes, J.S., Rapid assessment of gestational age at birth. Arch Dis Child 51 (1976), 259–263.
88. [88] Ounsted, M.K., Chalmers, C.A., Yudkin, P.L., Clinical assessment of gestational age at birth: the effects of sex, birthweight, and weight for length of gestation. Early Hum Dev 2 (1978), 73–80.
89. [89] Capurro, H., Konichezky, S., Fonseca, D., Caldeyro-Barcia, R., A simplified method for diagnosis of gestational age in the newborn infant. J Pediatr 93 (1978), 120–122.
90. [90] Dubowitz, L.M., Dubowitz, V., Palmer, P., Verghote, M., A new approach to the neurological assessment of the preterm and full-term newborn infant. Brain Dev 2 (1980), 3–14.
91. [91] Farr, V., Mitchell, R.G., Neligan, G.A., Parkin, J.M., The definition of some external characteristics used in the assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant. Dev Med Child Neurol 8 (1966), 507–511.
92. [92] Spinnato, J.A., Sibai, B.M., Shaver, D.C., Anderson, G.D., Inaccuracy of Dubowitz gestational age in low birth weight infants. Obstet Gynecol 63 (1984), 491–495.
93. [93] von Voss, H., Trampisch, H.J., Grittern, M., Simple and practical method for the determination of gestational age of newborns. J Perinat Med 13 (1985), 207–217.
94. [94] Nicolopoulos, D., Perakis, A., Papadakis, M., Alexiou, D., Aravantinos, D., Estimation of gestational age in the neonate: a comparison of clinical methods. Am J Dis Child 130 (1976), 477–480.
95. [95] Eregie, C.O., A new method for maturity determination in newborn infants. J Trop Pediatr 46 (2000), 140–144.
96. [96] Ballard, J.L., Novak, K.K., Driver, M., A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants. J Pediatr 95 (1979), 769–774.
97. [97] Verhoeff, F.H., Milligan, P., Brabin, B.J., Mlanga, S., Nakoma, V., Gestational age assessment by nurses in a developing country using the Ballard method, external criteria only. Ann Trop Paediatr 17 (1997), 333–342.
98. [98] Ballard, J.L., Khoury, J.C., Wedig, K., Wang, L., Eilers-Walsman, B.L., Lipp, R., New Ballard Score, expanded to include extremely premature infants. J Pediatr 119 (1991), 417–423.
99. [99] International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Guidelines for Clinical Safety assessment (E2a–e).
100. [100] Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Reporting form for International Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions.
101. [101] Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D.S., Group, C., CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, 2010, c332.
102. [102] Moher, D., Cook, D.J., Eastwood, S., Olkin, I., Rennie, D., Stroup, D.F., Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet 354 (1999), 1896–1900.
103. [103] Stroup, D.F., Berlin, J.A., Morton, S.C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G.D., Rennie, D., et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 283 (2000), 2008–2012.