Effects of discontinuing anticholinergic treatment on movement disorders, cognition and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 257-267

  Desmarais, Julie Eve ^a   Beauclair, Linda ^a   Annable, Lawrence ^a   Bélanger, Marie Claire ^a   Kolivakis, Theodore T ^a   Margolese, Howard C ^a  

^a Allan Memorial Institute   (Canada)

Author keywords

anticholinergics; antipsychotics; cognition; extrapyramidal symptoms; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZATROPINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLONAZEPAM; CLOZAPINE; DIAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; HALOPERIDOL; LITHIUM; LORAZEPAM; LOXAPINE; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PAROXETINE; PROCYCLIDINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; TRAZODONE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VENLAFAXINE; ZIPRASIDONE; ZUCLOPENTHIXOL;

ADULT; AKATHISIA; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL GLOBAL IMPRESSION SCALE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSTONIA; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTENTION TO TREAT ANALYSIS; MALE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; OUTPATIENT; PARKINSONISM; POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYNDROME SCALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RATING SCALE; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84997868317     PISSN: 20451253     EISSN: 20451261     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2045125314553611     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
2. Baker L. Cheng L. Amara I. (1983) The withdrawal of benztropine mesylate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 143: 584–590.
3. Barsoum A. Kolivakis T. Margolese H. Chouinard G. (2000) Diphenhydramine (Unisom), a central anticholinergic and antihistaminic: abuse with massive ingestion in a patient with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 45: 846–847.
4. Ben Hadj Ali B. Dogui M. Ben Ammou S. Loo H. (1995) [Antiparkinson drugs in neuroleptic treatment: comparative study of progressive and abrupt withdrawal]. Encephale 21: 209–215.
5. Bezchlibnyk-Butler K. Jeffries J. Virani A. (2009) Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs, 18th revised edition. Oxford: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers.
6. Bralet M. Falissard B. Neveu X. Lucas-Ross M. Eskenazi A. Keefe R. (2007) Validation of the French version of the BACS (the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) among 50 French schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatry 22: 365–370.
7. Cancelli I. Beltrame M. Gigli G. Valente M. (2009) Drugs with anticholinergic properties: cognitive and neuropsychiatric side-effects in elderly patients. Neurol Sci 30: 87–92.
8. Caplan J. Epstein L. Quinn D. Stevens J. Stern T. (2007) Neuropsychiatric effects of prescription drug abuse. Neuropsychol Rev 17: 363–380.
9. Chouinard G. De Montigny C. Annable L. (1979) Tardive dyskinesia and antiparkinsonian medication. Am J Psychiatry 136: 228–229.
10. Chouinard G. Margolese H. (2005) Manual for the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). Schizophr Res 76: 247–265.
11. Desmarais J. Beauclair L. Margolese H. (2012) Anticholinergics in the era of atypical antipsychotics: short-term or long-term treatment? J Psychopharmacol 26: 1167–1174.
12. Double D. Warren G. Evans M. Rowlands R. (1993) Efficacy of maintenance use of anticholinergic agents. Acta Psychiatr Scand 88: 381–384.
13. Drimer T. Shahal B. Barak Y. (2004) Effects of discontinuation of long-term anticholinergic treatment in elderly schizophrenia patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 27–29.
14. Faul F. Erdfelder E. Lang A. Buchner A. (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39: 175–191.
15. Gerlach J. Thorsen K. (1976) The movement pattern of oral tardive dyskinesia in relation to anticholinergic and antidopaminergic treatment. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 11: 1–7.
16. Guy W. (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
17. Haddad P. Dursun S. (2008) Neurological complications of psychiatric drugs: clinical features and management. Hum Psychopharmacol 23(Suppl. 1): 15–26.
18. Horiguchi J. Nishimatsu O. (1992) Usefulness of antiparkinsonian drugs during neuroleptic treatment and the effect of clonazepam on akathisia and parkinsonism occurred after antiparkinsonian drug withdrawal: a double-blind study. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 46: 733–739.
19. Jellinek T. Gardos G. Cole J. (1981) Adverse effects of antiparkinson drug withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 138: 1567–1571.
20. Jones P. Barnes T. Davies L. Dunn G. Lloyd H. Hayhurst K. et al. (2006) Randomized controlled trial of the effect on quality of life of second- vs first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUTLASS 1). Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 1079–1087.
21. Kay S. Fiszbein A. Opler L. (1987) The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13: 261–276.
22. Kay S. Opler L. Lindenmayer J. (1988) Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatry Res 23: 99–110.
23. Keefe R. Goldberg T. Harvey P. Gold J. Poe M. Coughenour L. (2004) The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr Res 68: 283–297.
24. Keefe R. Harvey P. Goldberg T. Gold J. Walker T. Kennel C. et al. (2008) Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Schizophr Res 102: 108–115.
25. Klawans H. Rubovits R. (1974) Effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents on tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37: 941–947.
26. Klett C. Caffey E. Jr (1972) Evaluating the long-term need for antiparkinson drugs by chronic schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26: 374–379.
27. Lieberman J. Stroup T. McEvoy J. Swartz M. Rosenheck R. Perkins D. et al. (2005) Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 353: 1209–1223.
28. Marder S. Davis J. Chouinard G. (1997) The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: combined results of the North American trials. J Clin Psychiatry 58: 538–546.
29. Margolese H. Chouinard G. Kolivakis T. Beauclair L. Miller R. (2005) Tardive dyskinesia in the era of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Part 1: pathophysiology and mechanisms of induction. Can J Psychiatry 50: 541–547.
30. Miller C. Fleischhacker W. (2000) Managing antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia. Drug Saf 22: 73–81.
31. Moller H. Muller H. Borison R. Schooler N. Chouinard G. (1995) A path-analytical approach to differentiate between direct and indirect drug effects on negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. A re-evaluation of the North American Risperidone Study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 245: 45–49.
32. Mori K. Yamashita H. Nagao M. Horiguchi J. Yamawaki S. (2002) Effects of anticholinergic drug withdrawal on memory, regional cerebral blood flow and extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 35: 6–11.
33. Ogino S. Miyamoto S. Tenjin T. Kitajima R. Ojima K. Miyake N. et al. (2011) Effects of discontinuation of long-term biperiden use on cognitive function and quality of life in schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35: 78–83.
34. Peralta V. Cuesta M. (1994) Psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 53: 31–40.
35. Rashkis H. Smarr E. (1957) Protection against reserpine-induced parkinsonism. Am J Psychiatry 113: 1116.
36. Smith J. (1980) Abuse of the antiparkinson drugs: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 41: 351–354.
37. Stanilla J. Simpson G. (2009) Chapter 34: Drugs to treat extrapyramidal side effects. In: Schatzberg A.F. Nemeroff C.B. (eds), The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, fourth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc, pp. 669–694.
38. Straker M. (1980) Clinical factors in tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatr J Univ Ottawa 5: 28–33.
39. Ungvari G. Chiu H. Lam L. Pang A. Chung D. Li S. et al. (1999) Gradual withdrawal of long-term anticholinergic antiparkinson medication in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 141–148.
40. World Health Organization (1990) Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment. A consensus statement. Br J Psychiatry 156: 412.