Discontinuities in hunter-gatherer prehistory in southern African drylands

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

Volumn 46, Issue , 2017, Pages 40-52

  Mitchell, Peter J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Discontinuities; Drylands; Hunter gatherers; Southern Africa

Indexed keywords

EID: 84997282869     PISSN: 02784165     EISSN: 10902686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2016.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Adams, W.M., Goudie, A., Orme, A.R., The Physical Geography of Africa. 1996, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2. Ambrose, S.H., Lorenz, K., Social and ecological models for the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa. Mellars, P.A., (eds.) The Emergence of Modern Humans, 1990, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 3–33.
3. Avery, D.M., Micromammals and the environment of early pastoralists at Spoeg River, Western Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 47 (1992), 116–121.
4. Attenbrow, V., Robertson, G., Hiscock, P., The changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern Australia: a response to Holocene climate change?. J. Arch. Sci. 36 (2009), 2765–2770.
5. Barbieri, C., Güldemann, T., Naumann, C., Gerlach, L., Berthold, F., Nakagawa, H., Mpoloka, S.W., Stoneking, M., Pakendorf, B., Unraveling the complex maternal history of southern African Khoisan populations. Am. J. Phys. Anth. 153 (2014), 435–448.
6. Barham, L.S., Let's walk before we run: an appraisal of historical materialist approaches to the Later Stone Age. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 47 (1992), 4–51.
7. Barnard, A., Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
8. Beaumont, P.B., Kathu. Beaumont, P.B., Morris, D., (eds.) Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape, 1990, McGregor Museum, Kimberley, 75–100.
9. Beaumont, P.B., Vogel, J.C., Patterns in the age and context of rock art in the Northern Cape. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 44 (1989), 73–81.
10. Beaumont, P.B., Vogel, J.C., On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 102 (2006), 217–228.
11. Binford, L.R., Constructing Frames of Reference. 2001, University of California Press, Berkeley.
12. Bleed, P., The optimal design of hunting weapons: maintainability and reliability. Am. Antiq. 51 (1986), 737–747.
13. Bollig, M., Risk Management in a Hazardous Environment. A Comparative Study of Two Pastoral Societies (Pokot NW Kenya and Himba NW Namibia). 2006, Springer, New York.
14. Bonneau, A., Pearce, D.G., Mitchell, P.J., Staff, R., Arthur, C., Mallen, L., Brock, F., Higham, T.F.G., Direct dating reveals earliest evidence for parietal rock art in southern Africa. Antiquity, 2016 (in press).
15. Bousman, C.B., Coping with risk: Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers at Blydefontein Rockshelter. J. Anthr. Arch. 4 (2005), 193–226.
16. Breton, G., Schlebusch, C., Lombard, M., Sjödin, P., Soodyall, H., Jacobsson, M., Lactase persistence alleles reveal partial East African ancestry of southern African Khoe pastoralists. Curr. Biol. 24 (2014), 852–858.
17. Brook, G.A., Scott, L., Railsback, B., Goddard, E.A., A 35 ka pollen and isotope record of environmental change along the southern margin of the Kalahari from a stalagmite in Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. J. Arid. Environ. 74 (2010), 870–884.
18. 14C database for South America and the Isthmus of Panama: palaeoenvironmental contexts and demographic interpretations. Quat. Int. 301 (2013), 1–2.
19. Burke, A., Cooper, T., Noli, D., Initial results determining spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall in the Sperrgebiet, south-west Namibia. J. Namibia Sci. Soc. 52 (2004), 117–122.
20. Burrough, S.L., Late Quaternary environmental change and human occupation of the southern African interior. Jones, S.C., Stewart, B.A., (eds.) Africa from MIS 6–2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments, 2016, Springer, New York, 161–174.
21. Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G., Bailey, R.M., Mega-lake in the Kalahari: a late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28 (2009), 1392–1411.
22. Campbell, A.C., Denbow, J.R., Wilmsen, E.N., Paintings like engravings: rock art at Tsodilo. Dowson, T.A., Lewis-Williams, J.D., (eds.) Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research, 1994, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 131–158.
23. Campbell, A.C., Robbins, L., Taylor, M., (eds.) Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari, 2010, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing.
24. Cashdan, E., Territoriality among human foragers: ecological models and an application to four Bushman groups. Curr. Anth. 24 (1983), 47–66.
25. Cashdan, E., G//ana territorial organization. Hum. Ecol. 12 (1984), 443–463.
26. Challis, S., Creolisation on the nineteenth-century frontiers of southern Africa: a case study of the AmaTola. J. S. Afr. Stud. 38 (2012), 265–280.
27. Chase, B.M., Meadows, M.E., Late Quaternary dynamics of southern Africa's winter rainfall zone. Earth Sci. Rev. 84 (2007), 31–45.
28. Clark, A.M.B., The MSA/LSA transition in southern Africa: new technological evidence from Rose Cottage Cave. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 52 (1997), 113–121.
29. Coetzee, J.A., Pollen analytical studies in East and southern Africa. Palaeoecol. Afr. 3 (1967), 1–146.
30. Compton, J.S., Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations and human evolution on the southern coastal plain of South Africa. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30 (2011), 506–527.
31. Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., Pierce, S.M., Vegetation of Southern Africa. 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
32. Crawhall, N., Languages, genetics and archaeology: problems and the possibilities in Africa. Soodyall, H., (eds.) The Prehistory of Africa, 2006, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 109–124.
33. Daley, S., 1996. Botswana is pressing Bushmen to leave reserve. New York Times 14 July 1996, Section 1, p. 3.
34. d'Errico, F., Backwell, L., Villa, P., Degano, U., Lucejko, J.J., Bamford, M.K., Higham, T.F.G., Colombini, M.P., Beaumont, P.B., Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (2012), 13214–13219.
35. Deacon, H.J., Late Pleistocene palaeoecology and archaeology in the southern Cape, South Africa. Mellars, P.A., Stringer, C.B., (eds.) The Human Revolution, 1989, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 547–564.
36. Deacon, H.J., Deacon, J., The hafting, function and distribution of small convex scrapers with an example from Boomplaas Cave. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 33 (1980), 39–65.
37. Deacon, J., Wilton: an assessment after 50 years. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 27 (1972), 10–45.
38. Deacon, J., Patterning in the radiocarbon dates for the Wilton/Smithfield complex in southern Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 29 (1974), 3–18.
39. Deacon, J., The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa. 1984, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
40. Deacon, J., Archaeology of the Grass and Flat Bushmen. Deacon, J., Dowson, T.A., (eds.) Voices From the Past: /Xam Bushmen and the Bleek and Lloyd Collection, 1996, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 245–270.
41. Deacon, J., Lancaster, N., Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of Southern Africa. 1988, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
42. Deetz, J., In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early American Life. 1977, Doubleday, New York.
43. Denbow, J.R., Material culture and the dialectics of identity in the Kalahari: AD 700–1700. McIntosh, S.K., (eds.) Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa, 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 110–123.
44. Denbow, J.R., 2011. Excavation at Divuyu, Tsodilo Hills. Botswana Notes Rec. 43, pp. 76–94.
45. Dewar, G., Orton, J.D., Subsistence, settlement and material culture on the central Namaqualand coastline. Jerardino, A., Malan, A., Braun, D., (eds.) The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa, 2013, Archaeopress, Oxford, 109–123.
46. Dewar, G., Stewart, B.A., Preliminary results of excavations at Spitzkloof Rockshelter, Richtersveld, South Africa. Quat. Int. 270 (2012), 30–39.
47. Dewar, G., Stewart, B.A., Paleoenvironments, sea levels, and land use in Namaqualand, South Africa, during MIS 6-2. Jones, S.C., Stewart, B.A., (eds.) Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments, 2016, Springer Netherlands, New York, 195–212.
48. Dewar, G., Stewart, B.A., Early coastal dwellers in southern Africa: chronological, subsistence and settlement contexts of human occupation at Spitzkloof A Rockshelter, Namaqualand, South Africa. J. Island Coastal Arch., 2016 (in press).
49. Dowson, T.A., Rock Engravings of Southern Africa. 1992, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.
50. Dyson-Hudson, R., Smith, E.A., Human territoriality: an ecological reassessment. Am. Anth. 80 (1978), 21–41.
51. Ehret, C.M., The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002, James Currey, Oxford.
52. Fagan, B.M., van Noten, F., The Hunter-Gatherers of Gwisho. 1971, Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren.
53. Fisher, E.C., Bar-Matthews, M., Jerardino, A., Marean, C.W., Middle and Late Pleistocene paleoscape modelling along the southern coast of South Africa. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29 (2010), 1382–1398.
54. 14C dating in the Caribbean: using chronometric hygiene to evaluate chronological control and prehistoric settlement. Latin Am. Antiq. 17 (2006), 389–418.
55. Goodwin, A.J.H., van Riet Lowe, C., The Stone Age cultures of South Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 27 (1929), 1–289.
56. Guenther, M., The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana. 1986, Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg.
57. Guenther, M., Diversity and flexibility: the case of the Bushmen of southern Africa. Kent, S., (eds.) Cultural Diversity among Twentieth Century Foragers: An African Perspective, 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 65–86.
58. Güldemann, T., A linguist's view: Khoe-Kwadi speakers as the earliest food-producers of southern Africa. S. Afr. Hum. 20:1 (2008), 93–132.
59. Güldemann, T., Stoneking, M., A historical appraisal of clicks: a linguistic and genetic population perspective. Ann. Rev. Anth. 37 (2008), 93–109.
60. Haacke, W.H.G., Linguistic hypotheses on the origins of Namibian Khoekhoe speakers. S. Afr. Hum. 20:1 (2008), 163–177.
61. Hall, S.L., Burial sequence in the Later Stone Age of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 55 (2000), 137–146.
62. Hammond-Tooke, W.D., Selective borrowing? The possibility of San shamanistic influence on Southern Bantu divination and healing practices. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 53 (1998), 9–15.
63. Henn, B.M., Guignoux, C., Lin, A.A., Oefner, P.J., Shen, P., Scozzari, R., Cruciani, F., Tishkoff, S.A., Mountain, J.L., Underhill, P.A., Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008), 10693–10698.
64. Hiscock, P., Clarkson, C., Mackay, A., Big debates over little tools: ongoing disputes over microliths on three continents. World. Arch. 43 (2011), 653–664.
65. Hitchcock, R.K., Discontinuities in ethnographic time: A view from Africa. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 46 (2017), 12–27.
66. Horowitz, A., Sampson, C.G., Scott, L., Vogel, J.C., Analysis of the Voigtspost site, O.F.S., South Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 33 (1978), 152–159.
67. Huffman, T.N., Archaeological evidence for climatic change during the last 2000 years in southern Africa. Quat. Int. 33 (1996), 55–60.
68. Huffman, T.N., Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Communities in Southern Africa. 2007, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
69. Humphreys, A.J.B., A prehistoric frontier in the Northern Cape and western Orange Free State: archaeological evidence of interaction and ideological change. Kronos 3 (1988), 3–13.
70. Humphreys, A.J.B., Behavioural ecology and hunter-gatherers: from the Kalahari to the Later Stone Age. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 62 (2007), 98–103.
71. Humphreys, A.J.B., Thackeray, A.I., Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone Age Studies in the Northern Cape. 1983, South African Archaeological Society, Cape Town.
72. Inskeep, R.R., The Late Stone Age in South Africa. Bishop, W.W., Clark, J.D., (eds.) Background to Evolution in Africa, 1967, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 557–582.
73. Jerardino, A., Malan, A., Braun, D., (eds.) The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa, 2013, Archaeopress, Oxford.
74. Jolly, P., Melikane and Upper Mangolong revisited: the possible effects on San rock art of symbiotic contact between south-eastern San and southern Sotho and Nguni communities. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 50 (1995), 68–80.
75. Jolly, P., Dancing with two sticks: investigating the origin of a southern African rite. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 61 (2006), 172–180.
76. Kelly, R.L., The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
77. Kent, S., The current forager controversy: real versus ideal views of hunter-gatherers. Man 27 (1992), 45–70.
78. Kinahan, J., Theory, practice and criticism in the history of Namibian archaeology. Ucko, P., (eds.) Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective, 1995, Routledge, London, 76–92.
79. Kinahan, J., Pastoral Nomads of the Central Namib Desert: The People History Forgot. 2001, Namibia Archaeological Trust, Windhoek.
80. Kinahan, J., From the beginning: the archaeological evidence. Wallace, M., Kinahan, J., (eds.) A History of Namibia, 2011, C. Hurst and Co., London, 15–44.
81. Kinahan, J., Human responses to climatic variation in the Namib Desert during the last 1000 years. Afr. Arch. Rev., 2016, 10.1007/s10437-016-9221-3.
82. Kinahan, J., Kinahan, J.H.A., Preliminary report on the late Holocene archaeology of the Awasib-Gorrassis basin complex in the southern Namib Desert. Kinahan, J., Kinahan, J.H.A., (eds.) The African Archaeology Network: Research in Progress, 2006, Dar es Salaam University Press Ltd, Dar es Salaam, 1–14.
83. Klein, R.G., The Earlier Stone Age of southern Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 55 (2000), 107–122.
84. Lane, P.J., The archaeology of pastoralism and stock-keeping in East Africa. Mitchell, P.J., Lane, P.J., (eds.) Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, 2013, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 585–602.
85. Lane, P.J., Reid, D.A.M., Segobye, A.K., (eds.) Ditswa Mmung: The Archaeology of Botswana, 1998, The Botswana Society, Gaborone.
86. Lee, R.B., The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. 1979, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
87. Lewis-Williams, J.D., Texts and evidence: negotiating San words and images. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 70 (2015), 53–63.
88. Lewis-Williams, J.D., Pearce, D.G., San Spirituality: Roots, Expressions, and Social Consequences. 2004, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek.
89. Lombard, M., Parsons, I., Blade and bladelet function and variability in risk management during the last 2000 years in the Northern Cape. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 63 (2008), 18–27.
90. Lombard, M., Wadley, L., Deacon, J., Wurz, S., Parsons, I., Mohapi, M., Swart, J., Mitchell, P.J., South African and Lesotho Stone Age sequence updated (I). S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 67 (2012), 123–144.
91. Lyons, R., Tooth, S., Duller, G.A.T., Late Quaternary climatic changes revealed by luminescence dating, mineral magnetism and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of river terrace palaeosols: a new form of geoproxy data for the southern African interior. Quat. Sci. Rev. 95 (2014), 43–59.
92. MacEachern, S., Genes, tribes, and African history. Curr. Anth. 41 (2000), 357–384.
93. Macholdt, E., Lede, V., Barbieri, C., Mpoloka, S.W., Chen, J., Slatkin, M., Pakendorf, B., Stoneking, M., Tracing pastoralist migrations to southern Africa with lactase persistence alleles. Curr. Biol. 24 (2014), 875–879.
94. Mackay, A., Stewart, B.A., Chase, B.M., Coalescence and fragmentation in the late Pleistocene archaeology of southern Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 72 (2014), 26–51.
95. Mackay, A., Jacobs, Z., Steele, T.E., Pleistocene archaeology and chronology of Putslaagte 8 (PL8) Rockshelter, Western Cape, South Africa. J. Afr. Arch. 13 (2015), 71–98.
96. Mazel, A.D., People making history: the last ten thousand years of hunter-gatherer communities in the Thukela Basin. Natal Mus. J. Hum. 1 (1989), 1–168.
97. Mendelsohn, J., Atlas of Namibia: A Portrait of the Land and Its People. 2002, David Philip, Cape Town.
98. Méndez, C., Prates, L., Yacobaccio, H., Palaeodemography in southern South America. Quat. Int. 356 (2015), 1–3.
99. Mitchell, P.J., The organization of Later Stone Age lithic technology in the Caledon Valley, southern Africa. Afr. Arch. Rev. 17 (2000), 141–176.
100. Mitchell, P.J., The Archaeology of Southern Africa. 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
101. Mitchell, P.J., Anyone for hxaro? Thoughts on the theory and practice of exchange in southern African Later Stone Age archaeology. Mitchell, P.J., Haour, A., Hobart, J.H., (eds.) Researching Africa's Past: New Perspectives from British Archaeologists, 2003, Oxford University School of Archaeology, Oxford, 35–43.
102. Mitchell, P.J., The canine connection: dogs and southern African hunter-gatherers. Badenhorst, S., Mitchell, P.J., Driver, J.C., (eds.) Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug, 2008, Archaeopress, Oxford, 104–116.
103. Mitchell, P.J., Hunter-gatherers and farmers: some implications of 1,800 years of interaction in the Maloti-Drakensberg region of southern Africa. Senri Ethnol. Stud. 73 (2009), 15–46.
104. Mitchell, P.J., Genetics and southern African prehistory: an archaeological view. J. Anth. Sci. 88 (2010), 73–92.
105. Morris, A.G., Heinze, A., Chan, E.K.F., Smith, A.B., Hayes, V.M., First ancient mitochondrial human genome from a pre-pastoralist southern African. Genome Biol. Evol. 6 (2014), 2647–2653.
106. Mucina, L., Rutherford, M.C., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 2006, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
107. Nelson, M., The study of technological organization. Arch. Meth. Theory 3 (1991), 57–100.
108. Orton, J.D., 2008. A late Pleistocene microlithic Later Stone Age assemblage from coastal Namaqualand. Before Farming [online version] 2008/1, article 3.
109. Orton, J.D., Late Holocene Archaeology in Namaqualand, South Africa: Hunter-Gatherers and Herders in a Semi-Arid Environment. D.Phil. Dissertation, 2012, University of Oxford.
110. Orton, J.D., SALSA: the Holocene technocomplexes, a reply to Lombard and colleague. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 69 (2014), 110–112.
111. Orton, J.D., The introduction of pastoralism to southernmost Africa: thoughts on new contributions to an ongoing debate. Azania: Arch. Res. Africa 50 (2015), 250–258.
112. Orton, J.D., Klein, R.G., MacKay, A., Schwortz, S., Steele, T.E., Two Holocene rock shelter deposits from the Knersvlakte, southern Namaqualand, South Africa. S. Afr. Hum. 23 (2011), 109–150.
113. Palmison, M.E., Excavation, Analysis, and Intersite Comparison of the Robberg Industry Components at the Open-Air Site of Erfkroon, South Africa. M.A. Dissertation, 2014, Texas State University.
114. Pargeter, J.H., The Later Stone Age is not San history. The Digging Stick 31:3 (2014), 1–23.
115. Pargeter, J.H., Mackay, A., Mitchell, P.J., Shea, J.J., Stewart, B.A., Primordialism and the “Pleistocene San” of southern Africa. Antiquity, 90, 2016.
116. Pargeter, J.H., Redondo, M., Contextual approaches to studying unretouched bladelets: a late Pleistocene case study at Sehonghong Rockshelter. Lesotho. Quat. Int. 404 (2016), 30–43.
117. Parkington, J.E., Changing views of the Later Stone Age of South Africa. Adv. in World Archaeol. 3 (1984), 89–142.
118. Parkington, J.E., The neglected alternative: historical narrative rather than cultural labelling. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 48 (1993), 94–97.
119. Parkington, J.E., Fisher, J.W., Tonner, T.W.W., “The fires are constant, the shelters are whims”: a feature map of Later Stone Age campsites at the Dunefield Midden site, Western Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 64 (2009), 104–121.
120. Parkington, J.E., Poggenpoel, C.A., Buchanan, W., Robey, T., Manhire, A.H., Sealy, J.C., Holocene coastal settlement patterns in the Western Cape. Bailey, G.N., Parkington, J.E., (eds.) The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, 1987, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 22–41.
121. Parsons, I., Foraging, food production and laminar components in the Northern Cape, South Africa, and beyond. J. Afr. Arch. 9 (2011), 5–14.
122. Peters, J., Dieckmann, U., Vogelsang, R., Losing the spoor: Hai//om animal exploitation in the Etosha region. Documenta Archaeobiol. 7 (2009), 103–185.
123. Pickrell, J.K., Patterson, N., Barbieri, C., Berthold, F., Gerlach, L., Güldemann, T., Kure, B., Mpoloka, S.W., Nakagawa, H., Naumann, C., Lipson, M., Loh, P.-R., Lachance, J., Mountain, J., Bustamante, C., Berger, B., Tishkoff, S.A., Henn, B.E., Stoneking, M., Reich, D., Pakendorf, B., The genetic prehistory of southern Africa. Nat. Commun., 3, 2012, 1143.
124. Ranciaro, A., Campbell, M.C., Hirbo, J.B., Ko, W.-K., Froment, A., Anagnostou, P., Kotze, M.J., Ibrahim, M., Nyambo, T., Omar, S.A., Tishkoff, S.A., Genetic origins of lactase persistence and the spread of pastoralism in Africa. Am. J. Hum. Gen. 94 (2014), 496–510.
125. Reid, D.A.M., Interaction, marginalization, and the archaeology of the Kahalari. Stahl, A.B., (eds.) African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction, 2005, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 353–377.
126. Robbins, L.H., Brook, G.A., Murphy, M.L., Ivester, A.H., Campbell, A.C., The Kalahari during MIS 6-2 (190-12 ka): archaeology, paleoenvironment, and population dynamics. Jones, S.C., Stewart, B.A., (eds.) Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments, 2016, Springer Netherlands, New York, 175–193.
127. Roberts, P., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Mitchell, P.J., Arthur, C.A., Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho, southern Africa. J. Quat. Sci. 28 (2013), 360–369.
128. Russell, T., Landers, F., ‘What is consumed is wasted’: from foraging to herding in the southern African Later Stone Age. Azania: Arch. Res. Africa 50 (2015), 267–317.
129. Rutherford, M.C., Westfall, R.H., Biomes of southern Africa—an objective categorization. Memoirs Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 54 (1986), 1–98.
130. Sadr, K., Kalahari archaeology and the Bushman debate. Curr. Anth. 38 (1997), 104–112.
131. Sadr, K., Sampson, C.G., Through thick and thin: early pottery in southern Africa. J. Afr. Arch. 4 (2006), 235–252.
132. Sampson, C.G., Atlas of Stone Age settlement in the Seacow Valley. Mem. Nat. Mus. (Bloemfontein) 20 (1985), 1–116.
133. Sampson, C.G., Review of Janette Deacon. The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 40 (1985), 56–58.
134. Sands, B.E., Eastern and Southern African Khoisan: Evaluating Claims of Distant Linguistic Relationships. 1998, Rüdiger Köppe, Köln.
135. Schlebusch, C.M., Skoglund, P., Sjödin, P., Gattepaille, L.M., Hernandez, D., Jay, F., Li, S., de Jongh, M., Singleton, A., Blum, M.G., Soodyall, H., Jakobsson, M., Genomic variation in seven Khoe-San groups reveals adaptation and complex African history. Science 338 (2012), 374–379.
136. Schlebusch, C.M., Lombard, M., Soodyall, H., MtDNA control region variation affirms diversity and deep sub-structure in populations from southern Africa. BMC Evol. Biol., 13, 2013, 56.
137. Scott, L., Neumann, F.H., Brook, G.A., Bousman, C.B., Norström, E., Metwally, A.A., Terrestrial fossil-pollen evidence of climate change during the last 26 thousand years in Southern Africa. Quat. Sci. Rev. 32 (2012), 100–118.
138. Sealy, J.C., Diet, mobility and settlement pattern among Holocene hunter-gatherers in southernmost Africa. Curr. Anth. 47 (2006), 569–595.
139. Sealy, J.C., Cultural change, demography, and the archaeology of the last 100 kyr in southern Africa. Jones, S.C., Stewart, B.A., (eds.) Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments, 2016, Springer Netherlands, New York, 65–76.
140. Shackley, M., ≠Hing-≠hais: an early Holocene stoneworking site from the central Namib Desert. Modoqua 13 (1984), 271–280.
141. Shackley, M., Palaeolithic archaeology of the central Namib Desert. Cimbebasia 6 (1985), 1–84.
142. Shea, J.J., Sink the Mousterian: named stone tool industries (NASTIES) as obstacles to investigating hominin evolutionary relationships in the Later Middle Palaeolithic Levant. Quat. Int. 350 (2014), 169–179.
143. Silberbauer, G., Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. 1981, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
144. Silberbauer, G., Morbid reflexivity and overgeneralisation in Mosarwa studies. Curr. Anth. 32 (1991), 96–99.
145. Smith, A.B., (eds.) Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River Frontier, 1995, University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town.
146. Smith, M., The Archaeology of Australia's Deserts. 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
147. Solway, J.L., Lee, R.B., Foragers, genuine or spurious? Situating the Kalahari San in history. Curr. Anth. 31 (1990), 109–146.
148. Stahl, A.B., Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa's Past. 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
149. Stewart, B.A., Mitchell, P.J., Beyond the shadow of a desert: aquatic resource intensification on the roof of southern Africa. Lemke, A., (eds.) Hunter-Gatherer Diversity in Prehistory, 2016, University of Colorado Press, Boulder (in press).
150. Stewart, B.A., Parkington, J.E., Fisher, J.W., The tortoise and the ostrich egg: projecting the home base hypothesis into the 21st century. Sept, J., Pilbeam, D., (eds.) Casting the Net Wide: Papers in Honor of Glynn Isaac and His Approach to Human Origins Research, 2011, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 255–278.
151. Stone, A.E.C., Last Glacial Maximum conditions in southern Africa: are we any closer to understanding the climate of this time period?. Prog. Phys. Geog. 38 (2014), 519–542.
152. Tanaka, J., The San, Hunter-Gatherers of the Kalahari: A Study in Ecological Anthropology. 1980, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
153. Thomas, D.S.G., Burrough, S.L., Interpreting geoproxies of late Quaternary climate change in African drylands: implications for understanding environmental change and early human behaviour. Quat. Int. 253 (2012), 5–17.
154. Veth, P., Smith, M., Hiscock, P., (eds.) Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives, 2005, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
155. Villa, P., Soriano, S., Tanova, T., Degano, I., Higham, T.F.G., d'Errico, F., Backwell, L., Lucejko, J.J., Colombini, M.P., Beaumont, P.B., Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (2012), 13208–13213.
156. Vogel, J.C., Isotopic evidence for past climates and vegetation of South Africa. Bothalia 14 (1983), 391–394.
157. Vogelsang, R., Eichhorn, B., Under the Mopane Tree: Holocene Settlement in Northern Namibia. 2011, Heinrich-Barth Institut, Köln.
158. Vogelsang, R., Richter, J., Jacobs, Z., Eichhorn, B., Linseele, V., Roberts, R.G., New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: stratigraphy, archaeology, chronology and past environments. J. Afr. Arch. 8 (2010), 185–218.
159. Vogelsang, R., Wendt, K.-P., Changing settlement patterns in Namibia during the Holocene. Bubenzer, O., Bolten, A., Darius, F., (eds.) Atlas of Cultural and Environmental Change in Arid Africa, 2007, Heinrich-Barth Institut, Köln, 68–71.
160. Wadley, L., Later Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers of the Southern Transvaal: Social and Ecological Interpretations. 1987, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
161. Wadley, L., Those marvellous millennia: the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa. Azania: Arch. Res. Africa 50 (2015), 155–226.
162. Wadley, L., Binneman, J.N.F., Arrowheads or pen knives? A microwear analysis of mid-Holocene stone segments from Jubilee Shelter, Transvaal. S. Afr. J. Sci. 91 (1995), 153–155.
163. Wadley, L., Mohapi, M., A segment is not a monolith: evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa. J. Arch. Sci. 35 (2008), 2594–2605.
164. Walker, N.J., Late Pleistocene and Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopos. 1995, Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, Uppsala.
165. Walker, N.J., The archaeology of the San: the Late Stone Age of Botswana. Sanders, A.J.G.M., (eds.) Speaking for the Bushmen, 1995, The Botswana Society, Gaborone, 54–87.
166. Walker, N.J., The Late Stone Age. Lane, P.J., Reid, D.A.M., Segobye, A.K., (eds.) Ditswa Mmung: The Archaeology of Botswana, 1998, The Botswana Society, Gaborone, 65–80.
167. Weldeab, S., Stuut, J.-B.W., Schneider, R.R., Siebel, W., Holocene climate variability in the winter rainfall zone of South Africa. Clim. Past 9 (2013), 2347–2364.
168. Wendt, W.E., Preliminary report on an archaeological research programme in South West Africa. Cimbebasia B 2 (1972), 1–61.
169. Wendt, W.E., ‘Art mobilier’ from the Apollo 11 Cave, South West Africa: Africa's oldest dated works of art. S. Afr. Arch. Bull. 31 (1976), 5–11.
170. Williams, A., Ulm, S., Smith, M., Reid, J., AustArch: a database of 14C and non-14C ages from archaeological sites in Australia—composition, compilation and review. Internet Arch., 36, 2014.
171. Wilmsen, E.N., Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. 1989, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
172. Wilmsen, E.N., Denbow, J.R., Paradigmatic history of San-speaking peoples and current attempts at revision. Curr. Anth. 31 (1990), 489–524.