The Kidney in Hypertension

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 101, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 207-217

  Sternlicht, Hillel ^a   Bakris, George L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Hypertension; Kidney; Outcomes; Renal

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOXAZOSIN; EPLERENONE; METOPROLOL; PATIROMER; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; RENIN INHIBITOR; SODIUM ZIRCONIUM CYCLOSILICATE; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VERAPAMIL; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONSTIPATION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; INCIDENCE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENAL PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; COMPLICATION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PROTEINURIA; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84996995692     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: 15579859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. 1 Foundation, N.K., K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:2 Suppl 1 (2002), S1–S266.
2. 2 Levey, A.S., Stevens, L.A., Schmid, C.H., et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150:9 (2009), 604–612.
3. 3 Levey, A.S., de Jong, P.E., Coresh, J., et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO controversies conference report. Kidney Int 80:1 (2011), 17–28.
4. 4 Coresh, J., Selvin, E., Stevens, L.A., et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298:17 (2007), 2038–2047.
5. 5 Skorecki, K., Cheroot, G., Marsden, P., Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 10th edition, 2016, Elsevier, Philadelphia.
6. 6 Guyton, A.C., Blood pressure control–special role of the kidneys and body fluids. Science 252:5014 (1991), 1813–1816.
7. 7 Mancia, G., Grassi, G., The autonomic nervous system and hypertension. Circ Res 114:11 (2014), 1804–1814.
8. 8 Grassi, G., Cattaneo, B.M., Seravalle, G., et al. Baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in essential and secondary hypertension. Hypertension 31:1 (1998), 68–72.
9. 9 Crowley, S.D., Gurley, S.B., Herrera, M.J., et al. Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:47 (2006), 17985–17990.
10. 10 Spieker, L.E., Flammer, A.J., Lüscher, T.F., The vascular endothelium in hypertension. Handb Exp Pharmacol 176:Pt 2 (2006), 249–283.
11. 11 Dharmashankar, K., Widlansky, M.E., Vascular endothelial function and hypertension: insights and directions. Curr Hypertens Rep 12:6 (2010), 448–455.
12. 12 Quinn, U., Tomlinson, L.A., Cockcroft, J.R., Arterial stiffness. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 1:6 (2012), 1–8.
13. 13 Perry, H.M. Jr., Miller, J.P., Fornoff, J.R., et al. Early predictors of 15-year end-stage renal disease in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 25:4 Pt 1 (1995), 587–594.
14. 14 Ishani, A., Grandits, G.A., Grimm, R.H., et al. Association of single measurements of dipstick proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and hematocrit with 25-year incidence of end-stage renal disease in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:5 (2006), 1444–1452.
15. 15 Agarwal, R., Blood pressure components and the risk for end-stage renal disease and death in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:4 (2009), 830–837.
16. 16 Levin, A., Djurdjev, O., Beaulieu, M., et al. Variability and risk factors for kidney disease progression and death following attainment of stage 4 CKD in a referred cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 52:4 (2008), 661–671.
17. 17 Bakris, G.L., Weir, M.R., Shanifar, S., et al. Effects of blood pressure level on progression of diabetic nephropathy: results from the RENAAL study. Arch Intern Med 163:13 (2003), 1555–1565.
18. 18 Klahr, S., Levey, A.S., Beck, G.J., et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 330:13 (1994), 877–884.
19. 19 Sarnak, M.J., Greene, T., Wang, X., et al. The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med 142:5 (2005), 342–351.
20. 20 Appel, L.J., Wright, J.T., Greene, T., et al. Long-term effects of renin-angiotensin system-blocking therapy and a low blood pressure goal on progression of hypertensive chronic kidney disease in African Americans. Arch Intern Med 168:8 (2008), 832–839.
21. 21 Lewis, J.B., Berl, T., Bain, R.P., et al. Effect of intensive blood pressure control on the course of type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Collaborative Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 34:5 (1999), 809–817.
22. 22 Schrier, R.W., Estacio, R.O., Esler, A., et al. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 61:3 (2002), 1086–1097.
23. 23 SPRINT Research Group, Wright, J.T. Jr., Williamson, J.D., et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med 373:22 (2015), 2103–2116.
24. 24 Laffin, L.J., Bakris, G.L., Update on blood pressure goals in diabetes mellitus. Curr Cardiol Rep, 17(6), 2015, 37.
25. 25 Lea, J., Greene, T., Hebert, L., et al. The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American Study of Kidney Disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 165:8 (2005), 947–953.
26. 26 Bakris, G.L., Sarafidis, P.A., Weir, M.R., et al. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375:9721 (2010), 1173–1181.
27. 27 Ruggenenti, P., Perna, A., Loriga, G., et al. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:9463 (2005), 939–946.
28. 28 Lewis, E.J., Hunsicker, L.G., Clarke, W.R., et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:12 (2001), 851–860.
29. 29 Brenner, B.M., Cooper, M.E., de Zeeuw, D., et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:12 (2001), 861–869.
30. 30 Fried, L.F., Emanuele, N., Zhang, J.H., et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 369:20 (2013), 1892–1903.
31. 31 Parving, H.H., Brenner, B.M., McMurray, J.J., et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 367:23 (2012), 2204–2213.
32. 32 Yusuf, S., Teo, K.K., Pogue, J., et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 358:15 (2008), 1547–1559.
33. 33 Bakris, G.L., Weir, M.R., Secic, M., et al. Differential effects of calcium antagonist subclasses on markers of nephropathy progression. Kidney Int 65:6 (2004), 1991–2002.
34. 34 Gaber, L., Walton, C., Brown, S., et al. Effects of different antihypertensive treatments on morphologic progression of diabetic nephropathy in uninephrectomized dogs. Kidney Int 46:1 (1994), 161–169.
35. 35 Wright, J.T., Bakris, G., Greene, T., et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 288:19 (2002), 2421–2431.
36. 36 Agarwal, R., Sinha, A.D., Pappas, M.K., et al. Hypertension in hemodialysis patients treated with atenolol or lisinopril: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:3 (2014), 672–681.
37. 37 Williams, B., MacDonald, T.M., Morant, S., et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet 386:10008 (2015), 2059–2068.
38. 38 Mehdi, U.F., Adams-Huet, B., Raskin, P., et al. Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade or mineralocorticoid antagonism to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:12 (2009), 2641–2650.
39. 39 Bakris, G.L., Siomos, M., Richardson, D., et al. ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade: impact on potassium in renal failure. VAL-K Study Group. Kidney Int 58:5 (2000), 2084–2092.
40. 40 Epstein, M., Williams, G.H., Weinberger, M., et al. Selective aldosterone blockade with eplerenone reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1:5 (2006), 940–951.
41. 41 Lazich, I., Bakris, G.L., Prediction and management of hyperkalemia across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 34:3 (2014), 333–339.
42. 42 Bakris, G.L., Agarwal, R., Chan, J.C., et al. Effect of finerenone on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314:9 (2015), 884–894.
43. 43 Kosiborod, M., Rasmussen, H.S., Lavin, P., et al. Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on potassium lowering for 28 days among outpatients with hyperkalemia: the HARMONIZE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 312:21 (2014), 2223–2233.
44. 44 Packham, D.K., Rasmussen, H.S., Lavin, P.T., et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med 372:3 (2015), 222–231.
45. 45 Bakris, G.L., Pitt, B., Weir, M.R., et al. Effect of patiromer on serum potassium level in patients with hyperkalemia and diabetic kidney disease: the AMETHYST-DN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314:2 (2015), 151–161.
46. 46 Weir, M.R., Bakris, G.L., Bushinsky, D.A., et al. Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. N Engl J Med 372:3 (2015), 211–221.