Urban health in developing countries: A review

Progress in Development Studies

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 113-137

  Harpham, Trudy ^a   Molyneux, Catherine ^a,b  

^a LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Wellcome Trust Center   (Kenya)

Author keywords

behaviour; epidemiology; health; urban

Indexed keywords

EID: 84996213709     PISSN: 14649934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/146499340100100202     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Agyei, W. K., Mukiza-Gapere, J. and Epema, E. J. 1994: Sexual behaviour, reproductive health and contraceptive use amongadolescents and young adults in Mbale District, Uganda. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97(4), 219-227.
2. Akin, J. S. and Hutchinson, P. 1999: Health-care facility choice and the phenomenon of bypassing. Health Policy and Planning 14(2), 135-151.
3. Allain, T. J., et al. 1997: Morbidity and disability in elderly Zimbabweans. Age and Ageing 26(2), 115-121.
4. Atkinson, S. J. and Cheyne, J. 1994: Immunization in urban areas: issues and strategies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 72(2), 183-194.
5. Atkinson, S., Songsore, J. and Werna E. 1996: Urban health research in developing countries: implicationsfor policy. Wallingford: CAB International.
6. Atkinson, S., et al. 1999: The referral process and urban health care in sub-Saharan Africa: the caseof Lusaka, Zambia. Social Science and Medicine 49(1), 27-38.
7. Awasthi, S. and Pande, V. K. 1998: Cause-specific mortality in under fives in the urban slums of Lucknow,north India. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics 44(6), 358-361.
8. Bah, S. 1993: Re-examination of recent trends in under five mortality rates in Zimbabwe:evidence from the ZDHS, 1988 Central African Journal of Medicine 39(9), 180-183
9. (published erratum appears in Central African Journal of Medicine 1995, 41(8), 265-265).
10. Bahr, J. and Wehrhahn, R. 1993: Life expectancy and infant mortality in Latin America. Social Science Medicine 36(10), 1373-1382, table 33.
11. Barata, R. B., Ribeiro, M. C., Guedes, M. B. and de Moraes, J. C. 1998: Intra-urban differentials in death rates from homicide in the city of SaoPaulo, Brazil, 1988-1994. Social Science Medicine 47(1), 19-23.
12. Bassett, M. T., Bijlmakers, L. and Sanders, D. M. 1997: Professionalism, patient satisfaction and quality of health care:experience during Zimbabwe’s structural adjustment programme. Social Science Medicine 45(12); 1845-1852.
13. Beevers, D. G. and Prince, J. S. 1991: Some recent advances in non-communicable diseases in the Tropics. 1.Hypertension: an emerging problem in tropical countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85(3), 324-326.
14. Bella, A. F., et al. 1993: The pattern of medical illness in a community of elderly Nigerians. Central African Journal of Medicine 39(6), 112-116.
15. Bennett, S. 1992: Promoting the private sector: a review of developing country trends. Health Policy and Planning 7(2), 97-110.
16. Blue, I. 1999: Intra-urban differentials in mental health in Sao Paulo,Brazil. Ph.D. Thesis, South Bank University, London, UK.
17. Blue, I. and Harpham, T. 1998: Investing in mental health research and development. British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 294-295.
18. Blue, I. and Harpham, T. 2000: Review of evaluations of healthy cities in Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization European Office.
19. Boerma, J. T., Nunn, A. and Whitworth, A. G. 1998: Mortality impact of the AIDS epidemic: evidence from community studies inless developed countries. AIDS 12(Suppl. 1), S3-S14.
20. Boerma, J., Urassa, M., Senkoro, K., Klokke, A. and Ng’weshemi, Z. L. 1999: Spread of HIV infection in a rural area of Tanzania. AIDS 13, 1233-1240.
21. Bradley, J., Stephens, C., Harpham, T. and Cairn-cross, S. 1992: A review of environmetnal health impacts in developing countrycities. Washington DC: Urban Management Program, UrbanManagement and the Environments, The World Bank.
22. Brockerhoff, M. 1994: The impact of rural-urban migration on child survival. Health Transition Review 4(2), 127-149.
23. Brockerhoff, M. 1995: Child survival in big cities: the disadvantages of migrants. Social Science and Medicine 40(10), 1371-1383.
24. Brockerhoff, M. and Brennan, E. 1998: The poverty of cities in developing regions. Population and Development Review 24(1), 75-114.
25. Brugha, R. and Zwi, A. 1998: Improving the quality of private sector delivery of public health services:challenges and strategies. Health Policy and Planning 13(2), 107-120.
26. Brugha, R. and Zwi, A. B. 1999: Sexually transmitted disease control in developing countries: the challengeof involving the private sector [editorial]. Sexually Transmitted Infections 75(5), 283-285.
27. Brugha, R., Chandramohan, D. and Zwi, A. 1999: Viewpoint: management of malaria - working with the private sector. Tropical Medicine and International Health 4(5), 402-406.
28. Byarugaba, J. and Kielkowski, D. 1994: Reflections on trauma and violence-related deaths in Soweto, July 1990-June 1991. South African Medical Journal 84(9), 610-614.
29. Byass, P., et al. 1995: Assessment and possible control of endemic measles in urban Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Medicine 17(2), 140-145.
30. Carme, B., Koulengana, P., Nzambe, A. and Du Bodan, G. 1992: Current practises for the prevention and treatment of malaria in childrenand in pregnant women in the Brazzaville region (Congo). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 86(4), 319-322.
31. Carpentier, L., Prazuck, T., Vincent-Ballereau, F., Ouedraogo, L. T. and Lafaix, C. 1995: Choice of traditional or modern treatment in west Burkina Faso. World Health Forum 16(2), 198-202.
32. Ceesay, M. M., Morgan, M. W., Kamanda, M. O., Willoughby, V. R. and Lisk, D. R. 1996: Prevalence of diabetes in rural and urban populations in southern SierraLeone: a preliminary survey. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2(3), 272-277.
33. Cutts, F. T., et al. 1996: Child and maternal mortality during a period of conflict in Beira City, Mozambique. International Journal of Epidemiology 25(2), 349-356.
34. Delpeuch, F. and Maire, B. 1997: Obesity and developing countries of the south. Medicine Tropicale 57(4), 380-388(in French).
35. Develay, A., Sauerborn, R. and Diesfeld, H. J. 1996: Utilization of health care in an African urban area: results from ahousehold survey in Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso. Social Science and Medicine 43(11), 1611-1619.
36. Ekanem, E. E., Adedeji, O. T. and Akitoye, C. O. 1994: Environmental and behavioural risk factors for prolonged diarrhoea inNigerian children. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 12(1), 19-24.
37. Ekblad, S. 1993: Stressful environments and their effects on quality of life in Third World Cities. Environment and Urbanization 5(2), 125-134.
38. Fawcus, S., Mbizvo, M. T., Lindmark, G. and Nystrom, L. 1995: A community based investigation of causes of maternal mortality in ruraland urban Zimbabwe. Maternal Mortality Study Group. Central African Journal of Medicine 41(4), 105-113.
39. Fawcus, S., Mbizvo, M., Lindmark, G. and Nystrom, L. 1996: A community-based investigation of avoidable factors for maternal mortalityin Zimbabwe. Studies in Family Planning 27(6), 319-327.
40. Feachem, R., Kjellstrom, R. and Murray, C. editors, 1990: The health of adults in the developingworld. Washington DC: World Bank.
41. Ferrinho, P., Van Lerberghe, W. and Da Cruz Gomes, A. 1999: Public and private practice: a balancing act for health staff. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77(3), 209-209.
42. Fonseca, W., et al. 1996: Risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in Fortaleza,Brazil: a case control study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74(2), 199-208.
43. Frenk, J., Londono, J., Knaul, F. and Lozano, R. 1998: Latin Ameirican health systems in transition: a vision forthe future. In Bezold, C., Frenk, J. and McCarthy, S., editors, 21st century health care in Latin America and the Caribbean:prospects for achieving health for all. Mexico: The Institute for Alternative Futuresand Fundacion Mexicana para la Salua, 109-147.
44. Fuller, T. D., Edwards, J. N., Sermsri, S. and Vorakitphokatorn, S. 1993: Housing, stress, and physical well-being: evidence from Thailand. Social Science and Medicine 36(11), 1417-1428.
45. Garrett, J. L. and Ruel, M. T. 1999: Are determinants of rural and urban food security and nutritional statusdifferent? Some insights from Mozambique. World Development 27(11), 1955-1975.
46. Gilbert, L. 1996: Urban violence and health - South Africa 1995. Social Science and Medicine 43(5), 873-876.
47. Gilson, L. 1997: The lessons of user fee experience in Africa. Health Policy and Planning 12(4), 273-285.
48. Gilson, L. and Mills, A. 1995: Health sector reforms in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons of the last 10 years. Health Policy and Planning 32, 215-243.
49. Gilson, L., Russell, S. and Buse, K. 1995: The political economy of user fees with targetting: developing equitablehealth financing policy. Journal of International Development 7(3), 369-401.
50. Giusti, D., Criel, B. and De Bethune, X. 1997: Viewpoint: public versus private health care delivery: beyond the slogans. Health Policy and Planning 12(3), 193-198.
51. Glik, D., Ward, W., Gordon, A. and Haba, F. 1989): Malaria treatment practices among mothers in Guinea. Journal of Heath and Social Behaviour 30, 421-435.
52. Good, C. 1987: Ethnomedical systems in Africa: patterns of traditionalmedicine in rural and urban Kenya. New York: Guilford Press.
53. Gould, W. T. 1998: African mortality and the new ‘urban penalty’. Health and Place 4(2), 171-181.
54. Granja, A. C., Machungo, F., Gomes, A., Bergstrom, S. and Brabin, B. 1998: Malaria-related maternal mortality in urban Mozambique. Annals of Tropical Medicine Parasitology 92(3), 257-263.
55. Grant, E. 1999: State of the art of urban health in Latin America. EuropeanCommission-funded Concerted Action: ‘Health and human settlements inLatin America’. London: South Bank University.
56. Haddad, L., Ruel, M. T., and Garrett, J. L. 1999: Are urban poverty and undernutrition growing? Some newly assembled evidence. World Development 27(11), 1891-1904.
57. Hanson, K. and Berman, P. 1998: Private health care provision in developing coutries: a preliminaryanalysis of levels and composition. Health Policy and Planning 13(3), 195-211.
58. Harpham, T. 1994: Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: a research role forsocial scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists. Social Science Medicine 39(2), 233-245.
59. Harpham, T. 1997: Urbanisation and health in transition. Lancet 349(Suppl. III), 11-13.
60. Harpham, T. and Blue, I., editors, 1995: Urbanisation and mental health in developingcountries. Aldershot: Avebury.
61. Harpham, T. and Tanner, M., editors 1995: Urban health in developing countries: progressand prospects. London: Earthscan.
62. Harpham, T., Burton, S. and Blue, I., 2001: Healthy cities in developing countries: the first evaluation. Health Promotion International 16(2), in press.
63. Heise, L. L., Raikes, A., Watts, C. H. and Zwi, A. B. 1994: Violence against women: a neglected public health issue in less developed countries. Social Science and Medicine 39(9), 1165-1179.
64. Holdsworth, G., Garner, P. A. and Harpham, T. 1993: Crowded outpatient departments in city hospitals of developing countries: acase study from Lesotho. International Journal of Health Planning and Management 8(4), 315-324.
65. Hotchkiss, D. R., Rous, J. J., Karmacharya, K. and Sangraula, P. 1998: Household health expenditures in Nepal: implications for health carefinancing reform. Health Policy and Planning 13(4), 371-383.
66. Howson, C. P., Fineberg, H. V. and Bloom, B. R. 1998: The pursuit of global health: the relevance for engagement for developing countries. Lancet 351, 586-590.
67. Kayombo, E. J. 1995: Motor traffic accidents in Dar es Salaam. Tropical Geography and Medicine 47(1), 37-39.
68. Kearns, G. 1993: Le handicap urbain et le déclin de la mortalité enAngleterre et au Pays de Galles 1851-1900. Annales de Demographic Historique 75-105.
69. Kearns, G. 1988: The urban penalty and the population history ofEngland. In: Brandstrom, A., and Tedebrand, L., editors Society, health and population during the demographictransition. Stockholm: Almquist and WisKELL International, pp. 213-236.
70. Kilian, A. 1995: Malaria control in Kaborole and Bundibugyo Districts, WesternUganda. Report on a comprehensive malaria situation analysis and design of adistrict control programme. Fort Portal, Uganda.
71. Kitange, H. M., et al. 1996: Outlook for survivors of childhood in sub-Saharan Africa: adult mortalityin Tanzania. Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project British Medical Journal 312(7025), 216-220
72. (published erratum appears in British Medical Journal 1996, 312 (7029), 483-483)
73. Knudsen, A. B. and Slooff, R. 1992: Vector-borne disease problems in rapid urbanization: new approaches tovector control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 70(1), 1-6.
74. Londono, J. L. and Frenk, J. 1997: Structured pluralism: towards an innovative model for health system reformin Latin America. Health Policy 41(1), 1-36.
75. Lorenz, N. and Garner, P. 1995: Organising and managing health services. In Harpham, T. and Tanner, M. editors, Urban health in developing countries: progress andprospects. London: Earthscan.
76. Mahalanabis, D., Faruque, A. S., Islam, A. and Hoque, S. S. 1996: Maternal education and family income as determinants of severe diseasefollowing acute diarrhoea in children: a case control study. Journal of Biosocial Science 28(2), 129-139.
77. Makinen, M., et al. 2000: Inequalities in health care use and expenditures: empirical data from eightdeveloping countries and countries in transition. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78(1), 55-65.
78. Mamdani, M., Garner, P., Harpham, T. and Campbell, O. 1993: Fertility and contraceptive use in poor urban areas of developing countries. Health Policy and Planning 8(1), 1-18.
79. Mbizvo, M. T., Fawcus, S., Lindmark, G. and Nystrom, L. 1993: Maternal mortality in rural and urban Zimbabwe: social and reproductivefactors in an incident case-referent study. Social Science Medicine 36(9), 1197-1205.
80. McCombie, S. 1996: Treatment seeking for malaria: a review of recent research. Social Sciebce and Medicine 43(6), 933-945.
81. McGranahan, G., Songsore, J. and Kjellén, M. 1999: Sustainability, poverty and urban environmentaltransitions, In: Satterthwaite, D. editor, The Earthscan reader in sustainable cities. London: Earthscan, 107-130.
82. McLarty, D. G., Unwin, N., Kitange, H. M. and Alberti, K. G. 1996: Diabetes mellitus as a cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa: results of acommunity-based study in Tanzania. The Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project. Diabetic Medicine 13(11), 990-994.
83. McPake, B. 1993: User charges for health services in developing countries: a review of theeconomic literature. Social Science and Medicine 36(11), 1397-1405.
84. Mirza, N. M., Caulfield, L. E., Black, R. E. and Macharia, W. M. 1997: Risk factors for diarrheal duration. American Journal of Epidemiology 146(9), 776-785.
85. Mitlin, D., Satterthwaite, D. and Stephens, C. 1996: City inequality. Environment and Urbanisation 8(2), 3-7.
86. Mock, C. N., Abantanga, F., Cummings, P. and Koepsell, T. D. 1999: Incidence and outcome of injury in Ghana: a community-based survey. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77(12), 955-964.
87. Mock, N. B., Sellers, T. A., Abdoh, A. A. and Franklin, R. R. 1993: Socioeconomic, environmental, demographic and behavioral factors associatedwith occurrence of diarrhea in young children in the Republic of Congo. Social Science and Medicine 36(6), 807-816.
88. Molbak, K., et al. 1992: Persistent and acute diarrhoea as the leading causes of child mortality inurban Guinea Bissau. Transactions of the Roual Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86(2), 216-220.
89. Molbak, K., et al. 1993: Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, west Africa. British Medical Journal 307(6901), 417-420.
90. Molyneux, C. S., Mung’Ala-Odera, V., Harpham, T. and Snow, R. W. 1999: Maternal responses to childhood fevers: a comparison of rural and urbanresidents in coastal Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health 4(12), 836-845.
91. Monteiro, C. A., Benico, D. A., Conde, W. L. and Popkin, B. H. 2000: Shifting obesity trends in Brazil. European journal of Clinical Nutrition 54(4), 342-346.
92. Morris, S. S., Levin, C. E., Armar-Klemesu, M., Maxwell, D., and Ruel, M. T. 1999: Does geographic targeting of nutrition interventions make sense in cities?Evidence from Abidjan and Accra. World Development 27(11), 2011-2019.
93. Moser, C. and Shrader, E. 1999: A conceptual framework for violence reduction.Sustainable Development Working Paper. Latin America and Caribbean Region, The World Bank, Urban Peace Program Series.
94. Muna, W. F. 1993: Cardiovascular disorders in Africa. World Health Statistics Quarterly 46(2), 125-133.
95. Mutatkar, R. K. 1995: Public health problems of urbanization. Social Science and Medicine 41(7), 977-981.
96. Mwenesi, H. 1993: Mothers’ definition and treatment of childhoodmalaria on the Kenyan Coast. Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of London.
97. Ngalande-Banda, E. and Walt, G. 1995: The private health sector in Malawi: opening Pandora’s box? Journal of International Development 7(3), 403-421.
98. Nichter, M. 1996: Self-medication and STD prevention (editorial; comment). Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23(5), 353-356.
99. Odero, W. 1995: Road traffic accidents in Kenya: an epidemiological appraisal. East African Medical Journal 72(5), 299-305.
100. Odero, W., Garner, P. and Zwi, A. 1997: Road traffic injuries in developing countries: a comprehensive review ofepidemiological studies. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2(5), 445-460.
101. Ogunbekun, I., Ogunbekun, A. and Orobaton, N. 1999: Private health care in Nigeria: walking the tightrope. Health Policy and Planning 14(2), 174-181.
102. Okello, D., Lubanga, R., Guwatudde, D. and Sebina-Zziwa, A. 1998: The challenge to restoring basic health care in Uganda. Social Science and Medicine 46(1), 13-21.
103. Oloruntimehin, O. 1996: Urban violence: health consequences and costs. Social Science and Medicine 43(5), 887-888.
104. Pan American Health Organization 1996: Adolescent programme health situation analysis(Technical health information system mortality database). Washington DC: PAHO.
105. Pan American Health Organization 1998: Health in the Americas: 1998 edition. Washington DC: PAHO.
106. Parry, C. 1995: Quantitative measurement of mental health problems in urbanareas: opportunities and constraints. In Harpham, T. and Blue, I., editors, Urbanisation and mental health in developing countries. Aldershot: Avebury.
107. Pick, W. M. and Obermeyer, C. M. 1996: Urbanisation, household composition and the reproductive health of women ina South African city. Social Science and Medicine 43(10), 1431-1441.
108. Popkin, B. M. 1999: Urbanization, lifestyle changes and the nutrition transition. World Development 27(11), 1905-1916.
109. Root, G. 1997: Population density and spatial differentials in child mortality in Zimbabwe. Social Science and Medicine 44(3), 413-421.
110. Ruel, M. T. and Garrett, J. L. 1999: Overview. World Development 27(11), 1885-1890.
111. Ruel, M. T., Haddad, L. and Garrett, J. L. 1999a: Some urban facts of life: implications for research and policy. World Development 27(11), 1917-1938.
112. Ruel, M. T., Levin, C. E., Armar-Klemesu, M., Maxwell, D. and Morris, S. S. 1999b: Good care practices can mitigate the negative effects of poverty and lowmaternal schooling on children’s nutritional status: evidence from Accra. World Development 27(11), 1993-2010.
113. Russell, S. 1996: Ability to pay for health care: concepts and evidence. Health Policy and Planning 11(3), 219-237.
114. Sanders, D., Kravitz, J., Lewin, S. and McKee, M. 1998: Zimbabwe’s hospital referral system: does it work? Health Policy and Planning 13(4), 359-370.
115. Satterthwaite, D. 1993: The impact on health of urban environments. Environment and Urbanisation 5(2), 87-111.
116. Satterthwaite, D. 1995: The under-estimation and misrepresentation of urban poverty. Environment and Urbanisation 7(1), 3-10.
117. Sinha, A., et al. 1999: Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 354(9180), 734-737.
118. Soares, K. V. S., Blue, I., Cano, E. and Mari, J. J. 1998: Violent death in young people in the city of Sao Paulo, 1991-1993. Health and Place 4(2), 195-198.
119. Sodemann, M., Jakobsen, M. S., Molbak, K., Alvarenga Jr., I. C. and Aaby, P. 1997: High mortality despite good care-seeking behaviour: a community study ofchildhood deaths in Guinea-Bissau. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75(3), 205-212.
120. South Africa Department of Health 1998: South Africa demographic and health survey. Pretoria.
121. Stephens, C. 1996: Healthy cities or unhealthy islands: the health and social implications ofurban inequality. Environment and Urbanisation 8(2), 9-30.
122. Stephens, C., et al. 1994: Environment and health in developing countries: an analysis ofintra-urban differentials using existing data. London: London School of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, monograph.
123. Steyn, K., et al. 1996: Hypertension in the black community of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. East African Medical Journal 73(11), 758-763.
124. Stierle, F., Kaddar, M., Tchicaya, A. and Schmidt-Ehry, B. 1999: Indigence and access to health care in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Hleath Planning and Management 14(2), 81-105.
125. Szreter, S. 1997: Economic growth, disruption, deprivation, disease and death: on theimportance of the politics of pubic health for development. Population and Development Review 23(4), 693-728.
126. Takoli, C. 1998: Rural-urban interactions: a guide to the literature. Environment and Urbanisation 10(1), 147-166.
127. Taylor, C. E. 1993: Learning from health care experiences in developing countries. American Journal of Public Health 83(11), 1531-1532.
128. Thaver, I. H., Harpham, T., McPake, B. and Garner, P. 1998: Private practitioners in the slums of Karachi: what quality of care do they offer? Social Science and Medicine 46(11), 1441-1449.
129. Thoits, P. A. 1995: Stress, coping, and social support processes: where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behaviour (Extra Issue), 53-79.
130. Thomas, E. P., et al. 1999: Household environment and health in Port Elizabeth, SouthAfrica. Urban Environment Series Report 6. Cape Town: Stockholm Environment Institute andSouth African Medical Research Council, 126-126 pp.
131. Timaeus, I. 1998: Impact of the HIV epidemic on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidencefrom national surveys and censuses. AIDS 12(Suppl 1), S15-S27.
132. Timaeus, I. and Lopez, A. 1996: Introduction. In Timaeus, I., Chackiel, J. and Ruzicka, L., editors, Adult mortality in Latin America. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5-13.
133. Timaeus, M. I. and Lush, L. 1995: Intra-urban differentials in child health. Health Transition Review 5, 163-190.
134. Todd, A. 1996: Health inequalities in urban areas: a guide to the literature. Environment and Urbanisation 8(2), 141-152.
135. van Rie, A., et al. 1999: Childhood tuberculosis in an urban population in South Africa: burden andrisk factor. Archives of Disability in Children 80(5), 433-437.
136. Vögele, J. 2000: Urbanization and the urban mortality change in Imperial Germany. Health and Place 6(1), 41-55.
137. von Schirnding, Y., Yach, D., Blignault, R. and Matthews, C. 1991: Environmental determinants of acute respiratory symptoms and diarrhoea inyoung coloured children living in urban and peri-urban areas of South Africa. South African Medical Journal 79, 457-461.
138. Walker, A. R. 1995: Cancer outlook: an African perspective. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 88(1), 5-13.
139. Walker, A. R. and Sareli, P. 1997: Coronary heart disease: outlook for Africa. Journal of the Royal society of Medicine 90(1), 23-27.
140. Walker, A. R. and Segal, I. 1997: Health/ill-health transition in less privileged populations: what does thefuture hold? Journal of the Royal College of Physicians, London 31(4), 392-395.
141. Wang’ombe, J. K. 1995: Public health crises of cities in developing countries. Social Science and Medicine 41(6), 857-862.
142. Wellington, M., Ndowa, F. and Mbengeranwa, L. 1997: Risk factors for sexually transmitted disease in Harare: a case-control study. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 24(9), 528-532.
143. Werna, E., Harpham, T., Blue, I. and Goldstein, G. 1998: Healthy cities in developing countries. London: Earthscan.
144. Wilkinson, R. 1996: Unhealthy societies. London: Routledge.
145. Winston, C. M. and Patel, V. 1995: Use of traditional and orthodox health services in urban Zimbabwe. International Journal of Epidemiology 24(5), 1006-1012.
146. World Bank 2000: World development report. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
147. World Health Organization 1993: The urban health crisis: strategies for all in the face ofrapid urbanisation. Geneva: WHO.
148. World Health Organization 1996: Investigating in health research and development. Geneva: WHO.
149. Wyss, K., et al. 1996: Utilisation of government and private health services in Dar es Salaam. East African Medical Journal 73(6), 357-363.
150. Yesudian, C. 1994: Behaviour of the private sector in the health market of Bombay. Health Policy and Planning 9(1), 72-80.
151. Zwi, A. B., Forjuoh, S., Murugusampillay, S., Odero, W. and Watts, C. 1996: Injuries in developing countries: policy response needed now. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90(6), 593-595.