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1
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April
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See Environment and Urbanization Vol.7. No.1, April 1995, especially: Wratten, E., "Conceptualizing urban poverty", pages 11-37;
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also Wolfe, M. (1995), "Globalization and social exclusion: some paradoxes", pages 81-103 in Rodgers, G., C. Gore and J.B. Figueiredo (editors) (1995), Social Exclusion; Rhetoric, Reality, Responses, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
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Wolfe, M.1
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Amis, P.1
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note
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"Where some people are very wealthy and others have nothing, the result will be either extreme democracy or absolute oligarchy, or despotism will come from either of those excesses" (Aristotle Politics 4. 1296a).
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15
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Rapoport, S.G., R. Cobo, L.P. Paredes, et al (1995), "Economic restructuring and social exclusion in Mexico", pages 215-229;
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Rapoport, S.G.1
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David, P.H.1
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26244461142
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-
note
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However, it is necessary to state at the outset that there is substantial evidence that urban and rural poverty are inextricably linked. Recent macroeconomic forces have, in many cases, urbanized the rural poor and deepened the trap of urban poverty (Amis and Rakodi (1994)). The implications of this for the traditional idea of the rural-urban health divide are profound.
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-
-
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20
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UNDP compiled an excellent review of such inequalities in 1992 - see United Nations Development Programme (1992), Human Development Report 1992, Oxford University Press, New York.
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Hardoy, J.E., S. Caimcross and D. Satterthwaite (editors), (1990), The Poor Die Young: Housing and Health in Third World Cities, Earthscan Publications, London;
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Hardoy, J.E.1
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Harris, M., (editor) (1992), UCL Press, London
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also Harris, M. (1992), "Introduction" in Harris, M., (editor) (1992), Cities in the 1990s. The Challenge for Developing Countries, UCL Press, London, pages ix-1;
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Harris, M.1
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also Harpham, T. and C. Stephens (1991), "Urbanization and health in developing countries from the shadows into the sporlight", Tropical Diseases Bulletin Vol.88 (8), pages 1-35;
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also United Nations Development Programme (1994), Human Development Report 1994, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pages 1-101;
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See reference 3, Amis and Rakodi (1994); also World Bank (1990), World Development Report 1990 Poverty, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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See reference 3, Amis and Rakodi (1994).
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See reference 11, Lipton (1988).
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See reference 14, World Bank (1990).
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41
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26244466329
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Access to public goods which influence survival - "a basic need": these are variously defined but generally mean food, water, shelter, basic sanitation, education and basic health care.
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42
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Harriss, B., S. Guahn and R.H. Cassen (editors), Oxford University Press, Bombay
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Chambers, R. (1992), "Poverty in India: concepts, research and reality" in Harriss, B., S. Guahn and R.H. Cassen (editors), Poverty in India; Research and Policy, Oxford University Press, Bombay, pages 301-332.
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See reference 3, Sen (1981); see also reference 21; also reference 3, Amis and Rakodi (1994); also reference 1, Wratten (1995).
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44
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See reference 23, Townsend (1993).
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47
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See reference 11, United Nations Development Programme (1994).
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See reference 35, Brockerhoff (1993).
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See reference 25, Brockerhoff (1995), page 10. By housing, Brockerhoff means household facilities in terms of water, sanitation, food storage, shelter, space and waste disposal.
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See reference 9, Hardoy, Mitlin and Satterthwaite (1992); also reference 10, Harpham and Stephens (1991); also reference 41, Bradley, Stephens, Harpham, et al (1991); and Tabibzadeh, I., A. Rossi-Espagnet, and R. Maxwell (1989), Spotlight on the Cities: Improving Urban Health in Developing Countries, World Health Organization, Geneva, pages 1-174.
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See reference 44, Stephens, Timaeus, Akerman, et al (1994).
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See reference 57, Yach and Harrison (1996).
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See reference 44, Stephens, Timaeus, Akerman, et al (1994).
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Porter and Ogden (forthcoming).
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It is important to note that the original basic needs concepts included the "...participation of the people in making decisions which affect them" (ILO 1976, page 32). The same document suggest that achieving basic needs required "...changing the pattern of growth and use of productive resources."
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See reference 93.
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See reference 18.
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See reference 33.
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See reference 2, Silver (1995); also reference 101, Rodgers (1995).
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See reference 61, Pinheiro (1993).
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