Increased forest biomass production in the Nordic and Baltic countries - A review on current and future opportunities

Silva Fennica

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2016, Pages

  Rytter, Lars ^a   Ingerslev, Morten ^b   Kilpeläinen, Antti ^c,d   Torssonen, Piritta ^d   Lazdina, Dagnija ^e   Löf, Magnus ^f   Madsen, Palle ^b   Muiste, Peeter ^g   Stener, Lars Göran ^a  

^a THE FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SWEDEN   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^e LATVIAN STATE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE SILAVA   (Latvia)

^f SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^g ESTONIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Coppice; Cultivation areas; Fertilization; Growth increment; Nurse crops; Tree breeding; Tree species

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CONSERVATION; CROPS; FOSSIL FUELS; GROUNDWATER; NURSING; PRODUCTIVITY; REFORESTATION;

COPPICE; FERTILIZATION; GROWTH INCREMENTS; TREE BREEDING; TREE SPECIES;

ECOLOGY;

BIOENERGY; COPPICE; CULTIVATION; FERTILIZER APPLICATION; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTRY PRODUCTION; FOSSIL FUEL; GROWTH RATE; LEGISLATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; NURSE PLANT; PHYTOMASS; PLANT BREEDING; RENEWABLE RESOURCE; RESOURCE USE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BALTIC STATES; SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 84995655297     PISSN: 00375330     EISSN: 22424075     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14214/sf.1660     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Alam A., Kilpeläinen A., Kellomäki S. (2008). Impacts of thinning on growth, timber production and carbon stocks in Finland under changing climate. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23: 501-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580802545564.
2. Alam A., Kilpeläinen A., Kellomäki S. (2010). Potential energy wood production with implications to timber recovery and carbon stocks under varying thinning and climate scenarios in Finland. Bioenergy Research 3: 362-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-010-9095-1.
3. Alriksson B., Ledin S., Seeger P. (1997). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth in a Salix viminalis stand using a response surface experimental design. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 12: 321-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589709355418.
4. Aosaar J., Varik M., Uri V. (2012). Biomass production potential of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe: A review. Biomass and Bioenergy 45: 11-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.013.
5. Aronsson P., Rosenqvist H., Dimitriou I. (2014). Impact of nitrogen fertilization to short-rotation willow coppice plantations grown in Sweden on yield and economy. Bioenergy Research 7: 993-1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9435-7.
6. Begley C.D., Coates A.E. (1961). Estimating yield of hardwood coppice for pulpwood growing. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1959/60: 189-196. HMSO, London.
7. Bekeris P. (2011). Latvia’s forest during 20 years of independence. BALTI Group, Riga. 46 p. https://www.zm.gov.lv/public/ck/files/ZM/mezhi/buklets/MN_20_EN.pdf.
8. Bergh J., Freeman M., Sigurdsson B., Kellomäki S., Laitinen K., Niinistö S., Peltola H., Linder S. (2003). Modelling short-term effects of climate change on the productivity of selected tree species in Nordic countries. Forest Ecology and Management 183: 327-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00117-8.
9. Bergh J., Linder S., Bergström J. (2005). Potential production of Norway spruce in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management 204: 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.075.
10. Bergh J., Nilsson U., Grip H., Hedwall P.O., Lundmark T. (2008). Effects of frequency of fertilisation on production, foliar chemistry and nutrient leaching in young Norway spruce stands in Sweden. Silva Fennica 42(5): 721-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.225.
11. Bergqvist G. (1999). Wood volume yield and stand structure in Norway spruce understorey depending on birch shelterwood density. Forest Ecology and Management 122: 221-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00008-0.
12. Bergstedt A. (2005). Træarternas anvendelse og produktionspotentiale. [The use and production potential of tree species]. Dansk Skovbrugs Tidsskrift 1-2: 342-360.
13. Bergstedt A., Jørgensen B.B. (1992). Hugstforsøg i Abies grandis. [Thining trials in Abies grandis]. Videnblande Skovbrug 5.6-2. http://videntjenesten.ku.dk/skov_og_natur/bevoksningspleje/hugstbehandling/videnblad_05.06-02/.
14. Binkley D. (1981). Nodule biomass and acetylene reduction rates of red alder and sitka alder on Vancouver Island, B.C. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 281-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x81-037.
15. Briceño-Elizondo E., Garcia-Gonzalo J., Peltola H., Matala J., Kellomäki S. (2006). Sensitivity of growth of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch to climate change and forest management in boreal conditions. Forest Ecology and Management 232(1-3): 152-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.062.
16. Brunberg T. (2011). Forest fuel: Assortments, methods and costs 2010. Uppsala, Skogforsk, Resultat no. 8. 2 p. [In Swedish with English summary]. http://www.skogforsk.se/contentassets/3a849981dd414d25b0c21c97a583aa6d/resultat12-10_lowres.pdf.
17. Buckley G.P. (ed.) (1992). Ecology and management of coppice woodlands. Chapman & Hall, London. 339 p. ISBN 978-94-011-2362-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2362-4.
18. Cameron A.D. (1996). Managing birch woodlands for the production of quality timber. Forestry 69: 357-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/69.4.357.
19. Canadell J.G., Raupach M.R. (2008). Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science 320(5882): 1456-1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155458.
20. Carle J.B., Ball J.B., Del Lungo A. (2009). The global thematic study of planted forests. In: Evans J. (ed.). Planted forests-uses, impacts and sustainability. FAO, CABI Head Office, Wallingford, UK. p. 33-46. ISBN 9781845935641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845935641.0000.
21. Christersson L. (2010). Wood production potential in poplar plantations in Sweden. Biomass and Bioenergy 34: 1289-1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.03.021.
22. Christersson L., Sennerby-Forsse L. (1994). The Swedish programme for intensive short-rotation forests. Biomass and Bioenergy 6: 145-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(94)90094-9.
23. Claessens H., Oosterbaan A., Savill P., Rondeux J. (2010). A review of the characteristics of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and their implications for silvicultural practices. Forestry 83: 163-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp038.
24. Comeau P. (2014). Effects of aerial strip spraying on mixedwood stand structure and tree growth. Forestry Chronicle 90: 479-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-097.
25. Crockford K.J., Savill P.S. (1991). Preliminary yield tables for oak coppice. Forestry 64: 29-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/64.1.29.
26. Danell Ö. (1993). Breeding programmes in Sweden. General approach. In: Lee S.J. (ed.). Progeny testing and breeding strategies. Proceedings from a meeting with the Nordic group for tree breeding, Oct 1993, Edinburgh. Forestry Commission.
27. Danmarks Statistik (2012). Statistisk Årbog 2012. [Statistical Yearbook 2012]. Danmarks Statistik, Copenhagen. 523 p. [In Danish]. http://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/Publikationer/VisPub?cid=16252.
28. Directorate General of State Forests (2012). Forest resources. Directorate General of State Forests at the Ministry of Environment Republic of Lithuania, Vilnius. http://www.gmu.lt.
29. Dralle K., Larsen J.B. (1995). Growth response to different types of NPK-fertilizer in Norway spruce plantations in Western Denmark. Plant and Soil 168-169: 501-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029362.
30. Ebenhard T., Dahlström A., Emanuelsson U., Lennartsson T., Löf M., Palme U. (2013). Lågskogsbruk-biobränsleproduktion i samklang med miljömål. CBM, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala. 115 p. [In Swedish].
31. Ekö P.M., Larsson-Stern M., Albrektson A. (2004). Growth and yield of hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis A. Henry) in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19: 320-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580410024151.
32. Edvardsen O.M., Steffenrem A., Johnskås O.R., Johnsen Ø., Myking T., Kvaalen H. (2010). Strategi for skogplanteforedling 2010-2040 (høringsutkast). Stiftelsen Det norske Skogfrøverk. The Norwegian Forest Seed Center, Hamar. [In Norwegian]. http://www.skogplanteforedling.no/Dokumenter/Skogfroverket_strategi.pdf.
33. Elfving B., Ericsson T., Rosvall O. (2001). The introduction of lodgepole pine for wood production in Sweden-a review. Forest Ecology and Management 141: 15-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00485-0.
34. Eriksson H. (1976). Yield of Norway spruce in Sweden. Royal College of Forestry, Dept. Forest Yield Research, Stockholm, Research Notes No 41. 291 p.
35. Estonian Environmental Information Centre (2012). Yearbook Forest 2010. Keskkonnateabe Keskus, Tartu. 226 p. [In Estonian with English translations]. http://www.keskkonnainfo.ee/main/index.php/en/publications.
36. Eurostat (2012). The contribution of renewable energy up to 12.4% of energy comsumption in the EU27 in 2010. Eurostat Newsrelease 94. 2 p. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-press-releases/-/8-18062012-AP.
37. Eurostat (2013). Primary production of renewable energy, 2003 and 2013. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Primary_production_of_renewable_energy,_2003_and_2013_YB15.png.
38. FAO (2010). Global forest resource assessment 2010. FAO, Rome. 378 p. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf.
39. FAO (2012). Supporting sustainable forest management through the global forest resources assessment: Long-term strategy (2012-2030). FAO, Rome. 9 p. http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/.
40. FAO (2014a). Statistical yearbook 2014: Europe and Central Asia food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest. 130 p. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/en/#.Vzrt2mxf2Um.
41. FAO (2014b). Global forest eesource assessment 2015-country report: Denmark. FAO, Rome. 83 p. http://www.fao.org/3/a-az199e.pdf.
42. FAO (2016a). Planted forests. http://www.fao.org/forestry/plantedforests/en/.
43. FAO (2016b). Forestry in Lithuania. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e22.htm.
44. Finnish Forest Research Institute (2012a). Finnish statistical yearbook of forestry. Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Vantaa. 452 p. http://www.metla.fi/tiedotteet/2012/2012-12-13-statistical-yearbook.htm.
45. Finnish Forest Research Institute (2012b). State of Finland’s forests 2012: Criterion 4 biological diversity. Introduced tree species (4.4). Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Vantaa. http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/sustainability/c4-introduced-tree.htm.
46. Forest Europe (2011). State of Europe’s forests 2011. Forest Europe Liaision Unit Oslo, UNECE and FAO. 337 p. http://www.foresteurope.org/documentos/State_of_Europes_Forests_2011_Report_Revised_November_2011.pdf.
47. Forrester D.I., Pretzsch H. (2015). On the strength of evidence when comparing ecosystem functions of mixtures with monocultures. Forest Ecology and Management 356: 41-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.016.
48. Frisk A. (2011). Grazing damages on larch seedlings. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, School for Forest Management, Skogsmästarprogrammet Examensarbete 12, Skinnskatteberg. 37 p. [In Swedish with English abstract]. http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/2836/1/Frisk_A_110616.pdf.
49. Garcia-Gonzalo J., Peltola H., Gerendiain A.Z., Kellomäki S. (2007a). Impacts of forest landscape structure and management on timber production and carbon stocks in the boreal forest ecosystem under changing climate. Forest Ecology and Management 241: 243-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.008.
50. Garcia-Gonzalo J., Peltola H., Briceno-Elizondo E., Kellomäki S. (2007b). Changed thinning regimes may increase carbon stock under climate change: A case study from a Finnish boreal forest. Climatic Change 81: 431-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9149-8.
51. Gardiner E.S., Stanturf J.A., Schweitzer C.J. (2004). An afforestation system for restoring bottomland hardwood forests: Biomass accumulation of nuttall oak seedlings interplanted beneath eastern cottonwood. Restoration Ecology 12: 525-532. http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/7876.
52. Ge Z.M., Kellomäki S., Peltola H., Zhou X., Väisänen H., Strandman H. (2013a). Impacts of climate change on primary production and carbon sequestration of boreal Norway spruce forests: Finland as a model. Climatic Change 118: 259-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0607-1.
53. Ge Z.M., Kellomäki S., Peltola H., Zhou X., Väisänen H. (2013b). Adaptive management to climate change for Norway spruce forests along a regional gradient in Finland. Climatic Change 118: 275-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0656-5.
54. Geyer W.A. (2006). Biomass production in the central great plains USA under various coppice regimes. Biomass and Bioenergy 30: 778-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.08.002.
55. Gjølsjø S., Hobbelstad K (2009). Energy potential in Norwegian forest. Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Report 09. 11 p. [In Norwegian].
56. Granda E., Camarero J.J., Gimeno T.E., Martínez-Fernández J., Valladares F. (2013). Intensity and timing of warming and drought differentially affect growth patterns of co-occurring Mediterranean tree species. European Journal of Forest Research 132(3): 469-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0687-0.
57. Granhus A., Hylen G., Nilsen J.-E.Ø. (2012). Skogen i Norge. Statistikk over skogforhold og skogressurser i Norge registrert i perioden 2005-2009. [Statistics of Forest Conditions and Resources in Norway]. Ressursoversikt fra Skog og landskap 03. 85 p. [In Norwegian with English Introduction]. http://www.skogoglandskap.no/publikasjon/skogen_i_norge_statistikk_over_skogforhold_og_skogressurser_i_norge_registrert_i_perioden_2005_2009/publication_view.
58. Graudal L., Nielsen U.B., Schou E., Thorsen B.J., Hansen J.K., Bentzen N.S., Johannsen V.K. (2013). Muligheder for bæredygtig udvidelse af dansk produceret vedmasse 2010-2100. [Options for sustainable expansion of Danish-produced wood biomass 2010-2100]. University of Copenhagen, Skov og Landskab. 87 p. [In Danish]. http://forskning.ku.dk/find-en-forsker/?pure=da/publications/uuid(acc0f235-ded2-42ff-907c-ca4d8cfba650).html.
59. Gruduls K., Bārdulis A., Lazdiņš A., Makovskis K. (2013). Forest biomass resource assessment on the base of National Forest Inventory in Latvia. Central Baltic Interreg IV A Programme 2007-2013, The Development of the Bioenergy and Industrial Charcoal (Biocoal) Production, Report of BalBiC-project cb46. 63 p.
60. Gustavsson L., Holmberg J., Dornburg V., Sathre R., Eggers T., Mahapatra K., Marland G. (2007). Using biomass for climate change mitigation and oil use reduction. Energy Policy 35: 5671-5691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.023.
61. Gustavsson L., Eriksson L., Sathre R. (2011). Costs and CO2 benefits of recovering, refining and transporting logging residues for fossil fuel replacement. Applied Energy 88: 192-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.026.
62. Haapanen M., Jansson G., Nielsen U.B., Steffenrem A., Stener L.G. (2015). The status of tree breeding and its potential for improving biomass production-a review of breeding activities and genetic gains in Scandinavia and Finland. Skogforsk, Uppsala. 56 p. http://www.skogforsk.se/contentassets/9d9c6eeaef374a2283b2716edd8d552e/the-status-of-tree-breeding-low.pdf.
63. Harmer R. (2003). The silviculture and management of coppice woodlands. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. 88 p.
64. Hartley M.J. (2002). Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155: 81-95.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00549-7.
65. Hector A., Schmid B., Beierkuhnlein C., Caldeira M.C., Diemer M., Dimitrakopoulos P.G., Finn J.A., Freitas H., Giller P.S., Good J., Harris R., Högberg P., Huss-Danell K., Joshi J., Jumpponen A., Körner C., Leadley P.W., Loreau M., Minns A., Mulder C.P.H., O’Donovan G., Otway S.J., Pereira J.S., Prinz A., Read D.J., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schulze E.-D., Siamantziouras A.-S.D., Spehn E.M., Terry A.C., Troumbis A.Y., Woodward F.I., Yachi S., Lawton J.H. (1999). Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286: 1123-1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5442.1123.
66. Hedwall P.-O., Gong P., Ingerslev M., Bergh J. (2014). Fertilization in northern forests-biological, economic and environmental constraints and possibilities. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 29: 301-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.926096.
67. Henriksen H.A. (1988). Skoven og dens dyrkning. [The forest and its cultivation]. Dansk Skovforening/Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, København. 664 p. [In Danish]. ISBN 9788717059375.
68. Hultén E. (1950). Atlas of the distribution of vascular plants in N.W. Europe. Stockholm, Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag. 512 p.
69. Hulvey K.B., Hobbs R.J., Standish R.J., Lindenmayer D.B., Lach L., Perring P. (2013). Benefits of tree mixtures in carbon plantings. Nature Climate Change 3: 869-874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1862.
70. Hynynen J., Niemistö P., Viherä-Aarnio A., Brunner A., Hein S., Velling P. (2010). Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Europe. Forestry 83: 103-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp035.
71. Hytönen J., Aro L. (2012). Biomass and nutrition of naturally regenerated and coppiced birch on cutaway peatland during 37 years. Silva Fennica 46(3): 377-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.48.
72. Hytönen J., Issakainen J. (2001). Effect of repeated harvesting on biomass production and sprouting of Betula pubescens. Biomass and Bioenergy 20: 237-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00083-0.
73. Hyvönen R., Ågren G.I., Linder S., Persson T., Cotrufo M.F., Ekblad A., Freeman M., Grelle A., Janssens I.A., Jarvis P.G., Kellomäki S., Lindroth A., Loustau D., Lundmark T., Norby R.J., Oren R., Pilegaard K., Ryan M.G., Sigurdsson B.D., Strömgren M., van Oijen M., Wallin G. (2007). The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: A literature review. New Phytologist 173: 463-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.
74. IEA (2013). Nordic energy technology perspectives. International Energy Agency & Nordic Energy Research, IEA/ETP Publications, Paris and Oslo. 204 p. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/NETP.pdf.
75. Ingerslev M. (1998). Vitalization of mature Norway spruce stands by fertilization and liming [PhD thesis]. University of Copenhagen (previously in 1998 the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University). Forest and Landscape, Copenhagen, Denmark, The Research Series no. 23. 126 p.
76. Ingerslev M., Mälkönen E., Nilsen P., Nohrstedt H.-Ö., Óskarsson H., Raulund-Rasmussen K. (2001). Main findings and future challenges in forest nutritional research and management in the Nordic countries. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16: 488-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580152699330.
77. IPCC 2013. Climate Change 2013. The physical science basis. In: Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.K. et al. (eds.). Contribution of WG I to the 5th Assessment report of the IPCC on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/.
78. IPCC 2014. Climate Change 2014. Synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. 151 p. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.
79. Jacobs D.F., Oliet J.A., Aronson J., Bolte A., Bullock J.M., Donoso P.J., Landhäusser S.M., Madsen P., Peng S., Rey-Benayas J.M., Weber J.C. (2015). Restoring forests: What constitutes success in the twenty-first century? New Forests 46: 601-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9513-5.
80. Johannsen V.K., Nord-Larsen T., Riis-Nielsen T., Suadicani K., Jørgensen B.B. (2013). Skove og plantager 2012. [Forests and forest plantations in 2012]. University of Copenhagen, Skov og Landskab, Frederiksberg. 189 p. [In Danish]. http://ign.ku.dk/samarbejde-raadgivning/myndighedsbetjening/skovovervaagning/skove-og-plantager-2012.pdf.
81. Johansson T. (2008). Sprouting ability and biomass production of downy and silver birch stumps of different diameters. Biomass and Bioenergy 32: 944-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.009.
82. Jordbruksverket (2008). Kartläggning av mark som tagits ur produktion. [Mapping of land taken out of production]. Jordbruksverket, Jönköping. 46 p. http://www2.jordbruksverket.se/webdav/files/SJV/trycksaker/Pdf_rapporter/ra08_7.pdf.
83. Kabzems R., Nemec A.L., Farnden C. (2007) Growing trembling aspen and white spruce intimate mixtures: Early results (13-17 years) and future projections. BC Journal and Ecosystems and Management 8: 1-14. http://www.forrex.org/publications/jem/ISS39/vol8_no1_art1.pdf.
84. Kärkkäinen L., Matala J., Harkonen K., Kellomäki S., Nuutinen T. (2008). Potential recovery of industrial wood and energy wood raw material in different cutting and climate scenarios for Finland. Biomass and Bioenergy 32: 934-943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.008.
85. Karlman L. (2010). Genetic variation in frost tolerance, juvenile growth and timber production in Russian larches (Larix Mill.)-implications for use in Sweden. Doctoral Thesis. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 30, Umeå. 91 p. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/2264/.
86. Kellomäki S., Strandman H., Nuutinen T., Peltola H., Korhonen K.T., Väisänen H. (2005). Adaptation of forest ecosystems, forest and forestry to climate change. FINADAPT. Working Paper 4. Finnish Environment Institute Mimeographs 334, Helsinki. https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/41042.
87. Kellomäki S., Peltola H., Nuutinen T., Korhonen K.T., Strandman H. (2008). Sensitivity of managed boreal forests in Finland to climate change, with implications for adaptive management. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 363: 2341-2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2204.
88. Keskkonnateabe Keskus (2010). Yearbook Forest 2009. Environmental Information Center, Tartu. 217 p. [In Estonian with English translations]. http://www.keskkonnainfo.ee/main/index.php/en/publications.
89. Kirilenko A.P., Sedjo R.A. (2007). Climate change impacts on forestry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 19697-19702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701424104.
90. Kjaer E.D, Lobo A., Myking T. (2014). The role of exotic tree species in Nordic forestry. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 29: 323-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.926098.
91. Kolström M., Lindner M., Vilén T., Maroschek M., Seidl R., Lexer M.J., Netherer S., Kremer A., Delzon S., Barbati A., Marchetti M., Corona P. (2011). Reviewing the science and implementation of climate change adaptation measures in European forestry. Forests 2: 961-982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f2040961.
92. Knoke T., Stimm B., Ammer C., Moog M. (2005). Mixed forests reconsidered: A forest economics contribution on an ecological concept. Forest Ecology and Management 213: 102-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.043.
93. Konstantinavičienė J., Škėma M., Stakėnas V., Šilinskas B. (2014). Gluosniu Salix viminalis L. energetiniu plantaciju antžeminės biomasės produktyvumas Lietuvoje. [Aboveground biomass productivity of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) plantations in Lithuania]. Miškininkystė 76: 29-37.
94. Landresource (2007). Final report of the study financed by the Estonian Rural Development Foundation. 88 p. [In Estonian with English Summary].
95. Larsson S., Lundmark T., Ståhl G. (2009). Möjligheter till intensivodling av skog. [Opportunities for intensive cultivation of forests]. Slutrapport från regeringsuppdrag Jo 2008/1885, SLU. 136 p. [In Swedish].
96. Latvia Forest Industry Federation (2008). Forest sector in Latvia 2008. Latvia Forest Industry Federation, Riga. 32 p. https://www.zm.gov.lv/public/ck/files/ZM/mezhi/buklets/MN_2008_EN.pdf.
97. Latvian State Forest Service (2012). State register of forests (SRF) Latvia. CD Forest Statistics. http://www.vmd.gov.lv.
98. Latvian State Land Service (2012). Land report of the Republic of Latvia. The State Land Service, Riga. 20 p. http://www.vzd.gov.lv.
99. Liesebach M., von Wuehlisch G., Muhs H.-J. (1999). Aspen for short rotation coppice plantation on agricultural sites in Germany: Effects of spacing and rotation time on growth and biomass production of aspen progenies. Forest Ecology and Management 121: 25-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00554-4.
100. Lindkvist A., Kardell Ö., Nordlund C. (2011). Intensive forestry as progress or decay? An analysis of the debate about forest fertilization in Sweden, 1960-2010. Forests 2: 112-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f2010112.
101. Lippke B., Oneil E., Harrison R., Skog K., Gustavsson L., Sathre R. (2011). Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: Knowns and unknowns. Carbon Management 2: 303-333. http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/38598.
102. Lithuanian Ministry of Environment (2015). Lithuanian statistical yearbook of forestry 2015. [Miškų ūkio statistika 2015]. Ministry of Environment, State Forest Service, Kaunas. http://www.amvmt.lt/index.php/leidiniai/misku-ukio-statistika/2015.
103. Löf M., Bolte A., Jacobs D.F., Jensen A.M. (2014). Nurse trees as a forest restoration tool for mixed plantations: Effects on competing vegetation and performance in target tree species. Restoration Ecology 22: 758-765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12136.
104. Löf M., Møller Madsen E., Rytter L. (2015). Skötsel av ädellövskog. [Management of noble hardwoods]. Skogsstyrelsens förlag, Skogsskötselserien, Jönköping. 71 p. http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/skogsskotselserien. [In Swedish].
105. Mantau U., Saal U., Prins K., Steierer F., Lindner M., Verkerk H., Eggers J., Leek N., Oldenburger J., Asikainen A., Anttila P. (2010). EUwood-real potential for changes in growth and use of EU forests. Final report. Hamburg, Germany. 160 p. http://www.egger.com/downloads/bildarchiv/187000/1_187099_DV_Real-potential-changes-growth_EN.pdf.
106. Mård H. (1996) The influence of a birch shelter (Betula spp) on the growth of young stands of Picea abies. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 11: 343-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589609382945.
107. Marklund L.G. (1988). Biomass functions for pine, spruce and birch in Sweden. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Forest Survey, Umeå, Report no. 45. 73 p. [In Swedish with English summary].
108. Matala J., Kärkkäinen L., Härkönen K., Kellomäki S., Nuutinen T. (2009). Carbon sequestration in the growing stock of trees in Finland under different cutting and climate scenarios. European Journal of Forest Research 128: 493-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0299-x.
109. Mc Carthy R., Rytter L. (2015). Productivity and thinning effects in hybrid aspen root sucker stands. Forest Ecology and Management 354: 215-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.015.
110. Mc Carthy R., Ekö P.M., Rytter L. (2014). Reliability of stump sprouting as a regeneration method for poplars: Clonal behaviour in survival, sprout straightness and growth. Silva Fennica 48(3) article 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.1126.
111. McKendry P. (2002). Energy production from biomass (part 1): Overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology 83: 37-46.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00118-3.
112. Metla (2011). Främmande trädslag-en möjlighet eller ett hot? [Foreign tree species-a possibility or a threat?]. The Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Vantaa. http://www.metla.fi/uutiskirje/rannikkometsat/2011-02/uutinen-3.html. [In Swedish].
113. Meuwissen T.H.E. (2009). Accuracy of breeding values of ‘unrelated’ individuals predicted by dense SNP genotyping. Genetics Selection Evolution 41(35). 9 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-41-35.
114. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland (2012). Yearbook of farm statistics. Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 269 p. http://stat.luke.fi/en/yearbook-farm-statistics-2003-2013_en.
115. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland (2014). Yearbook of farm statistics 2014. Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 328 p. http://stat.luke.fi/sites/default/files/maatilatilastollinen_vuosikirja_2014.pdf.
116. Mizaraite D., Mizaras S. (2006). Afforestation of agriculture land as a tool of rural forestry development in Lithuania. In: Wall S. (ed.). Small-scale forestry and rural development: The intersection of ecosystems, economics and society. Proceedings from the Small.scale Forestry and Rural Development Conference, Gallway, Ireland, 18-23 June. p. 305-311. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/rome2007/docs/Afforestation_agriculture_land_Lithuania.pdf.
117. Mola-Yudego B., Aronsson P. (2008). Yield models for commercial willow biomass plantations in Sweden. Biomass and Bioenergy 32: 829-837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.002.
118. Nichols J.D., Bristow M., Vanclay J.K. (2006). Mixed-species plantations: Prospects and challenges. Forest Ecology and Management 233: 383-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.018.
119. Niemistö P. (1996). Yield and quality of planted silver birch (Betula pendula) in Finland-preliminary review. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 24: 51-59.
120. Nilsen P. (2001). Fertilization experiments on forest mineral soils: A review of the Norwegian results. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16(6): 541-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580152699376.
121. Nohrstedt H.-Ö. (2001). Response of coniferous forest ecosystems on mineral soils to nutrient additions: A review of Swedish experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16: 555-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580152699385.
122. Nordiska Ministerrådet (2009). Hållbar utveckling-en ny kurs för Norden. Nordiska Ministerrådet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Report ANP 2009:726. 40 p. http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:701331/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
123. Nord-Larsen T., Meilby H. (2016). Effects of nurse trees, spacing, and tree species on biomass production in mixed forest plantations. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 31: 592-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2015.1131845.
124. Nord-Larsen T., Meilby H., Skovsgaard J.P. (2009). Site-specific height growth models for six common tree species in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 24: 194-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580902795036.
125. Nunery J.S., Keeton W.S. (2010). Forest carbon storage in the northeastern United States: Net effects of harvesting frequency, post-harvest retention, and wood products. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 1363-1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.029.
126. Óskarsson H., Sigurgeirsson A. (2001). Fertilization in Icelandic afforestation: Evaluation of results. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16(6): 536-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580152699367.
127. Øyen B.H. (2005). Growth and yield in stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in Norway. Rapport fra skogforskningen 4/05. 46 p. [In Norwegian with English summary].
128. Paquette A., Messier C. (2010). The role of plantations in managing the world’s forests in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8(1): 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/080116.
129. Parviainen J., Västilä S. (2011). State of Finland’s forests 2011. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry & Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Publication no 5a. 95 p. ISBN 978-952-453-660-8. http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/sustainability/doc/state-of-finlands-forests-2011.pdf.
130. Persson O. (1992). A growth simulator for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Sweden. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Forest Yield Research, Garpenberg, Report no. 31. 206 p. [In Swedish with English summary].
131. Poudel B.C., Sathre R., Gustavsson L., Bergh J., Lundström A., Hyvönen R. (2011). Effects of climate change on biomass production and substitution in north-central Sweden. Biomass and Bioenergy 35: 4340-4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.08.005.
132. Poudel B.C., Sathre R., Bergh J., Gustavsson L., Lundström A., Hyvönen R. (2012). Potential effects of intensive forestry on biomass production and total carbon balance in north-central Sweden. Environmental Science and Policy 15: 106-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.09.005.
133. Pretzsch H., del Río M., Ammer C., Avdagic A., Barbeito I., Bielak K., Brazaitis G., Coll L., Dirnberger G., Drössler L., Fabrika M., Forrester D.I., Godvod K., Heym M., Hurt V., Kurylyak V., Löf M., Lombardi F., Matović B., Mohren F., Motta R., den Ouden J., Pach M., Ponette Q., Schütze G., Schweig J., Skrzyszewski J., Sramek V., Sterba H., Stojanović D., Svoboda M., Vanhellemont M., Verheyen K., Wellhausen K., Zlatanov T., Bravo-Oviedo A. (2015). Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe. European Journal of Forest Research 134: 927-947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0900-4.
134. Pyörälä P., Peltola H., Strandman H., Kilpeläinen A., Asikainen A., Jylhä K., Kellomäki S. (2014). Effects of management on economic profitability of forest biomass production and carbon neutrality of bioenergy use in Norway spruce stands under the changing climate. Bioenergy Research 7: 279-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-013-9372-x.
135. 2-induced climate change in northern Europe: CMIP2 versus CMIP3 versus CMIP5. Climate Dynamics 45: 1877-1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2440-x.
136. Rönnberg J., Vollbrecht G. (1999). Early infection by Heterobasidion annosum in Larix × eurolepis seedlings planted on infested sites. European Journal of Forest Pathology 29(1): 81-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00134.x.
137. Rosvall O. (ed.) (2011). Review of the Swedish tree breeding program. Skogforsk, Uppsala, Sweden. 84 p. ISBN: 978-91-977649-6-4.
138. Rounsevell M.D.A., Ewert F., Reginster I., Leemans R., Carter T.R. (2005). Future scenarios of European agricultural land use. II. Projecting changes in cropland and grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 107: 117-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.002.
139. 2 emissions from energy wood use of Norway Spruce. Bioenergy Research 5: 106-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-011-9115-9.
140. Ruotsalainen S., Persson T. (2013). Scots pine-Pinus sylvestris L. In: Mullin T.J., Lee S. (eds.). Best practice for tree breeding in Europe. Skogforsk, Uppsala. p. 49-64. http://www.skogforsk.se/english/news/2014/best-practice-for-tree-breeding/.
141. Rural Support Service of Latvia (2012). http://www.lad.gov.lv.
142. Rytter L. (1996). Grey alder in forestry: A review. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 24: 61-78.
143. Rytter L. (1998). Pure and mixed deciduous forest-ecology and silviculture. SkogForsk, Uppsala, Redogörelse no. 8. 62 p. [In Swedish with English summary].
144. Rytter L. (2004). Production potentials of aspen, birch and alder, Skogforsk, Uppsala, Redogörelse nr 4. 62 p. [In Swedish with English summary].
145. Rytter L. (2006). A management regime for hybrid aspen stands combining conventional forestry techniques with early biomass harvests to exploit their rapid early growth. Forest Ecology and Management 236: 422-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.055.
146. Rytter L., Mc Carthy R. (2016) Sustainable production of hybrid aspen after harvest. Skogforsk, Uppsala, Arbetsrapport no 898. 26 p. http://www.skogforsk.se/contentassets/56a8ec9abc074199a32db5d5cba2c78d/uthallig-produktion-av-hybridasp-efter-skord-slutrapport-2016-for-energimyndighetens-projekt-30346-arbetsrapport-898-2016.pdf.
147. Rytter L., Rytter R.-M. (2016). Growth and carbon capture of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) under north European conditions-estimates based on reported research. Forest Ecology and Management 373: 56-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.04.034.
148. Rytter L., Stener L-G. (2005). Productivity and thinning effects in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) stands in southern Sweden. Forestry 78: 285-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi026.
149. Rytter L., Stener L.-G. (2014). Growth and thinning effects during a rotation period of hybrid aspen in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 29: 747-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.968202.
150. Rytter L., Sennerby-Forsse L., Alriksson A. (2000). Natural regeneration of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) stands after harvest. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 10: 287-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J091v10n03_11.
151. Rytter L., Johansson T., Karačić A., Weih M. (2011). Investigation for a Swedish research program on the genus Populus. Skogforsk, Uppsala, Arbetsrapport no. 733. 148 p. [In Swedish with English summary].
152. Rytter L., Johansson K., Karlsson B., Stener L.-G. (2013). Tree species, genetics and regeneration for bioenergy feedstock in northern Europe. In: Kellomäki S., Kilpeläinen A., Alam A., (eds.). Forest bioenergy production. Springer Science+Business Media, New York. p. 7-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8391-5_2.
153. Rytter L., Andreassen K., Bergh J., Ekö P.-M., Kilpeläinen A., Lazdina D., Muiste P., Nord-Larsen T. (2014a). Land areas and biomass production for current and future use in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Nordic Energy Research, Oslo. 44 p. http://www.nordicenergy.net/publications/.
154. Rytter L., Karlsson A., Karlsson M., Stener L.-G. (2014b). Skötsel av björk, al och asp. [Management of birch, alder and aspen]. Skogsstyrelsens förlag, Jönköping, Skogsskötsel-serien no. 9. 131 p. http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/skogsskotselserien. [In Swedish].
155. Rytter L., Andreassen K., Bergh J., Ekö P.-M., Kilpeläinen A., Lazdina D., Muiste P., Nord-Larsen T. (2015). Availability of biomass for energy purposes in Nordic and Baltic countries-land areas and biomass amounts. Baltic Forestry 21: 375-390.
156. Saarsalmi A., Mälkönen E. (2001). Forest fertilization research in Finland: A literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16: 514-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580152699358.
157. Saarsalmi A., Palmgren K., Levula T. (1991). Biomass production and nutrient consumption of the sprouts of Alnus incana. Folia Forestalia 768. 25 p. ISBN 951-40-1143-0. [In Finnish with English summary].
158. Saxe H, Cannell M.G.R., Johnsen O., Ryan M.G., Vourlitis G. (2001). Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming. New Phytologist 149: 369-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x.
159. Seppä H., Alenius T., Bradshaw R.H.W., Giesecke T., Heikkilä M., Muukkonen P. (2009). Invasion of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the rise of the boreal ecosystem in Fennoscandia. Journal of Ecology 97: 629-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01505.x.
160. SSB (2012). Statistical yearbook. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB), Statistics Norway. 400 p. ISBN 978-82-537-8456-4. [In Norwegian].
161. Stanturf J.A. (2015). Future landscapes: Opportunities and challenges. New Forests 46: 615-644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9500-x.
162. Stanturf J.A., Palik B.J., Dumroese R.K. (2014). Contemporary forest restoration: A review emphasizing function. Forest Ecology and Management 331: 292-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.029.
163. Stanturf J.A., Kant P., Lillesø J.-P.-B., Mansourian S., Kleine M., Graudal L., Madsen P. (2015). Forest landscape restoration as a key component of climate change mitigation and adaptation. IUFRO World Series 34, Vienna. 72 p. ISBN 978-3-902762-50-4. http://www.iufro.org/publications/series/world-series/article/2015/12/01/world-series-vol-34-forest-landscape-restoration-as-a-key-component-of-climate-change-mitigation/.
164. Stark H., Nothdurft A., Block J., Bauhus J. (2015) Forest restoration with Betula ssp. And Populus ssp. Nurse crops increases productivity and soil fertility. Forest Ecology and Management 339: 57-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.12.003.
165. Statistics Norway (2011). The national forest inventory. Statistics Norway, Oslo.
166. Statistics Norway (2013). Statistical yearbook of Norway. Statistics Norway, Oslo. http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/10/04/20/.
167. Stener L.-G. (1998). Provincial statistics on the forest land area and growing stock of broadleaved trees in Sweden. SkogForsk, Uppsala, Redogörelse no. 4. 61 p. [In Swedish with English summary].
168. Stener L.-G. (2010). Tillväxt, vitalitet och densitet för kloner av hybridasp och poppel i sydsvenska fältförsök. [Growth, vitality and density of clones of hybrid aspen and poplar in South-Swedish field trials]. Skogforsk, Uppsala, Arbetsrapport no. 717. 45 p. [In Swedish].
169. Svensson J. (2011). Survival and growth of Douglas fir in southern Sweden. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, School for Forest Management, Skinnskatteberg, Skogsmästarprogrammet Examensarbete 24. 47 p. [In Swedish with English abstract]. http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/3741/.
170. Swedjemark G., Stenlid J. (1995). Susceptibility of conifer and broadleaf seedlings to Swedish S and P strains of Heterobasidion annosum. Plant Pathology 44: 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02717.
171. Swedish Forest Agency (2008). Skogliga konsekvensanalyser-SKA-VB 08. [Consequence analyses for forests-SKA-VB 08]. Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping, Rapport 25. 146 p. [In Swedish]. http://shop.skogsstyrelsen.se/sv/publikationer/rapporter/skogliga-konsekvensanalyser-2008-ska-vb-08-rapport-2008-25.html.
172. Swedish Forest Agency (2011). Skogsstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd till Skogsvårdslagen. [The Swedish Forest Agency’s regulations and general advices to the Forestry Act]. Skogsstyrelsens författningssamling SKSFS7, Jönköping. 45 p. [In Swedish]. http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/Global/myndigheten/f%C3%B6rfattningar/SKSFS%202011-7%20omtryck%20140813.pdf.
173. Swedish Forest Agency (2013). Swedish statistical yearbook of forestry. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping. 373 p. http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/en/AUTHORITY/News/News-Archive/Printed-Swedish-Statistical-Yearbook-of-Forestry/.
174. Swedish Forest Agency (2014). Swedish statistical yearbook of forestry. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping. 370 p. http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/en/AUTHORITY/Statistics/Statistical-Yearbook-/Statistical-Yearbooks-of-Forestry/.
175. Taylor K.E., Stouffer R.J., Meehl G.A. (2012). An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93: 485-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
176. Tham Å. (1994). Crop plans and yield predictions for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth & Betula pubescens Ehrh.) mixtures. Studia Forestalia Suecica 195. 21 p. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/3663/.
177. Torssonen P., Strandman H., Kellomäki S., Kilpeläinen A., Jylhä K., Asikainen A., Peltola H. (2015). Do we need to adapt the choice of main boreal tree species in forest regeneration under the projected climate change? Forestry 88: 564-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpv023.
178. Torssonen P., Kilpeläinen A., Strandman H., Kellomäki S., Asikainen A., Jylhä K., Peltola H. (2016). Effects of climate change and management on net climate impacts of production and utilization of energy biomass in Norway spruce with stable age-class distribution. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 8: 419-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12258.
179. Tullus A., Rytter L., Tullus T., Weih M., Tullus H. (2012). Short-rotation forestry with hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides Michx.) in Northern Europe. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 27: 10-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2011.628949.
180. United Nations (1987). Our common future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 300 p. http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf.
181. Vadla K. (2007). Sitkagran-utbredelse, egenskaper og anvendelse. [Sitka spruce-distribution, properties and use]. Viten fra Skog og landskap 2: 27-31. [In Norwegian]. http://www.skogoglandskap.no/filearchive/vadlaviten-02-2007-4.pdf.
182. Vejre H., Ingerslev M., Raulund-Rasmussen K. (2001). Fertilization of Danish forests: A review of experiments. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16: 502-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580152699349.
183. Vuokila Y. (1977). On the growth capacity of aspen stands on good sites. Folia Forestalia 299. 11 p. [In Finnish with English summary]. https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/521882.
184. Walther G.-R., Post E., Convey P., Menzel A., Parmesan C., Beebee T.J.C., Fromentin J.-M., Hoegh-Guldberg O., Bairlein F. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416: 389-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416389a.
185. Westin J., Haapanen M. (2013). Norway spruce-Picea abies (L.) Karst. In: Mullin T.J., Lee S. (eds.). Best practice for tree breeding in Europe. Skogforsk, Uppsala. p. 29-49. http://www.skogforsk.se/english/news/2014/best-practice-for-tree-breeding/.
186. Wittwer R.F., Stringer J.W. (1985). Biomassproduction and nutrient accumulation in seedling and coppice hardwood plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 13: 223-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90036-2.