Polychlorinated biphenyls in settled dust from informal electronic waste recycling workshops and nearby highways in urban centers and suburban industrial roadsides of Chennai city, India: Levels, congener profiles and exposure assessment

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 573, Issue , 2016, Pages 1413-1421

  Chakraborty, Paromita ^a   Prithiviraj, Balasubramanian ^a   Selvaraj, Sakthivel ^a   Kumar, Bhupander ^b  

^a SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD   (India)

Author keywords

Cancer risk; Dust; Homologs; Particle size; PCB

Indexed keywords

DISEASES; DUST; ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT; ELECTRONIC WASTE; METAL RECOVERY; METALS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PARTICLE SIZE; PATIENT REHABILITATION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS; RECYCLING; ROADSIDES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; WASTE INCINERATION; WASTES; X RAY SPECTROMETERS;

CANCER RISK; ELECTRONIC WASTE (E WASTE); ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROMETERS; FIRST PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; HOMOLOGS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS);

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT;

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

CANCER; DUST; ELECTRONIC WASTE; HEALTH RISK; PARTICLE SIZE; PCB; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; RECYCLING; TOXICITY; URBAN POLLUTION; WASTE DISPOSAL;

ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DUST; ELECTRONIC WASTE; ENERGY DISPERSIVE X RAY SPECTROSCOPY; FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HIGHWAY; INDIA; INDUSTRIAL AREA; MORPHOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYROLYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RECYCLING; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUBURBAN AREA; URBAN AREA; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; CITY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SPECTROMETRY; WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY;

CHENNAI; INDIA; TAMIL NADU;

MUSTELA;

AIR POLLUTANTS; CITIES; DUST; ELECTRONIC WASTE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; INDIA; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; RECYCLING; SPECTROMETRY, X-RAY EMISSION; WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES;

EID: 84995543538     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.129     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Adachi, K., Tainosho, Y., Characterization of heavy metal particles embedded in tire dust. Environ. Int. 30 (2004), 1009–1017.
2. Alcock, R.E., Behnisch, P.A., Jones, K.C., Hagenmaier, H., Dioxin-like PCBs in the environment-human exposure and the significance of sources. Chemosphere 37 (1998), 1457–1472.
3. Aries, E., Anderson, D.R., Ordsmith, N., Hall, K., Fisher, R., Development and validation of a method for analysis of “dioxin-like” PCBs in environmental samples from the steel industry. Chemosphere 54 (2004), 23–31.
4. Aydin, Y.M., Kara, M., Dumanoglu, Y., Odabasi, M., Elbir, T., Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air of an industrial region in Turkey. Atmos. Environ. 97 (2014), 271–285.
5. Baldé, K., The Global E-waste Monitor 2014: Quantities. 2015, United Nations Univ., Inst. for the advanced study on sustainability, Flows and Resources.
6. Bandyopadhyay, A., Electronics waste management: Indian practices and guidelines. Int. J. Energy Environ. 1 (2010), 793–804.
7. Basel Convention, Basel Convention Controlling Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. 2002.
8. Bi, X., Chu, S., Meng, Q., Xu, X., Movement and retention of polychlorinated biphenyls in a paddy field of WenTai area in China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 89 (2002), 241–252.
9. Biterna, M., Voutsa, D., Polychlorinated biphenyls in ambient air of NW Greece and in particulate emissions. Environ. Int. 31 (2005), 671–677.
10. Cachada, A., Lopes, L., Hursthouse, A.S., Biasioli, M., Grčman, H., Otabbong, E., et al. The variability of polychlorinated biphenyls levels in urban soils from five European cities. Environ. Pollut. 157 (2009), 511–518.
11. Cachada, A., Pereira, M.E., Da Silva, E.F., Duarte, A.C., Sources of potentially toxic elements and organic pollutants in an urban area subjected to an industrial impact. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184 (2012), 15–32.
12. Cao, Z.-G., Yu, G., Chen, Y.-S., Cao, Q.-M., Fiedler, H., Deng, S.-B., et al. Particle size: a missing factor in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust. Environ. Int. 49 (2012), 24–30.
13. CCME, Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for Carcinogenic and Other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Environmental and Human Health Effects. 2010, In Environent CCoMot, editor, Canada.
14. Chakraborty, P., Zhang, G., Eckhardt, S., Li, J., Breivik, K., Lam, P.K., et al. Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities: levels, emission sources and toxicity equivalents. Environ. Pollut. 182 (2013), 283–290.
15. Chakraborty, P., Zhang, G., Li, J., Selvaraj, S., Breivik, K., Jones, K.C., Soil concentrations, occurrence, sources and estimation of air–soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities. Sci. Total Environ., 2016.
16. Chen, J.-a., Luo, J., Qiu, Z., Xu, C., Huang, Y., Y-h, J., et al. PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in water samples from the Three Gorge Reservoir. Chemosphere 70 (2008), 1545–1551.
17. Chi, K.H., Chang, M.B., Kao, S.J., Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments buried in a reservoir in Northern Taiwan. Chemosphere 68 (2007), 1733–1740.
18. CMDA, Chennai Comprehensive Transortatin Study. (Wibur Smith Associates), 2010.
19. CPCB, Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of Ewaste. 2008, Central Pollution Control Board MoEaF, NewDelhi editor.
20. CPCB, Analysis of End of Life Vehicles Sector in India. 2015, Board CPC editor. Government of India, New Delhi.
21. Gioia, R., Eckhardt, S., Breivik, K., Jaward, F.M., Prieto, A., Nizzetto, L., et al. Evidence for major emissions of PCBs in the West African region. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 1349–1355.
22. Goel, A., Upadhyay, K., Chakraborty, M., Investigation of levels in ambient air near sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Kanpur, India, and risk assessment due to inhalation. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188 (2016), 1–11.
23. GOI, Hazardous waste rules. Forest MMoEa, 2008, Government of India, New Delhi editor.
24. Harrad, S., Ibarra, C., Robson, M., Melymuk, L., Zhang, X., Diamond, M., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls in domestic dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States: implications for human exposure. Chemosphere 76 (2009), 232–238.
25. Helm, P.A., Bidleman, T.F., Current combustion-related sources contribute to polychlorinated naphthalene and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl levels and profiles in air in Toronto, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003), 1075–1082.
26. Joung, H.-T., Seo, Y.-C., Kim, K.-H., Seo, Y.-C., Effects of oxygen, catalyst and PVC on the formation of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in pyrolysis products of automobile residues. Chemosphere 65 (2006), 1481–1489.
27. Kang, Y., Yin, Y., Man, Y., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Zeng, L., et al. Bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls in workplace dust and its implication for risk assessment. Chemosphere 93 (2013), 924–930.
28. Kannan, K., Nakata, H., Stafford, R., Masson, G.R., Tanabe, S., Giesy, J.P., Bioaccumulation and toxic potential of extremely hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in biota collected at a superfund site contaminated with Aroclor 1268. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998), 1214–1221.
29. Kumar, B., Kumar, S., Gaur, R., Goel, G., Mishra, M., Singh, S.K., et al. Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in intensive agricultural soils from North India. Soil Water Res. 6 (2011), 190–197.
30. Laroo, C., Schenk, C., Sanchez, J., McDonald, J., Smith, P., Emissions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs from a modern diesel engine equipped with selective catalytic reduction filters. SAE Int. J. Engines 6 (2013), 1311–1339.
31. Lopez, B.N., Man, Y.B., Zhao, Y.G., Zheng, J.S., Leung, A.O.W., Yao, J., et al. Major pollutants in soils of abandoned agricultural land contaminated by e-waste activities in Hong Kong. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61 (2011), 101–114.
32. Man, Y.B., Lopez, B.N., Wang, H.S., Leung, A.O.W., Chow, K.L., Wong, M.H., Cancer risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in former agricultural soils of Hong Kong. J. Hazard. Mater. 195 (2011), 92–99.
33. Masunaga, S., Yao, Y., Ogura, I., Sakurai, T., Nakanishi, J., Source and behavior analyses of dioxins based on congener-specific information and their application to Tokyo Bay basin. Chemosphere 53 (2003), 315–324.
34. Mazzoli, A., Favoni, O., Particle size, size distribution and morphological evaluation of airborne dust particles of diverse woods by Scanning Electron Microscopy and image processing program. Powder Technol. 225 (2012), 65–71.
35. Moltó, J., Font, R., Gálvez, A., Conesa, J.A., Pyrolysis and combustion of electronic wastes. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 84 (2009), 68–78.
36. MSME, Brief industrial Pofile of Kancheepuram District. 2012–2013, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Scale Industries, Chennai.
37. MSME, Brief Industrial Profile of Chennai District. 2013, Ministry of Micro SaMedI, Government of India, Chennai editor.
38. Nieuwoudt, C., Quinn, L.P., Pieters, R., Jordaan, I., Visser, M., Kylin, H., et al. Dioxin-like chemicals in soil and sediment from residential and industrial areas in central South Africa. Chemosphere 76 (2009), 774–783.
39. NIP, National Implementation Plan Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 2011.
40. Pachauri, T., Singla, V., Satsangi, A., Lakhani, A., Kumari, K.M., SEM-EDX characterization of individual coarse particles in Agra, India. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13 (2013), 523–536.
41. SENS, PCBs in small capacitors from waste electrical and electronic equipments, Switzerland. 2008.
42. Shen, C., Chen, Y., Huang, S., Wang, Z., Yu, C., Qiao, M., et al. Dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soils near e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area, China: chemical and bioanalytical characterization. Environ. Int. 35 (2009), 50–55.
43. Shen, C., Huang, S., Wang, Z., Qiao, M., Tang, X., Yu, C., et al. Identification of Ah receptor agonists in soil of e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2007), 49–55.
44. Šídlová, T., Novak, J., Janošek, J., Anděl, P., Giesy, J.P., Hilscherová, K., Dioxin-like and endocrine disruptive activity of traffic-contaminated soil samples. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57 (2009), 639–650.
45. Sivakumar, T., Vijayaraghavan, G., Kumar, A.V., Global challenges in e-waste management: Indian scenario. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol., 10-15, 2011.
46. Stewart-Ornstein, J., Hitchcock, A.P., Hernández Cruz, D., Henklein, P., Overhage, J., Hilpert, K., et al. Using intrinsic X-ray absorption spectral differences to identify and map peptides and proteins. J. Phys. Chem. B 111 (2007), 7691–7699.
47. Tan, J., Cheng, S.M., Loganath, A., Chong, Y.S., Obbard, J.P., Selected organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in house dust in Singapore. Chemosphere 68 (2007), 1675–1682.
48. Tue, N.M., Suzuki, G., Takahashi, S., Isobe, T., Trang, P.T., Viet, P.H., et al. Evaluation of dioxin-like activities in settled house dust from Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: relevance of polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans and dioxin-like PCBs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (2010), 9195–9200.
49. Tue, N.M., Takahashi, S., Suzuki, G., Isobe, T., Viet, P.H., Kobara, Y., et al. Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites. Environ. Int. 51 (2013), 160–167.
50. USEPA, Recommended Toxicity Equivalence Factors (TEFs) for Human Health Risk Assessments of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds. 2010, Office of Scienific Advisor, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington DC.
51. Vallero, D., Fundamentals of Air Pollution. 2014, Academic Press.
52. Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L., Bosveld, A., Brunström, B., Cook, P., Feeley, M., et al. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect., 106, 1998, 775.
53. Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L.S., Denison, M., De Vito, M., Farland, W., Feeley, M., et al. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 93 (2006), 223–241.
54. Wang, W., Huang, M.-J., Zheng, J.-S., Cheung, K.C., Wong, M.H., Exposure assessment and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contained in indoor and outdoor dusts and the impacts of particle size and bioaccessibility. Sci. Total Environ. 463 (2013), 1201–1209.
55. Wen, S., Yang, F.-X., Gong, Y., Zhang, X.-L., Hui, Y., Li, J.-G., et al. Elevated levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in male electrical and electronic equipment dismantling workers exposed to high concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008), 4202–4207.
56. Xing, G.H., Liang, Y., Chen, L.X., Wu, S.C., Wong, M.H., Exposure to PCBs, through inhalation, dermal contact and dust ingestion at Taizhou, China–a major site for recycling transformers. Chemosphere 83 (2011), 605–611.
57. Yang, Y., Baumann, W., Study of polychlorinated biphenyls in street dust by supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 354 (1996), 56–60.
58. Zhao, G., Wang, Z., Dong, M.H., Rao, K., Luo, J., Wang, D., et al. PBBs, PBDEs, and PCBs levels in hair of residents around e-waste disassembly sites in Zhejiang Province, China, and their potential sources. Sci. Total Environ. 397 (2008), 46–57.