Exposure to PCBs, through inhalation, dermal contact and dust ingestion at Taizhou, China - A major site for recycling transformers

Chemosphere

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 605-611

  Xing, Guan Hua ^a,b   Liang, Ying ^c   Chen, Ling Xuan ^d   Wu, Sheng Chun ^a   Wong, Ming Hung ^a  

^a HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CENTER   (China)

^c Luqiao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine   (China)

^d Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Luqiao District   (China)

Author keywords

Capacitors; Electronic waste recycling; Exposure pathways; Transformers

Indexed keywords

CAPACITORS; DUST; ELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS; ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT; ELECTRONIC WASTE; HOUSING; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; RECYCLING; WASTES;

DERMAL ABSORPTION; DERMAL CONTACTS; E-WASTE RECYCLING; ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING; EXPOSURE PATHWAYS; PARTICULATE PHASIS; REFERENCE SITES; RESIDENTIAL AREAS;

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS;

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

ABSORPTION; ABUNDANCE; AIR SAMPLING; DUST; INGESTION RATE; PCB; RECYCLING; WORKPLACE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; CHINA; DUST EXPOSURE; RECYCLING; WORKPLACE;

CHINA; TAIZHOU; ZHEJIANG;

EID: 79953028312     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.018     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Aries E., Anderson D.R., Ordsmith N., Hall K., Fisher R. Development and validation of a method for analysis of " dioxin-like" PCBs in environmental samples from the steel industry. Chemosphere 2004, 54:23-31.
2. Breivik K., Sweetman A., Pacyna J.M., Jones K.C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach: 1. Global production and consumption. Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 290:181-198.
3. Brunciak P.A., Dachs J., Franz T.P., Gigliott C.L., Nelson E.D., Turpin B.J., Eisenreich S.J. Polychlorinated biphenyls and particulate organic/elemental carbon in the atmospheres of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:5663-5677.
4. Chen S.J., Hsieh L.T., Hwang P.S. Concentration, phase distribution, and size distribution of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls measured in southern Taiwan. Environ. Int. 1996, 22:411-423.
5. Chen L.G., Mai B.X., Bi X.H., Chen S.J., Wang X.M., Ran Y., Luo X.J., Sheng G.Y., Fu J.M., Zeng E.Y. Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:1190-1196.
6. Chi K.H., Hsu S.C., Wang S.H., Wang S.H., Chang M.B. Increases in ambient PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in Northern Taiwan during an Asian dust storm episode. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 401:100-108.
7. Currado G.M., Harrad S. Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in indoor and outdoor air and the potential significance of inhalation as a human exposure pathway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:3043-3047.
8. Diamond M., Melymuk L., Csiszar S.A., Robson M. Estimation of PCB stocks, emissions, and urban fate: will our policies reduce concentrations and exposure?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:2777-2783.
9. Eckhardt S., Breivik K., Mano S., Stohl A. Record high peaks in PCB concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere due to long-range transport of biomass burning emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7:4527-4536.
10. Freels S., Chary L.K., Turyk M., Piorkowski J., Mallin K., Dimos J., Anderson H., McCann K., Burse V., Persky V. Congener profiles of occupational PCB exposure versus PCB exposure from fish consumption. Chemosphere 2007, 69:435-443.
11. Gouin T., Harner T., Blanchard P., Mackay D. Passive and active air samplers as complementary methods for investigating persistent organic pollutants in the Great Lakes basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:9115-9122.
12. Granier L.K., Chevreuil M. Behaviour and spatial and temporal variations of polychlorinated biphenyls and lindane in the urban atmosphere of the Paris area, France. Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31:3787-3802.
13. Halsall C.J., Lee R.G.M., Coleman P.J., Burnett V., Hardingjones P., Jones K.C. PCBs in UK urban air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29:2368-2376.
14. Harner T., Bidleman T.F. Octanol-air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:1494-1502.
15. Harrad S.J., Sewart A.P., Alcock R., Boumphrey R., Burnett V., Duartedavidson R., Halsall C., Sanders G., Waterhouse K., Wild S.R., Jones K.C. Polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) in the British environment-sinks, sources and temporal trends. Environ. Pollut. 1994, 85:131-146.
16. Harrad S., Ibarra C., Robson M., Melymuk L., Zhang X., Diamond M., Douwes J. Polychlorinated biphenyls in domestic dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States: implications for human exposure. Chemosphere 2009, 76:232-238.
17. Jaward T.M., Zhang G., Nam J.J., Sweetman A.J., Obbard J.P., Kobara Y., Jones K.C. Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine compounds, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers across Asia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:8638-8645.
18. JECFA, 2001. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 57th Meeting Rome, 5-14 June 2001. http://www.fao.org/es/esn/jecfa/jecfa57c.pdf.
19. Lewis R.G., Fortune C.R., Willis R.D., Camann D.E., Antley J.T. Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:721-726.
20. Li H., Yu L., Sheng G., Fu J., Peng P. Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in air around an electronic waste dismantling area in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:5641-5646.
21. Lohmann R., Harner T., Thomas G.O., Jones K.C. A comparative study of the gas particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:4943-4951.
22. MacLeod K.E. Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1981, 15:926-928.
23. Mandalakis M., Tsapakis M., Tsoga A. Gas-particle concentrations and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece). Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36:4023-4035.
24. Menichini E., Iacovella N., Monfredini F., Turrio-Baldassarri L. Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41:9518-9529.
25. Minh N.H., Minh T.B., Watanabe M., Kunisue T., Monirith I., Tanabe S., Sakai S., Subramanian A., Sasikumar K., Viet P.H., Tuyen B.C., Tana T.S., Prudente M.S. Open dumping site in Asian developing countries: a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:1493-1502.
26. USEPA, 1996a. Method 3540C: Soxhlet Extraction. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
27. USEPA, 1996b. Method 3630C: Silica Gel Cleanup. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
28. USEPA, 1996c. Method 3620B: Florisil Cleanup. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
29. USEPA, 1996d. Method 3660B: Sulfur Cleanup. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
30. Ren N., Que M., Li Y.F., Liu Y., Wan X., Xu D., Sverko E., Ma J. Polychlorinated biphenyls in Chinese surface soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:3871-3876.
31. Rudel R.A., Camann D.E., Spengler J.D., Korn L.R., Brody J.G. Phthalates, alkyphenol, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:4543-4553.
32. Tan J., Cheng S.M., Loganath A., Chong Y.S., Obbard J.P. Selected organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in house dust in Singapore. Chemosphere 2007, 68:1675-1682.
33. Van den Berg M., Bosveld A.T.C., Brunström B., Cook P., Feeley M., Giesy J.P., Hanberg A., Hasegawa R., Kennedy S.W., Kubiak T., Larsen J.C., Leeuwen F.X.R., Liem A.K.D., Nolt C., Peterson R.E., Poellinger L., Safe S., Schrenk D., Tillitt D., Tysklind M., Younes M., Wern F., Zacharewski T. Toxic equivalency factors (TEF) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106:775-792.
34. Van den Berg M., Birnbaum L.S., Denison M., De Vito M., Farland W., Feeley M., Fiedler H., Hakansson H., Hanberg A., Haws L., Rose M., Safe S., Schrenk D., Tohyama C., Tritscher A., Tuomisto J., Tysklind M., Walker N., Peterson R.E. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 93:223-241.
35. Vorhees D.J., Cullen A.C., Altshul L.M. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in residential indoor air and outdoor air near a superfund site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31:3612-4618.
36. Vorhees D.J., Cullen A.C., Altshul L.M. Polychlorinated biphenyls in house dust and yard soil near a superfund site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33:2151-2156.
37. Wen S., Yang F.X., Gong Y., Zhang X.L., Hui Y., Li J.G., Liu A.L., Wu Y.N., Lu W.Q., Xu Y. Elevated levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in male electrical and electronic equipment dismantling workers exposed to high concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:4202-4207.
38. Wethington D.M., Hornbuckle K.C. Milwaukee, WI, as a source of atmospheric PCBs to Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:57-63.
39. Wilson N.K., Chuang J.C., Lyu C. Level of persistent organic pollutant in several child day care center. J. Expo. Anal. Env. Epid. 2001, 11:449-458.
40. Xing Y., Lu Y., Dawson R.W., Shi Y., Zhang H., Wang T., Liu W., Ren H. A spatial temporal assessment of pollution from PCBs in China. Chemosphere 2005, 60:731-739.
41. Xing G.H., Chan J.K.Y., Leung A., Wu S.C., Wong M.H. Environmental impact and human exposure to PCBs in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in China. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:76-82.
42. Xing G.H., Wu S.C., Wong M.H. Dietary exposure to PCBs based on food consumption survey and food basket analysis at Taizhou, China - the World's major site for recycling transformers. Chemosphere 2010, 81:1239-1244.