Metaphor and gender in business media discourse: A critical cognitive study

Metaphor and Gender in Business Media Discourse: A Critical Cognitive Study

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-244

  Koller, Veronika ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994888123     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230511286     Document Type: Book

References (291)

1. Abric, J.-C. (1984) 'A theoretical and experimental approach to the study of social representation', in R. M. Farr and S. Moscovici (eds), Social Representations (Cambridge University Press), pp. 169-83.
2. Akioye, A. A. (1994) 'The rhetorical construction of radical Africanism at the United Nations: Metaphoric cluster as strategy', Discourse & Society, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 7-31.
3. 'Aktionsart' (2002) Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, 3rd edn, Hadumod Bußmann (ed.) (Stuttgart: Kröner).
4. Althusser, L. (1970/1971) 'Ideology and ideological state apparatuses', Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, pt 2, trans. B. Brewster (New York: Monthly Review Press).
5. Marx to Mao, D. J. Romagnolo (ed.). Available at: http://www.marx2mao.org/Other/LPOE70ii.html#s5. 2002. Accessed 11 August 2003.
6. Ammer, C. (1999) Fighting Words: From War, Rebellion, and Other Combative Capers, 2nd edn (Chicago: NTC Publishing).
7. 'Aspect' (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 5th edn, D. Crystal (ed.) (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell).
8. 'Aspekt' (2002) Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, 3rd edn, Hadumod Bußmann (ed.) (Stuttgart: Kröner).
9. Augoustinos, M. and Walker, I. (1995) Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction (London: Sage).
10. Austin, J. L. (1962/1999) How to Do Things with Words (Oxford University Press). Rpt in A. Jaworski and N. Coupland (eds), The Discourse Reader (London: Routledge), pp. 63-75.
11. A. Jaworski and N. Coupland (eds), The Discourse Reader (London: Routledge), pp. 63-75.
12. Bakhtin, M. (1986) Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, C. Emerson and M. Holquist (eds), trans. V. W. McGee (Austin, Tx: University of Texas Press).
13. Ballroomdancers.com (1997) Glossary of Ballroom Dancing Terms. Available at: http://www.ballroomdancers.com/Learning_Center/Glossary/. Accessed 11 August 2003.
14. Barnden, J. A. and Lee, M. G. (eds) (2001) Metaphor and Artificial Intelligence, Special issue of Metaphor and Symbol, vol. 16, nos 1-2.
15. Bastien, D. T. (1989/2000) 'Communication, conflict, and learning in mergers and acquisitions', in A. H. Van de Ven, H. L. Angle and M. S. Poole (eds), Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota Studies (New York: Harper & Row). Rpt Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 367-96.
16. Beaugrande, R. de (1997) New Foundations for a Science of Text and Discourse: Cognition, Communication, and the Freedom of Access to Knowledge and Society. Advances in Discourse Processes, 61 (Norwood, NJ: Ablex).
17. Beigbeder, F. (2000) 99 Francs (Paris: Grasset).
18. Beneke, J. (1988) 'Metaphorik in Fachtexten', in R. Artz (ed.), Textlinguistik und Fachsprache: AILA-Symposion Hildesheim (Hildesheim: Olms), pp. 197-213.
19. Bianco, A., Symonds, W. and Byrnes, N. (2002) 'The rise and fall of Dennis Koslowski', Business Week, 23 December, pp. 48-56.
20. Black, M. (1962) Models and Metaphors: Studies in Language and Philosophy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
21. Black, M. (1977/1993) 'More about metaphor', Dialectica, vol. 31, nos 3-4, pp. 43-57.
22. A. Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press), pp. 19-41.
23. Bly, R. (1991) Iron John: A Book about Men (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley).
24. Boers, F. (1999) 'When a bodily source domain becomes prominent: the joy of counting metaphors in the socio-economic domain', in R. W. Gibbs and G. Steen (eds), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series 175 (Amsterdam: Benjamins), pp. 47-56.
25. Boers, F. (2000) 'Enhancing metaphoric awareness in specialised reading', English for Specific Purposes, vol. 19, pp. 137-47.
26. Boudette, N. E. (2000) 'Amid a rash of corporate weddings, AOL Europe still plays the field', Wall Street Journal Europe, 8 February 2000, p. 4.
27. Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language and Symbolic Power, trans. G. Raymond and M. Adamson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
28. Boyd, J. (1995) 'An Indiana utility defends against a hostile takeover: a case study in the rhetoric of war', Speech Communication Association Convention, San Antonio.
29. Brancato, C. K. and Patterson, D. J. (2001) 'Diversity in the boardroom?' Available at: http://www.managementfirst.com/articles/boardroom.htm. Accessed 22 January 2002.
30. Broussine, M. and Vince, R. (1996) 'Working with metaphor towards organisational change', in C. Oswick and D. Grant (eds), Organisation Development: Metaphorical Explorations (London: Pitman), pp. 57-72.
31. Browne, M. N. and Quinn, J. K. (1999) 'Dominant economic metaphors and the postmodern subversion of the subject', in M. Woodmannsee and M. Osteen (eds), The New Economic Criticism (London: Routledge), pp. 131-49.
32. Bryson, L. (1990) 'Challenges to male hegemony in sport', in M. A. Messner and D. F. Sabo (eds), Sport, Men and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives (Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Books), pp. 173-84.
33. 'BT-brand as friend' (no date) Available at: http://ww.worldwide.bt.com/ brand_as_friend. Accessed 27 May 2000.
34. Burke, W. W. (1992) 'Metaphors to consult by', Group & Organization Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 255-9.
35. Business Week (1999) 'Weill: "I have no problem being a partner with John" ', 7 June. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_23/b3632007.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
36. Business Week (2002a) 'BW Media Kit: Business Week International Europe edition'. Available at: http://mediakit.businessweek.com/m-intnl-eu.html. Accessed 14 November 2002.
37. Business Week (2002b) 'BW Media Kit: Circulation growth'. Available at: http://mediakit.businessweek.com/a-abcg.html. Accessed 14 November 2002.
38. Business Week (2002c) 'BW Media Kit: Our mission'. Available at: http:// mediakit.businessweek.com/mkh-edall.html. Accessed 11 August 2003.
39. Business Women's Network (2002) 'Women and diversity WOW! Facts 2002'. Available at: http://ewowfacts.com/pdfs/chapters/29.pdf. Accessed 11 August 2003.
40. Cameron, L. (1999) 'Operationalising "metaphor" for applied linguistic research', in L. Cameron and G. Low (eds), Researching and Applying Metaphor (Cambridge University Press), pp. 3-28.
41. Cameron, L. (2002) 'Metaphor-led discourse analysis', Conference on Metaphor in Language and Thought, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 21-25 October.
42. Cameron, L. and Low, G. (1999) 'Metaphor', Language Teaching, vol. 32, pp. 77-96.
43. 'Campaign' (1995a) Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (London: HarperCollins).
44. 'Campaign' (1995b) The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 9th edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
45. 'Campaign' (1995c) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn (Munich: Langenscheidt-Longman).
46. CBS (no date) Auto Racing Glossary. Available at: http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/ racing/auto/glossary/t_glossary.htm. Accessed 19 September 2002.
47. CBS (no date) Horse Racing Glossary. Available at: http://www.sportsline.com/ horseracing/index.html. Accessed 11 August 2003.
48. Chapkis, W. (1988) 'Sexuality and militarism', in E. Isaksson (ed.), Women and the Military System (New York: St. Martin's Press), pp. 106-13.
49. Charteris-Black, J. and Ennis, T. (2001) 'A comparative study of metaphor in Spanish and English financial reporting', English for Specific Purposes, vol. 20, pp. 249-66.
50. Chiapello, E. and Fairclough, N. (2002) 'Understanding the new management ideology: a transdisciplinary contribution from Critical Discourse Analysis and New Sociology of Capitalism', Discourse & Society, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 185-208.
51. Chilton, P. (1987) 'Metaphor, euphemism and the militarization of language', Current Research on Peace and Violence, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7-19.
52. Chilton, P. and Ilyin, M. (1993) 'Metaphor in political discourse: the case of the "common European house"', Discourse & Society, vol. 4, no. 1, 7-31.
53. Chilton, P. and Lakoff, G. (1995) 'Foreign policy by metaphor', in C. Schäffner and A. L. Wenden (eds), Language and Peace (Aldershot: Dartmouth), pp. 37-59.
54. Chouliaraki, L. and Fairclough, N. (1999) Discourse in Late Modernity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
55. Clausewitz, C. von (1952) Vom Kriege (First published 1832), Intro. W. Hahlweg, 16th edn (Bonn: Ferdinand Dümmler).
56. Clausner, T. and Croft, W. (1997) 'Productivity and schematicity in metaphors', Cognitive Science, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 247-82.
57. Cleary, C. and Packard, T. (1992) 'The use of metaphors in organizational assessment and change', Group & Organization Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 229-41.
58. Cohen, W. A. (1986) Winning on the Marketing Front: The Corporate Manager's Game Plan (New York: John Wiley).
59. Cohn, C. (1987) 'Sex and death in the rational world of defense intellectuals', Signs, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 687-718.
60. D. E. H. Russell (ed.), Exposing Nuclear Phallacies (New York: Pergamon Press, 1989), pp. 127-59.
61. A feminist spy in the house of death: unravelling the language of strategic analysis', in E. Isaksson (ed.), Women and the Military System (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp. 288-317.
62. Clean bombs" and clean language', in J. B.Elshtain and S. Tobias (eds), Women, Militarism and War (Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990), pp. 33-55.
63. Cole, P. and Morgan, J. L. (1975) Speech Acts. Syntax and Semantics, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press).
64. Connell, R. W. (1987) Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press).
65. Connell, R. W. (1995) Masculinities (Berkeley, Calif. and Los Angeles: University of California Press).
66. Connell, R. W. (1998) 'Masculinities and globalization', Men and Masculinities, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-23.
67. Coulson, S. and Oakley, T. (2000) 'Blending basics', Cognitive Linguistics, vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 175-96.
68. 'Courtship' (1995a) Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (London: HarperCollins).
69. 'Courtship' (1995b) The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 9th edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
70. 'Courtship' (1995c) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn (Munich: Langenscheidt-Longman).
71. Cox, R. W. (1993) 'Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: an essay in method', in S. Gill (ed.), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge University Press), pp. 49-66.
72. Cuomo, C. J. (1996) 'War is not just an event: reflections on the significance of everyday violence', Hypatia, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 30-45.
73. 'Cyber Wars' (1996) Transcript Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/ cyberspace/july-dec96/net_wars_9-20.html, 20 September 1996. Accessed 11 August 2003.
74. Daily Telegraph (2001) 'Regiment of women on the march', 15 January. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fmoney%2F2001 %2F01%2F15%2Fcbgirl15.xml. Accessed 12 August 2003.
75. Deignan, A. (1997) 'Metaphors of desire', in K. Harvey and C. Shalom (eds), Language and Desire: Encoding Sex, Romance and Intimacy (London: Routledge), pp. 21-42.
76. Deignan, A. (1999) 'Corpus-based research into metaphor', in L. Cameron and G. Low (eds), Researching and Applying Metaphor (Cambridge University Press), pp. 177-99.
77. Der Hovanesian, M. and Conlin, M. (2002) 'Wall Street's broken spirit', Business Week, 2 September, pp. 58-9.
78. Desmond, J. (1997) 'Marketing and the war machine', Marketing Intelligence and Planning, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 338-51.
79. Dettmer, M., Fleischhauer, J., Jung, A. and Reiermann, C. (2002) 'Gier ohne Grenzen', Der Spiegel, vol. 28, pp. 84-99.
80. Duchesneau, D. (1997) 'Guerilla SQA', Tenth Intenational Software Quality Week, San Francisco, 27-30 May.
81. Durö, R. and Sandström, B. (1988) The Basic Principles of Marketing Warfare (Chichester: John Wiley).
82. Eco, U. (1994) L'isola del giorno prima (Milan: Bompiani).
83. Eco, U. (1995) Gesammelte Streichholzbriefe, trans. B. Kroeber (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag).
84. Economist, The (1997) 'The big one?', 31 March, p. 90.
85. Economist, The (1999) 'On a wing and a hotel room', 9 January, p. 64.
86. Economist, The (2000a) 'Shotgun courtship' 24 June, p. 105.
87. Economist, The (2000b) 'You beasts', 23 November, p. 12.
88. Economist, The (2001) 'Risky business', 14 September. Available at: http://www.economist.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Story_ID=368245. Accessed August 2003.
89. Economist, The (2002) 'Advertising information'. Available at: http://ads. economist.com. Accessed 11 August 2003.
90. Economist, The (2003) 'French twist?' 12 July, p. 58.
91. Economist, The (no date) 'About us: about The Economist'. Available at: http://www.economist.com/help/DisplayHelp.cfm?folder=663377#About_The _Economist. Accessed 11 August 2003.
92. Economist, The (no date) 'Style guide: metaphors'. Available at: http://www. economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=673913. Accessed 11 August 2003.
93. Einstürzende Neubauten, Tabula Rasa, trans. M. Partridge (Berlin: Mute, 1993).
94. Elman, J. L., Bades, E. A., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Swith, A., Parisi, D. and Plunkett, K. (1996) Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
95. Elshtain, J. B. and Tobias, S. (eds) (1990)Women, Militarism and War (Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield).
96. Emanatian, M. (1999) 'Congruence by degree: on the relation between metaphor and cultural models', in R. W. Gibbs and G. Steen (eds) Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series, 175 (Amsterdam: Benjamins), pp. 205-18.
97. Emanatian, M. (2000) 'Metaphor clustering in discourse', Conceptual Structure, Discourse, and Language Conference, Santa Barbara, Calif., 13 May.
98. Emmanuel, F. (2000) La question humaine (Paris: Editions Stock).
99. Engberg, J. (2003) 'Von der Kultur hin zur Kompetenz-überlegungen zu einer Neuorientierung in der Fachsprachenforschung', Linguistics Circle, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, Vienna, 13 January.
100. Enloe, C. (1983) Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pandora).
101. Eubanks, P. (2000) A War of Words in the Discourse of Trade: The Rhetorical Constitution of Metaphor (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press).
102. Fairclough, N. (1989) Language and Power (London: Longman).
103. Fairclough, N. (1992) 'Discourse and text: linguistic and intertextual analysis within discourse analysis', Discourse & Society, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 193-217.
104. A. Jaworski and N. Coupland (eds), The Discourse Reader. (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 183-211.
105. Fairclough, N. (1995a) Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Longman).
106. Fairclough, N. (1995b) Media Discourse (London: Edward Arnold).
107. Fairclough, N. (1996) 'Technologisation of discourse', in C. R. Caldas-Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Routledge), pp. 71-83.
108. Fauconnier, G. and Turner, M. (2002) The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities (New York: Basic Books).
109. Finney, D. (1998) Letter, Financial Times, 24 July. Available at: http:// globalarchive.ft.com/search/articles.html?print=true&id=980724003025. Accessed 2 April 2001.
110. First Base Sports (2001) Sports Glossaries. Available at: http://www.firstbasesports. com/glossary.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
111. Fiske, S. T. and Taylor S. E. (1991) Social Cognition, 2nd edn (New York: McGraw-Hill).
112. Fleischmann, S. (2001) 'Language and medicine', in D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton (eds), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell), pp. 470-502.
113. Foucault, M. (1972) 'The discourse on language', trans. Rupert Sawyer, in M. Foucault, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith, The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language (London: Tavistock), pp. 215-37.
114. Fowler, R. (1985) 'Power', in T. A. van Dijk (ed.) Discourse Analysis in Society. Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 4 (London: Academic Press), pp. 61-82.
115. Fowler, R. (1987) 'Notes on critical linguistics', in R. Steele and T. Threadgold (eds), Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday (Amsterdam: Benjamins). Rpt as 'On Critical Linguistics', in C. R. Caldas-Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 3-14.
116. 'Gambling Glossary' (no date) Available at: http://www.winyourwager.com/ gambling_glossary.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
117. Gibbs, R. W., Bogdanovich, J. M., Sykes, J. R. and Barr, D. J. (1997) 'Metaphor in idiom comprehension', Journal of Memory and Language, vol. 37, pp. 141-54.
118. Gibbs, R. W. and Steen, G. (2002) 'Finding metaphor in language and thought: metaphor in language as use', Conference on Metaphor in Language and Thought, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 21-25 October.
119. 'Glutton' (1995) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn (Munich: Langenscheidt-Longman).
120. Goatly, A. (1997) The Language of Metaphors (London: Routledge).
121. Goldstein, J. S. (2001) War and Gender (Cambridge University Press).
122. Grady, J. (1997) 'Foundations of Meaning: Primary Metaphors and Primary Scenes', Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
123. Grady, J. E., Oakley, T. and Coulson, S. (1999) 'Blending and metaphor', in R. W. Gibbs and G. Steen (eds), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics, Current Issues in Linguistics Series, 175 (Amsterdam: Benjamins), pp. 101-24. Available at: http://www.wam.umd.edu/~mturn/WWW/blendaphor.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
124. Gramsci, A. (2000) The Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916-1935, ed. D. Forgacs, trans. Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith (New York: New York University Press).
125. 'Great Marketing Wars' (1983) 3 vols, Videocassette (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Media).
126. Green, J. (comp.) (1982) A Dictionary of Contemporary Quotations (London: Pan).
127. Greene, J. (2002) 'Beyond the office', Business Week, 16 September, pp. 58-60.
128. Greenwald, J. and Moody, J. (1995) 'Hands across the cable', Time Magazine, 2 October, p. 34.
129. Gude-Hohensinner, H. (2002) 'Wenn das Ego Amok läuft', Der Standard, 12/13 October, p. K1.
130. Habermas, J. (1981) Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 2 vols (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp).
131. Haddad, C. and Foust, D. (2002) 'WorldCom's sorry legacy', Business Week, 8 July, pp. 40-2.
132. Halliday, M. A. K. (1978) Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning (London: Edward Arnold).
133. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd edn (London: Edward Arnold).
134. Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. (1985) Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective (Geelong, Australia: Deakin University).
135. Hedinger, S. (1999) 'Sechs Frauen über Krieg und Frieden: Die Bedeutung von "gender" im Wandel', Dissertation, University of St Gallen.
136. Heilbrunn, J. (1989) 'Make love, not war', Marketing News, 30 January, pp. 4, 18.
137. Heiss, M. (1994) 'Die Organismusmetapher in der Managementwissenschaft', M.A. thesis, University of Innsbruck.
138. Henderson, W. (1994) 'Metaphor and economics', in R. E. Backhouse (ed.), New Directions in Economic Methodology (London: Routledge), pp. 343-67.
139. Henderson, W. (2000) 'Metaphor, economics and ESP: some comments', English for Specific Purposes, vol. 19, pp. 167-73.
140. Henry, D. (2002) 'Mergers: why most big deals don't pay off', Business Week, 14 October, pp. 72-7.
141. Herden, R. W. and Butollo, M. (2002) 'Proseminar mergers and acquisitions', Unpublished material, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, Vienna.
142. Herrera, H. and White, M. (2002) 'Business is war or the language of takeovers', in M. Fornés Guardia, J. M. Molina Valero and L. Pérez Hernández (eds), Pragmática y Análisis del Discurso. Panorama Actual de la Linguística Aplicada: Conocimiento, Procesamiento y Uso del Lenguaje, vol. 1 (Rioja: Universidade de la Rioja), pp. 231-9.
143. Hey, B., Huber, C. and Schmidlechner, K., in co-operation with Koordinationsstelle für Frauenforschung und Frauenstudien (eds) (1999) Krieg, Geschlecht und Gewalt, Grazer Gender Studies Series, 5 (Graz: Leykam).
144. Hickok, R. (1999-2002) Tennis Glossary. Available at: http://www.hickoksports. com/glossary/gtennis.shtml. Accessed 12 August 2003.
145. Hines, C. (1999) 'Rebaking the pie: The WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor', in M. Bucholtz, A. C. Liang and L. A. Sutton (eds), Reinventing Identities: The Gendered Self in Discourse (Oxford University Press), pp. 145-62.
146. Hiraga, M. (1991) 'Metaphors Japanese women live by', Working papers on Language, Gender and Sexism, vol. 1, AILA Commission on Language and Gender, pp. 38-57.
147. Hirsch, P. M. (1986) 'From ambushes to golden parachutes: corporate takeovers as an instance of cultural framing and institutional integration', American Journal of Sociology, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 800-37.
148. Hirsch, P. M. and Andrews, J. A. Y. (1983) 'Ambushes, shootouts, and Knights of the Round Table: the language of corporate takeovers', in L. R. Pondy et al. (eds), Organizational Symbolism, Monographs in Organizational Behavior and Industrial Relations, 1 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press), pp. 145-55.
149. Hodge, R. and Kress, G. (1993) Language as Ideology, 2nd edn (London: Routledge).
150. Hodge, R., Kress, G. and Jones, G. (1979) 'The ideology of middle management', in R. Fowler et al., Language and Control (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), pp. 81-93.
151. Howe, N. (1988) 'Metaphor in contemporary American political discourse', Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 87-104.
152. Hunt, S. D. and Menon, A. (1995) 'Metaphors and competitive advantage: evaluating the use of metaphors in theories of competitive strategy', Journal of Business Research, vol. 33, pp. 81-90.
153. Investopedia (1999-2002) 'Dictionary'. Available at: http://www.investopedia. com/dictionary. Accessed 12 August 2003.
154. Isaksson, E. (ed.) (1988) Women and the Military System (New York: St. Martin's Press).
155. Jacobs, G. (1999) Pre-formulating the News: An Analysis of the Metapragmatics of Press Releases. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).
156. Jäkel, O. (1997) Metaphern in abstrakten Diskursdomänen, Duisburg Papers on Research in Language and Culture Series, 30 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang).
157. Jansen, S. C. and Sabo, D. F. (1994) 'The sport/war metaphor: hegemonic masculinity, the Persian Gulf War, and the New World Order', Sociology of Sport Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-17.
158. Johnson, C. (1999) 'Constructional grounding: the role of interpretational overlap in lexical and constructional acquisition', Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
159. Johnson, L. (2001) Performing Penthesilea, Unpublished manuscript, Director Marion Dimali, Theater Drachengasse, Vienna.
160. Johnson, S. (1997) 'Theorizing language and masculinity: a feminist perspective', in S. Johnson and U. H. Meinhof (eds), Language and Masculinity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell), pp. 8-26.
161. Jones, L. (1994) A Glossary of Poker Terms. Available at: http://www.conjelco. com/pokglossary.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
162. Kanzen, J. (2000-2002) Lotto Lottery Glossary. Available at: http://www.ildado. com/lottery_glossary.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
163. Karvy Consultants Stock Market Glossary (2003) 'Stag'. Available at: http://www.karvy.com/market/glosss.htm (no date). Accessed 12 August 2003.
164. Katschnig-Fasch, E. (1999) 'Zur Genese der Gewalt der Helden. Gedanken zur Wirksamkeit symbolischer Geschlechterkonstruktionen', in B. Hey, C. Huber and K. Schmidlechner, in co-operation with Koordinationsstelle für Frauenforschung und Frauenstudien (eds), Krieg: Geschlecht und Gewalt, Grazer Gender Studies, Series 5 (Graz: Leykam), pp. 64-77.
165. Katzenbach, J. R. and Santamaria, J. A. (1999) 'Firing up the front line', Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp. 106-17.
166. Keen, S. (1991) Fire in the Belly: On Being a Man (New York: Bantam).
167. Kidd, B. (1990) 'The men's cultural centre: sports and the dynamics of woman's oppression/men's repression', in M. A. Messner and D. F. Sabo (eds), Sport, Men and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives (Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Books), pp. 31-43.
168. Kilbane, M. (no date) 'Fighting the war of the millennium: strategies for year project managers'. Available at: http://www.year2000.com/archive/ NFfighting.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
169. Kittay, E. F. (1987) Metaphor: Its Cognitive Force and Linguistic Structure (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
170. Klein, P. (1993) 'IPALCO's bid for PSI fueling speculation', Indianapolis Star, 17 March, p. A01.
171. Koller, V. (2003) 'Summary: "sexy"', E-mail to the CogLing mailing list, 3 February 2003. Available at: http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2= ind0302&L=cogling&P=R227. Accessed 11 September 2003.
172. Koller, V. (2004) 'Businesswomen and war metaphors: "Possessive, jealous and pugnacious"?', Journal of Sociolinguistics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3-23.
173. Koller, V. (Forthcoming) 'Brothers in arms: contradictory metaphoric constructions in contemporary marketing discourse', in M. S. Zanotto, L. Cameron and M. Cavalcanti (eds), Metaphor in Applied Linguistics: Research Perspectives (Amsterdam: Benjamins).
174. Koller, V. and Mautner, G. (Forthcoming) 'Computer applications in Critical Discourse Analysis', in C. Coffin, A. Hewings and K. O'Halloran (eds), Applying English Grammar (Milton Keynes: Open University).
175. Kövecses, Z. (1986) Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).
176. Kövecses, Z. (2000) Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling (Cambridge University Press).
177. Kövecses, Z. (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (Oxford University Press).
178. Köves, N. (2002) 'Metaphors of life in the US, Hungary and the US army', First Viennese Metaphor and Cognitive Linguistics Workshop, Vienna University/ Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, Vienna, 10-11 December.
179. Krantz, M. (1996) 'A marriage is blessed', Time Magazine, 29 July, p. 62.
180. Kraus, K. (1926/1964) Die letzten Tage der Menschheit, 2 vols (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag).
181. Kress, G. (1985) 'Ideological structures in discourse', in T. A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse Analysis in Society, Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 2 (London: Academic Press), pp. 27-42.
182. Kress, G. (1989) Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press).
183. Küster, R. (1978) Militärmetaphorik im Zeitungskommentar, Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik, 246 (Göppingen: Kümmerle).
184. Kunda, Z. (1999) Social Cognition: Making Sense of People (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
185. Kyratzis, S. (1997) 'Metaphorically speaking: sex, politics and the Greeks', Dissertation, Lancaster University.
186. Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
187. Lakoff, G. (1992) 'Metaphor and war: the metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf', in M. Pütz (ed.), Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution: Studies in Honour of René Dirven on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday (Amsterdam: Benjamins), pp. 463-81.
188. Lakoff, G. (1993) 'The contemporary theory of metaphor', in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press), pp. 202-251. Available at: http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~market/semiotic/lkof_met.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
189. Lakoff, G. (1994) Conceptual Metaphor Homepage, Linguistics Dept, University of California at Berkeley. Available at: http://cogsci.berkeley.edu. Accessed 12 August 2003.
190. Lakoff, G. (2002) 'Schematicity of metaphor', E-mail to the CogLing mailing list, November. Available at: http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2= ind0211&L=cogling&D=1&F=&S=&P=7395. Accessed 12 August 2003.
191. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
192. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1999) Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books).
193. Lakoff, G. and Kövecses, Z. (1983) The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English, Berkeley Cognitive Science Report, 10, Berkeley Cognitive Science Program, Institute of Cognitive Studies, University of California at Berkeley.
194. Lakoff, G. and Turner, M. (1989) More than Cool Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
195. Larsen, P. T. (2003) 'MGM withdraws bid for Vivendi assets', Financial Times, 29 July. Available at: http://search.ft.com/search/article.html?id=030729006203. Accessed 16 September 2003.
196. 'Launch' (1995) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn (Munich: Langenscheidt-Longman).
197. Lavelle, L. (2001) 'For female CEOs, it's stingy at the top', Business Week, 23 April. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_17/ b372916.htm. Accessed 10 February 2003.
198. 'Lemma' (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. D. Crystal (ed.), 5th edn (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell).
199. Lipka, L. (1992) An Outline of English Lexicology, Forschung & Studium Anglistik, (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer).
200. Lorentzen, J. (1998) Review of The Politics of Manhood: Profeminist Men Respond to the Mythopoetic Men's Movement, M. Kimmel (ed.), Men and Masculinities, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 112-15.
201. Lotter, W. (2000) 'Elefanten im Galopp', brand eins, November, pp. 83-9.
202. Low, G. (1988) 'On teaching metaphor', Applied Linguistics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 125-47.
203. Low, G. (1999) 'Validating metaphor research projects', in L. Cameron and G. Low (eds), Researching and Applying Metaphor (Cambridge University Press), pp. 48-65.
204. Maalej, Z. (2001) 'Of animals, foods, objects, plants and others, or, how women are conceptualised and evaluated: a cross-cultural perspective', Conference on Researching and Applying Metaphor IV, University of Manouba, Tunis, 5-7 April.
205. Malszecki, G. M. (1995) ' "He shoots! He scores!": metaphors of war in sport and the political linguistics of virility', Dissertation, York University, North York, Ontario.
206. Mautner, G. (2000) 'Market-driven education: the discourse of mission statements and deans' messages on business schools' Internet web pages', British Association for Applied Linguistics Annual Meeting, Cambridge University, Cambridge, 8 September.
207. McNeilly, M. R. (1996) Sun Tzu and the Art of Business: Six Strategic Principles for Managers (Oxford University Press).
208. Merry, S. (2000) Letter, The Economist, 24 June, p. 4.
209. Messner, M. A. (1992) Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press).
210. Michaelson, G. A. (1987) Winning the Marketing War: A Field Manual for Business Leaders (Lanham, Md.: Abt Books).
211. Michaelson, G. A. (1989) 'It's not "anything goes" in warfare-or in marketing', Marketing News, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 4, 10.
212. Montgomery, M., Tolson, A. and Garton, G. (1989) 'Media discourse in the 1987 general election: ideology, scripts and metaphors', English Language Research, vol. 3, pp. 173-204.
213. 'Mood' (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, D. Crystal (ed.), 5th edn (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell).
214. Morgan, G. (1997) Images of Organization, 2nd edn (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage).
215. Morgan, P. and Bales, S. (2002) 'Competition, cooperation, and connection: how these metaphors affect child advocacy', Kids Count E-Zine, vol. 11. Available at: http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/products/issue11framing.shtml. Accessed August 2003.
216. Moscovici, S. (2000) Social Representations: Explorations in Social Psychology (Cambridge: Polity Press).
217. Narayanan, S. (1997) 'Embodiment in language understanding: sensory-motor representations for metaphoric reasoning about event descriptions', Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
218. Nelson, J. A. (1995) 'Gender, metaphor and the definition of economics', Economics and Philosophy, vol. 8, pp. 103-25.
219. J. Humphries (ed.), Gender and Economics, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Series 45 (Aldershot: Edward Elgar), pp. 19-41.
220. Opitz, C. (1992) 'Von Frauen im Krieg zum Krieg gegen Frauen', L'Homme, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31-45.
221. Park, A. and Burrows, P. (2001) 'Dell, the conqueror', Business Week,September. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/SfuB34YQSOZxkwcA/magazine/content/01_39/b3750039.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
222. Perez, L. (1997) '21 ways to wage war: how to achieve decisive victories in sales and marketing'. Available at: http://home.earthlink.net/~humdev/ 21ways.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
223. Perpinan, M. S. (1990) 'The militarization of societies and it's [sic] impact on women', International Peace Research Association 25th Anniversary Conference, Groningen.
224. Pieper, C. and Hughes, K. (1997) 'Media on media: the framing of the Time- Warner/Turner-CNN merger'. Available at: http://www.americanreview.net/ medstud1.htm. Accessed 15 September 2000.
225. Pietilä, H. (1990) 'Patriarchy is a state of war', International Peace Research Association 25th Anniversary Conference, Groningen.
226. Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour (London: Sage).
227. Prince, V. and Ferrari, S. (1996) 'A textual clues approach for generating metaphors as explanations by an intelligent tutoring system', in S. Botley et al. (eds), Proceedings of Teaching and Language Corpora 1996 (Lancaster: University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language), pp. 217-32.
228. Quinn, N. (1991) 'The cultural basis of metaphor', in J. W. Fernandez (ed.), Beyond Metaphor: The Theory of Tropes in Anthropology (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press), pp. 56-93.
229. Raghavan, V. V. (1990) 'An approach to competitive modelling using the military metaphor and comprehensive situation mapping', Dissertation, Kent State University.
230. Read, S. J., Cesa, I. L., Jones, D. K. and Collins, N. L. (1990) 'When is the Federal budget like a baby? Metaphor in political rhetoric', Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 125-49.
231. Reardon, B. A. (1985/1996) Sexism and the War System (New York: Teachers College Press). Rpt Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
232. Richards, I. A. (1936/2001) The Philosophy of Rhetoric, in J. Constable (ed.) (London: Routledge).
233. Ries, A. and Trout, J. (1986) Marketing Warfare (New York: Penguin).
234. Ritchie, D. (2003) ' "ARGUMENT IS WAR"-or is it a game of chess? Multiple meanings in the analysis of implicit metaphors', Metaphor and Symbol, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 125-46.
235. Robson, W. (1996) 'Changing the name of the game: how changing the metaphor for business could alter IS management priorities', UK AIS Conference on the Future for Information Systems, Cranfield, 10-12 April.
236. Rogers, D. J. (1987) Waging Business Warfare (New York: Zebra).
237. Rorty, R. (1979) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
238. Rosch, E. (1975) 'Cognitive representations of semantic categories', Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 104, pp. 192-233.
239. Rosch, E. (1978) 'Principles of categorization', in E. Rosch and B. Lloyd (eds), Cognition and Categorization (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp. 27-48.
240. Rosenbush, S. (2003) 'Verizon's gutsy bet', Business Week, 4 August. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/QbDmoQQx7NxkwcA/magazine/content/ 03_31/b3844001_mz001.htm. Accessed 16 September 2003.
241. Rumpf, M. (1992) 'Staatliches Gewaltmonopol, nationale Souveränität und Krieg', L'Homme, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 7-30.
242. Russell, D. E. H. (ed.) (1989) Exposing Nuclear Phallacies (New York: Pergamon).
243. Sabo, D. F. and Jansen, S. C. (1998) 'Prometheus unbound: constructions of masculinity in the sports media', in L. A. Wenner (ed.), Media Sport (London: Routledge), pp. 202-17.
244. Saylor, J. H. (1992) TQM Field Manual (New York: McGraw-Hill).
245. Schmölzer, H. (1996) Der Krieg ist männlich. Ist der Friede weiblich? (Vienna: Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik).
246. Schott, R. M. (1996) 'Gender and "postmodern war" ', Hypatia, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 19-29.
247. Searle, J. R. (1979/1983) 'Metaphor', in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press), pp. 83-111.
248. Searls, D. (1997) 'Make money, not war'. Available at: http://www.searls.com/ metaphor1.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
249. Searls, D. and Weinberger, D. (2000) 'Markets are conversations', in R. Levine et al., The Cluetrain Manifesto: The End of Business as Usual (London: ft.com), pp. 73-111.
250. Searls Group (1999) 'What we think'. Available at: http://www.searls.com/tsg/ think.html. Accessed 12 August 2003.
251. Seidel, J. (1991) 'Method and madness in the application of computer technol-ogy to qualitative data analysis', in N. Fielding and R. M. Lee (eds), Using Computers in Qualitative Research (London: Sage), pp. 107-16.
252. Sheth, J. N. and Parvatiyar, A. (eds) (2000) Handbook of Relationship Marketing (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage).
253. Silverman, D. (1993) Interpreting Qualitative Data (London: Sage).
254. Silverman, G. and Spiro, L. N. (1999) 'Is this marriage working?', Business Week, 7 June. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_23/ b3632001.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
255. Skjelsbæk, I. (1997) Gendered Battlefields: A Gender Analysis of Peace and Conflict, International Peace Research Institute Oslo, Report 6. Available at: www.prio. no/publications/reports/battlefields/battlefields.asp. Accessed 12 August 2003.
256. Sloan, A. (1995) 'Big boys with their bigger toys', Newsweek, 11 September, p. 35.
257. 'Slogan' (1999) Oxford English Dictionary, CD-ROM (Oxford University Press).
258. Smith, D. C. (1997) 'De-militarizing language'. Available at: http://www. peacemagazine.org/9707/language.htm. Accessed 31 May 2000.
259. Sommer, E. and Weiss, D. (1996) Metaphors Dictionary (Detroit, Mich.: Visible Ink Press).
260. Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. (1986) Relevance: Communication and Cognition (Cambridge University Press).
261. Sprung, A. (2002) Letter, Business Week, 18 November. p. 10.
262. Steen, G. (1999) 'Metaphor and discourse: towards a linguistic checklist for metaphor analysis', in L. Cameron and G. Low (eds), Researching and Applying Metaphor (Cambridge University Press), pp. 81-104.
263. Stires, D. (2003) 'Ready to get swallowed', Fortune, 21 July. Available at: http://www.fortune.com/fortune/investing/articles/0,15114,463009,00.html. Accessed 16 September 2003.
264. Strange, P. (1989) 'It'll make a man of you: a feminist view of the arms race', in D. E. H. Russell (ed.), Exposing Nuclear Phallacies (New York: Pergamon Press), pp. 104-26.
265. Stubbs, M. (2001) 'Computer-assisted text and corpus analysis: lexical cohesion and communicative competence', in D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton (eds), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell), pp. 304-20.
266. Sun Tzu (1910) The Art of War, trans. L. Giles, 1910. Available at: http://www.kimsoft.com/polwar02.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
267. Sydney Storm (1998) Baseball Glossary. Available at: http://www.storm.aapt. com.au/glossary.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
268. Talmy, L. (1988) 'Force dynamics in language and cognition', Cognitive Science, vol. 12, pp. 49-100.
269. Tannen, D. (1994) Talking from 9 to 5 (London: Virago).
270. 'Target' (1995) Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (London: HarperCollins).
271. Time Inc. Fortune® (1998) Fortune Subscriber Portrait 1997 (Time Inc.).
272. Turner, M. and Fauconnier, G. (1995) 'Conceptual integration and formal expression', Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 183-203. Available at: http://philosophy.uoregon.edu/metaphor/turner.htm. Accessed 12 August 2003.
273. US Department of Defense (1988) Dictionary of Military Terms (New York: Arco). Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/. Accessed 12 August 2003.
274. van Dijk, T. A. (1985) 'Introduction: levels and dimensions of Discourse Analysis', in T. A. van Dijk (ed.), Dimensions of Discourse, Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 2 (London: Academic Press), pp. 1-11.
275. van Dijk, T. A. (1993) 'Principles of critical discourse analysis', Discourse & Society, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 249-83.
276. van Dijk, T. A. (1995) 'Discourse analysis as ideology analysis', in C. Schäffner and A. L. Wenden (eds), Language and Peace (Aldershot: Dartmouth), pp. 17-33.
277. van Dijk, T. A. (1996) 'Discourse, power and access', in C. R. Caldas-Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Routledge), pp. 84-104.
278. van Dijk, T. A. (1997) 'Discourse as interaction in society', Discourse as Social Interaction, Discourse Studies, vol. 2 (London: Sage), pp. 1-37.
279. van Dijk, T. A. (1998) 'Opinions and ideologies in the press', in A. Bell and P. Garrett (eds), Approaches to Media Discourse (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 21-63.
280. van Dijk, T. A. (2001) 'Critical Discourse Analysis', in D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton (eds), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell), pp. 352-71.
281. Vickers, J. (1993) Women and War (London: Zed Books).
282. Walters-York, L. M. (1996) 'Metaphor in accounting discourse', Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 45-70.
283. White, M. (1997) 'The use of metaphor in reporting financial market transactions', in A. Barcelona (ed.), Cognitive Linguistics in the Study of English Language and Literature in English, Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa, vol. 6, no. 2 (Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia), pp. 233-45.
284. White, M. (1998) 'A cognitive linguistic view of the use of metaphor in headlines, leads and new stories', in A. D. Rothwell, A. J. Moya Guijarro and J. I. A. Hernández (eds), Patterns in Discourse and Text (Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha), pp. 31-61.
285. White, M. and H. Herrera (2003) 'Metaphor and ideology in the press coverage of telecom corporate consolidations', in R. Dirven, R. Frank and M. Pütz (eds), Cognitive Models in Language and Thought: Ideology, Metaphors and Meanings (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter), pp. 277-323.
286. Whitehead, S. M. (2003) Men and Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press).
287. Wilkinson, P. R. (1993) Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors (London: Routledge).
288. Wilson, F. (1992) 'Language, technology, gender, and power', Human Relations, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 883-904.
289. Winsor, R. D. (1996) 'Military perspectives of organizations', Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 34-42.
290. Wolf, A. (1996) 'Essensmetaphern im Kontext von Aids und Hexerei in Malawi', in A. Wolf and M. Stürzer (eds), Die gesellschaftliche Konstruktion von Befindlichkeit: Ein Sammelband zur Medizinethnologie (Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung), pp. 205-21.
291. Wörsching, M. (1999) 'Metaphors of hegemonic masculinity-an analysis of sport and advertising in the German news magazine Der Spiegel, Journal of European Area Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 177-95.