The association between maternal and partner experienced racial discrimination and prenatal perceived stress, prenatal and postnatal depression: findings from the growing up in New Zealand cohort study

International Journal for Equity in Health

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 1-12

  Bécares, Laia ^a   Atatoa Carr, Polly ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Depression; Ethnicity; New Zealand; Perceived stress; Postnatal; Prenatal; Racial discrimination

Indexed keywords

COHORT ANALYSIS; ETHNICITY; MATERNAL EFFECT; MENTAL HEALTH; PARENTAGE; RACIAL DISPARITY; RACISM;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ASIAN; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN NEEDS; MATERNAL WELFARE; MENTAL HEALTH; MOTIVATION; NEW ZEALAND; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRENATAL DEPRESSION; PRENATAL STRESS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; RACISM;

NEW ZEALAND;

EID: 84994868769     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14759276     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0443-4     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Paradies Y. Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Crit Public Health. 2006;16(2):143-57.
2. DHSS. Inequalities in health: report of a research working group. London: Department of Health and Social Security; 1980.
3. Poulton R, Caspi A, Milne B, Thomson WM, Taylor A, Sears M, Moffitt T. Association between children's experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and adult health: a life-course study. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1640-5.
4. Jones C. Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(8):1212-5.
5. Krieger N. Discrimination and health. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 36-75.
6. Kelly Y, Bécares L, Nazroo J. Associations between maternal experiences of racism and early child health and development: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(1):35-41.
7. Carty D, Kruger D, Turner T, Campbell B, DeLoney H, Lewis Y. Racism, health status, and birth outcomes: Results of a participatory community-based intervention and health survey. J Urban Health. 2011;88:84-97.
8. Caughy M, O'Campo P, Muntaner C. Experiences of racism among African American parents and the mental health of their preschool-aged children. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:200-8.
9. Collins J, David R, Handler A, Wall S, Andes S. Very low birthweight in African American infants: The role of maternal exposure to interpersonal racial discrimination. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:2132-8.
10. Ford K, Hurd N, Jagers R, Sellers R. Caregiver experiences of discrimination and African American adolescents' psychological health over time. Child Dev. 2013;84(2):485-99.
11. Parker Dominguez T, Dunkel-Schetter C, Glynn L, Hobel C, Sandman C. Racial differences in birth outcomes: The role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress. Health Psychol. 2008;27(2):194-203.
12. Dixon B, Rifas-Shiman S, James-Todd T, Ertel K, Krieger N, Kleinman K, Rich-Edwards J, Gillman M, Taveras E. Maternal experiences of racial discrimination and child weight status in the first 3 years of life. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2012;3(6):433-41.
13. Collins J, David R, Symons R, Handler A, Wall S, Dwyer L. Low-income African-American mothers' perception of exposure to racial discrimination and infant birth weight. Epidemiology. 2000;11(3):337-9.
14. Thayer Z, Kuzawa C. Ethnic discrimination predicts poor self-rated health and cortisol in pregnancy: Insights from New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2015;128:36-42.
15. Mustillo S, Krieger N, Gunderson E, Sidney S, McCreath H, Kiefe C. Self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and Black-White differences in preterm and low-birthweight deliveries: The CARDIA study. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:2125-31.
16. Dole N, Savitz D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Siega-Riz A, McMahon M, Buehens P. Maternal stress and preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:14-24.
17. Buitelaar J, Huizink A, Mulder E, Robles de Medina P, Visser G. Prenatal stress and cognitive development and temperament in infants. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:S53-60.
18. Lobel M, Dunkel-Schetter C, Scrimshaw S. Prenatal stress and prematurity: a prospective study of socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Health Psychol. 1992;11:32-40.
19. Mulder E, Robles de Medina P, Huizink A, Van der Bergh B, Buitelaar J, Visser G. Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Hum Dev. 2003;70:3-14.
20. Weinstock M. Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;65(5):427-51.
21. Bécares L, Nazroo J, Kelly Y. A longitudinal examination of maternal, family, and area-level experiences of racism on children's socioemotional development: Patterns and possible explanations. Soc Sci Med. 2015;142:128-35.
22. Priest N, Paradies Y, Trenerry B, Truong M, Karlsen S, Kelly Y. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc Sci Med. 2013;95:115-27.
23. Halim M, Yoshikawa H, Amodio D. Cross-generational effects of discrimination among immigrant mothers: perceived discrimination predicts child's healthcare visits for illness. Health Psychol. 2012;32(2):203-11.
24. McNeil S, Harris-McKoy D, Brantley C, Fincham F, Beach S. Middle Class African American Mothers' Depressive Symptoms Mediate Perceived Discrimination and Reported Child Externalizing Behaviors. J Child Fam Stud. 2014;23(2):381-8.
25. Priest N, Paradies Y, Stevens M, Bailie R. Exploring relationships between racism, housing and child illness in remote indigenous communities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(5):440-7.
26. Priest N, Paradies Y, Stewart P, Luke J. Racism and health among urban Aboriginal young people. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:568.
27. Canady R, Bullen B, Holzman C, Broman C, Tian Y. Discrimination and symptoms of depression in pregnancy among African American and White women. Womens Health Issues. 2008;18(4):292-300.
28. Ertel K, James-Todd T, Kleinman K, Krieger N, Gillman M, Wright R, Rich-Edwards J. Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:840-6.
29. Rosenthal L, Earnshaw V, Lewis T, Reid A, Lewis J, Stasko E, Tobin J, Ickovics J. Changes in experiences with discrimination across pregnancy and postpartum: Age differences and consequences for mental health. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:686-93.
30. Stancil T, Hertz-Picciotto I, Schramm M, Watt-Morse M. Stress and pregnancy among African-American women. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2000;14:127-35.
31. Tran A. Family contexts: Parental experiences of discrimination and child mental health. Am J Community Psychol. 2014;53:37-46.
32. Gassman-Pines A. Effects of Mexican Immigrant Parents' Daily Workplace Discrimination on Child Behavior and Family Functioning. Child Dev. 2015;86(4):1175-90.
33. Anderson R, Hussain S, Wilson M, Shaw D, Dishion T, Williams J. Pathways to Pain: Racial Discrimination and Relations Between Parental Functioning and Child Psychosocial Well-Being. J Black Psychol. 2015;41(6):491-512.
34. Craig E, Mantell C, Ekeroma A, Stewart A, Mitchell E. Ethnicity and birth outcomes: New Zealand trends 1980-2001. Part 1. Introduction, Methods, Results and Overview. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44:530-6.
35. Ratima M, Crengle S. Antenatal, labour, and delivery care for Maori: Experiences, location within a lifecourse approach, and knowledge gaps. Pimatisiwin. 2013;10(3):353-66.
36. Robson B, Purdie G. Mortality. In: Robson B, Harris R, editors. Hauora: Maori Standards of Health. IVth ed. Wellington: Te Ropu Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pomare; 2007. p. 33-45.
37. Smylie J, Crengle S, Freemantle J, Taualii M. Indigenous birth outcomes in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States - an overview. Open Womens Health J. 2010;4:7-17.
38. Bécares L, Cormack D, Harris R. Ethnic density and area deprivation: neighbourhood effects on Māori health and racial discrimination in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2013;88:76-82.
39. Cormack D, Harris R, Stanley J. Investigating the Relationship between Socially-Assigned Ethnicity, Racial Discrimination and Health Advantage in New Zealand. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e84039.
40. Harris R, Cormack D, Tobias M, Yeh L-C, Talamaivao N, Minster J, Timutimu R. The pervasive effects of racism: Experiences of racial discrimination in New Zealand over time and associations with multiple health domains. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(3):408-15.
41. Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(6):1428-41.
42. Harris R, Cormack D, Stanley J, Rameka R. Investigating the relationship between ethnic consciousness, racial discrimination and self-rated health in New Zealand. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0117343.
43. Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2006;367(9527):2005-9.
44. Crengle S, Robinson E, Ameratunga S, Clark T, Raphael D. Ethnic discrimination prevalence and associations with health outcomes: data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of secondary school students in New Zealand. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:45.
45. Harris R, Cormack D, Stanley J. The relationship between socially-assigned ethnicity, health and experience of racial discrimination for Māori: analysis of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:844.
46. Morton S, Atatoa Carr P, Grant C, Robinson E, Bandara D, Bird A, Ivory V, Kingi T, Liang R, Marks E, et al. Cohort Profile: Growing Up in New Zealand. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(1):65-75.
47. Morton S, Atatoa Carr P, Grant C, Robinson E, Bird A, Waayer D. How do you recruit and retain a pre-birth cohort? Lessons learnt from Growing Up in New Zealand. Eval Health Prof. 2014;37(4):411-33.
48. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385-96.
49. Cox J, Holden J, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6.
50. Murray D, Cox J. Screening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 1990;8:99-107.
51. Salmond C, Crampton P, Atkinson J. NZDEP2006 Index of Deprivation user's manual. Wellington: Department of Public Health, University of Otago; 2007.
52. Morton_Consortium. Longitudinal Study of New Zealand Children and Families. Development Phase. Report 2: Proposed longitudinal study design. Ministry of Social Development. Auckland: Auckland UniServices Ltd; 2006.
53. GUINZ. GUINZ Calibration Protocol Technical working document & Part 5. Auckland: University of Auckland; 2013.
54. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station: StataCorp LP; 2013.
55. Statistics New Zealand. Working together: Racial discrimination in New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand, Tatauranga Aotearoa, Wellington, New Zealand; 2012.
56. Gee GC. A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship Between Institutional and Individual Racial Discrimination and Health Status. American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(4):615-623.
57. Robson B, Harris R. (eds). Hauora: Māori Standards of Health IV. A study of the years 2000-2005. Wellington: Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare; 2007.
58. Moewaka Barnes A., Taiapa K., Borell B., McCreanor T. Responses to Racism in Aotearoa New Zealand. MAI Journal. 2013;2(2):63-77.
59. Kelaher M, Ferdinand A, Paradies Y. Experiencing racism in health care: The mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities. Med J Aust. 2014;201(1):44-7.
60. Marmot_Review. Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post 2010. London: Marmot Review; 2010.
61. Howden-Chapman P, Crane J, Baker M, Cunningham C, Matheson A. Reducing health inequality through improving housing: He Kainga Oranga/Housing and health research programme. In: Howden-Chapman P, Carroll P, editors. Housing and health: Research, policy and innovation. Wellington: Steele Roberts Ltd; 2004.
62. Weinstock M. The long-term behavioural consequences of prenatal stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32:1073-86.
63. Alder J, Fink N, Bitzer J, Hosli I, Holzgreve W. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: A risk factor for obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcome? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20(3):189-209.
64. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn: a review. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29:445-55.
65. Beck C. The effects of postpartum depression of child development: A meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1998;12(1):12-20.
66. Davis E, Glynn L, Schetter C, Hobel C, Chicz-Demet A, Sandman C. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:737-46.
67. Ertel K, Koenen K, Rich-Edwards J, Gillman M. Antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms are differentially associated with early childhood weight and adiposity. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010;24(2):179-89.
68. Hay D, Pawlby S, Sharp D, Asten P, Mills A, Kumar R. Intellectual problems shown by 11-year-old children whose mothers had postnatal depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(7):871-89.
69. Hollins K. Consequences of antenatal mental health problems for child health and development. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;19:568-72.
70. O'Connor T, Heron J, Glover V. Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:1470-7.
71. Poobalan A, Aucott L, Ross L, Smith W, Helms P, Williams J. Effects of treating postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction and child development. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:378-86.
72. Sohr-Preston S, Scaramella L. Implications of timing of maternal depressive symptoms for early cognitive and language development. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2006;9:65-83.
73. Curtis M, Corman H, Noonan K, Reichman N. Maternal depression as a risk factor for family homelessness. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:1664-70.
74. Kahn R, Zuckerman B, Bauchner H, Homer C, Wise P. Women's health after pregnancy and child outcomes at age 3 years: A prospective cohort study. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(8):1312-8.
75. Seaton E, Neblett E, Upton R, Powell Hammond W, Sellers R. The Moderating Capacity of Racial Identity Between Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being Over Time Among African American Youth. Child Dev. 2011;6:1850-67.
76. Brody G, Chen Y, Murry V, Ge X, Simons R, Gibbons F, Gerrard M, Cutrona C. Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Dev. 2006;77:11170-89.
77. Luo Y, Xu J, Granberg E, Wentworth W. A longitudinal study of social status, perceived discrimination, and physical and emotional health among older adults. Res Aging. 2012;34:275-301.
78. Gee G, Walsemann K. Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:1676-84.
79. Barnes LL, de Leon CF, Lewis TT, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, Evans DA. Perceived discrimination and mortality in a population-based study of older adults. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:1241-7.
80. Jackson J, Brown T, Williams D, Torres M, Sellers S, Brown K. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:132-47.
81. Williams DR, Mohammmed S. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20-47.