Household Strategies for Survival: An Introduction

International Review of Social History

Volumn 45, Issue S8, 2000, Pages 1-17

  Fontaine, Laurence ^a   Schlumbohm, Jürgen ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84994729070     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: 1469512X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859000115263     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 46–50;
2. revised German version; idem, Arme, Bettler, Beutelschneider. Eine Sozialgeschkhte der Armut in der FrÜhen Neuzeit (Weimar, 2000), pp. 59–64;
3. Stuart Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London [etc.], 1986), pp. 4–8;
4. cf. Bronislaw Geremek, Geschichte der Armut. Elend und Barmherzigkeit in Europa (Munich [etc.], 1988), pp. 131–152
5. translated into English as: Poverty: A History (Oxford, 1994)
6. Laurence Fontaine, “Pauvreté et crédit en Europe à l'epoque moderne”, in Jean-Michel Servet (ed.), Exclusion et liens financiers (Paris, 1999), pp. 28–43.
7. Frederic Morton Eden, The State of the Poor, or an History of the Labouring Classes in England from the Conquest to the Present Period […] (London, 1797), vol. 1, p. 2.
8. Wilhelm Abel, Massenarmut und Hungerkrisen im vorindustriellen Europa (Hamburg [etc.], 1974) pp. 26–27;
9. Jean-Pierre Gutton, La société et les pauvres. L'exemple de la généralité de Lyon IS34–1789 (Paris, 1971), pp. 69–78;
10. Richard Gascon, “Economie et pauvreté aux xvie et xviie siècles: Lyon, ville exemplaire et prophétique”, in Michel Mollat (ed.), Etudes sur I'histoire de la pauvreté (Paris, 1974), vol. 2, pp. 747–760.
11. Friedrich-Wilhelm Henning, Dienste und Abgaben der Bauern im 18.
12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1969), pp. 171–173;
13. cf. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 a 1730, 2 vols (Paris, 1960), vol. I, p. 182.
14. The quotations are from Mark Blaug, “The Poor Law Report Reexamined”’, Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), pp. 229–245, 229
15. Thomas Sokoll, Household and Family Among the Poor: The Case of Two Essex Communities in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (Bochum, 1993), pp. 290–291;
16. cf. Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London [etc.], 1988), pp.73–80, 207
17. idem, The English Poor Law 1531–1782 (Basingstoke [etc.], 1990), pp. 29–34;
18. Lynn Hollen Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 43 ff.
19. the articles by Jeremy Boulton and Thomas Sokoll in this volume. Data from other countries and regions concerning the proportion of the population receiving poor relief and the amount of relief appear in, e.g., JÜtte, Poverty and Deviance, pp. 50–57, 142
20. Gutton, La société et les pauvres, pp. 51–56;
21. Martin Dinges, Stadtarmut in Bordeaux 1525-i675: Alkag, Politik, Mentalitäten (Bonn, 1988), esp. pp. 164–165, 524–527;
22. Catharina Lis, Social Change and the Labouring Poor: Antwerp, 1770–1860 (New Haven, CT, [etc.], 1986), pp. 102–114;
23. Marco H.D. van Leeuwen, The Logic of Charity: Amsterdam, 1800–1850 (Basingstoke [etc.], 2000), pp. 103–133.
24. Olwen H. Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France 1750–1789 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 69–127.
25. Richard Wall, “Work, Welfare and the Family: An Illustration of the Adaptive Family Economy”, in Lloyd Bonfield et al. (eds), The World We Have Gained: Essays Presented to Peter Laslett (Oxford, 1986), pp. 261–294.
26. Cf. the debate about the proto-industrial family economy: Peter Kriedte et al, Industrialization before Industrialization: Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism (Cambridge [etc.], 1981), pp. 38–73;
27. idem, “Proto-industrialization Revisited: Demography, Social Structure, and Modern Domestic Industry”, Continuity and Change, 8 (1993), pp. 217–252;
28. Ulrich Pfister, “The Proto-industrial Household Economy: Toward a Formal Analysis”, Journal of Family History, 17 (1992), pp. 201–232.
29. See e.g. Rainer Beck, Unterfinning. Ländliche Welt vor Anbruch der Moderne (Munich, 1993), esp. pp. 553–575;
30. Valentin Groebner, Ökonomie ohne Haus. Zum Wirtschaften armer Leute in Nürnberg am Ende des 1s. Jahrhunderts (Gottingen, 1993)
31. idem, ‘Black Money and the Language of Things: Observations on the Economy of the Labouring Poor in Late Fifteenth-Century Nuremberg”, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch fiir deutsche Geschichte, 22 (1993), pp. 275–291;
32. Marco H.D. van Leeuwen, “Logic of Charity: Poor Relief in Preindustrial Europe”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24 (1994), pp. 589–613, 600 fF.
33. Some of Becker's seminal articles are reprinted in Gary S. Becker, The Economic Approach to Human Behavior (Chicago, 1976)
34. cf. idem, A Treatise on the Family (1981), 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1991).
35. See, e.g., Caroline O.N. Moser, Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training (London [etc.], 1993), pp. 18–27;
36. Theodore C. Bergstrom, “A Survey of Theories of the Family” in Mark R. Rosenzweig and Oded Stark (eds), Handbook of Population and Family Economics, vol. 1a (Amsterdam [etc.], 1997), pp. 21–79, 31–44.
37. Daniel Thorner (ed.), A. V. Chayanov on the Theory of Peasant Economy (Homewood, IL, 1966).
38. Peter Laslett, “Introduction: The History of the Family”, in Peter Laslett and Richard Wall (eds), Household and Family in Past Time, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 1–89, 24–25;
39. E.A. Hammel and Peter Laslett, “Comparing Household Structure Over Time and Between Cultures”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16 (1974), pp. 73–109, 76–77.
40. For some of the later criticisms, see E. A. Hammel, “On the ∗ of studying household form and function”, in Robert McC. Netting et al. (eds), Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group (Berkeley, CA [etc.], 1984), pp. 29–43;
41. Winfried Freitag, “Haushalt und Familie in traditionalen Gesellschaften: Konzepte, Probleme und Perspektiven der For-schung”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 14 (1988) pp. 5–37;
42. Michel Verdon, Rethinking Households: An Atomistic Perspective on European Living Arrangements (London, 1998), pp. 24–46.
43. To cite just two examples: Caroline O.N. Moser, Confronting Crisis: A Comparative Study of Household Responses to Poverty and Vulnerability in Four Poor Urban Communities (Washington DC, 1996)
44. Richard R. Wilk, Household Ecology: Economic Change and Domestic Life Among the $ekchi Maya in Belize, znd ed. (DeKalb, IL, 1997).
45. See, e.g., the articles by Danyu Wang on the rural household (hu) in China, by Thomas Sokoll and by Montserrat Carbonell-Esteller in this volume.
46. For changes in the use of the terms “family” and “household” cf. Naomi Tadmor, “The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England”, Past and Present, 151 (1996), pp. 111–140.
47. David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700–1870 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 163–182;
48. cf. Sylvia Möhle, Ehekonflikte und sozialer Wandel: Göttingen 1740–1840 (Frankfurt/M., 1997)
49. Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, Disordered Lives: Eighteenth-Century Families and Their Unruly Relatives (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 94ff.
50. This brief remark obviously does not convey the varieties of approaches devised over half a century. The seminal book in this field was John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, NJ, 1944).
51. Interestingly, the article on “strategy” in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 15 (1968), pp. 281–288, dealt exclusively with the military meaning of the term and noted only in passing that it had been ‘applied also to numerous other kinds of competitive situations, including commerce and games”.
52. The date of this change was described as “comparatively recent, occurring mostly since World War II” (p. 281).
53. Pierre Bourdieu, “Les stratégies matrimoniales dans le système de reproduction”, Annales ESC, 27 (1972), pp. 1105–1127;
54. English translation “Marriage Strategies as Strategies of Social Reproduction”, in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum (eds), Family and Society (Baltimore, MD [etc.], 1976), pp. 117–144.
55. A revised version appeared in Pierre Bourdieu, Le sens pratique (Paris, 1980), pp. 249–270;
56. English translation The Logic of Practice (Cambridge, 1990).
57. Interestingly, in tlie 1960s Bourdieu had written a first analysis of this ethnographic material in a language of the “logic” (of marriages) and not yet in a language of the strategy: idem, “Célibat et condition paysannc”, Etudes rurales, 5–6 (1962), pp. 32–135.
58. Idem, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge [etc.], 1977), pp. 18 ff.
59. Louise A. Tilly, “Individual Lives and Family Strategies in the French Proletariat”, Journal of Family History, 4 (1979), pp. 137–152;
60. Tamara Hareven, Family Time and Industrial Time: The Relationship between the Family and Work in a New England Industrial Community (Cambridge, 1982)
61. cf. idem, “A Complex Relationship: Family Strategies and the Processes of Economic and Social Change”, in Roger Friedland and A.F. Robertson (eds), Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (New York, 1990), pp. 215–244;
62. Giovanni Levi, Inheriting Power: The Story of an Exorcist (Chicago, IL [etc.], 1988), esp. pp. xv-xvi.
63. Bourdieu, “Marriage Strategies”, pp. 122, 126–127. He did not overlook conflicts within the family, though, see, e.g., pp. 129–130.
64. Cf. Leslie Page Moch et al., “Family Strategy: A Dialogue,” Historical Methods, 20 (1987), pp. 113–125.
65. Thomas Sokoll (ed.), Essex Pauper Letters, 1731–1837, Records of Social and Economic History, new series (Oxford, in press).
66. Cf. Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, pp. 128 ff.
67. Lis and Soly, Disordered Lives, pp. 83–84.
68. Ulrich Bräker, Lebensgeschichte und natürlkhe Ebentheuer des armen Marines im Tockenburg (Zürich, 1789), available in numerous later editions
69. idem, Sämtliche Schriften, vols 1–3 (Munich, 1998) contain the diaries 1768–1798.
70. On the beggar, see Otto Ulbricht, “Die Welt eines Betders um 1775: Johann Gottfried Kastner”, Historiscbe Anthropologic, 2 (1994), pp. 371–398.
71. See Jürgen Schlumbohm, “Weder Neigung noch Affection zu meiner Frau’ und doch ‘zehn Kinder mit ihr gezeugt’: Zur Autobiographic eines NUrnberger Schneiders aus dem 18. Jahrhundert”, in Axel Lubinski et al. (eds), Historic und Eigen-Sinn: Festschrift für Jan Peters zum 65. Geburtstag (Weimar, 1997), pp. 485–499, 492.
72. Zenon Jagoda et al., “Das überleben im Lager aus der Sicht ehemaliger Haftlinge von Auschwitz-Birkenau” (1977), in Die Auschwitz-Hefte. Texte aus derpolnischcn Zeitschrift “Przegl$d Lekar-ski”, vol. 1 (Weinheim [etc.], 1987), pp. 13–51, 19
73. Anna Paweiczhska, Values and Violence in Auschwitz: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley, CA, [etc.], 1979), esp. pp. 103, 107
74. Sybil Milton, ‘Women and the Holocaust: The Case of German and German-Jewish Women”, in Carol Rittner et al. (eds), Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (New York, 1993), pp. 213–249, 227
75. Myrna Goldenberg, “Memoirs of Auschwitz Survivors: The Burden of Gender”, in Dalia Ofer et al. (eds), Women in the Holocaust (New Haven, CT [etc.], 1998), pp. 327–339;
76. Herbert Obenaus, “Der Kampf urn das tigliche Brot”, in Ulrich Herbert et al. (eds), Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentra-tionslager. Entwicklung und Struktur, vol. 2 (Göttingen, 1998), pp. 841–873, 852 ff.
77. Christoph Daxelmüller, “Kulturelle Formen und Aktivitäten als Teil der Óberlebens- und Vernichtungsstrategie in den Konzentrationslagern”, in Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentra-tionslager. Entwicklung und Struktur., pp. 983–1005, 999.
78. Cf. Wolfgang Sofsky, Die Ordnung des Terrors: Das Konzentrationslager (Frankfurt/Main, 1993), esp. pp. 106 ff.
79. translated into English as: The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp (Princeton, NJ, 1997).
80. See, e.g., J.J. Thomas, Surviving in the City: The Urban Informal Sector in Latin America (London [etc.], 1995), pp. 70 ff.
81. Rolph van der Hoeven and Richard Anker (eds), Poverty Monitoring: An International Concern (New York, 1994).
82. Cf., however, Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford, 1982), pp. 9–38;
83. idem, “Poor, Relatively Speaking”, Oxford Economic Papers NS, 35 (1983), pp. 153–169
84. reprinted in idem, Resources, Values and Development (Oxford, 1984), pp. 325–345.
85. Cf. Idem, “Poor, Relatively Speaking”, pp. 158 ff.
86. Pierre Bourdieu, Travail et travailleurs en Algérie (Paris, 1964).
87. Sophie Day, Euthymios Papataxiarchis, and Michael Stewart (eds), Lilies of the Field: Marginal People Who Live fir the Moment (Oxford, 1999).
88. The works of Valentin Groebner offer a glimpse of the vast discrepancies in food prices in fifteenth-century Nuremberg. Valentin Groebner, “Towards an Economic History of Customary Practices: Bread, Money, and the Economy of the Bazaar: Observations on Consumption and Cheating in the Late Medieval Foodstuffs Market”, German History, 12 (1994), pp. 120–136.
89. See, e.g., Carol B. Stack, All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community (New York [etc.], 1974), pp. 28–29.
90. See the article by Hotze Lont in this volume and, on contemporary China, Stevan Harrell, “Geography, Demography, and Family Composition in Three Southwestern Villages’, in Deborah Davis and Stevan Harrell (eds), Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era (Berkeley, CA [etc.], 1993), pp. 77–102
91. Moser, Gender Planning and Development, p. 17.
92. Davis and Harrell, Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era.
93. Yvonne Preiswerk, Les Silencespudiques de Iékonomie, Cahiers de l'IUED (Geneva, 1998), p. 17.