Sponsorship of National Health Organizations by Two Major Soda Companies

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 20-30

  Aaron, Daniel G ^a   Siegel, Michael B ^b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SODIUM CARBONATE;

ARTICLE; EPIDEMIC; FOOD ASSISTANCE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; LAW; MEDICAL RECORD; NATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION; OBESITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; SUGAR INTAKE; TOBACCO; CARBONATED BEVERAGE; ECONOMICS; ETHICS; FOOD INDUSTRY; LOBBYING; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION; UNITED STATES;

CARBONATED BEVERAGES; FOOD INDUSTRY; LOBBYING; ORGANIZATIONS, NONPROFIT; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84994461981     PISSN: 07493797     EISSN: 18732607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.010     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. 1 Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384:9945 (2014), 766–781, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.
2. 2 Obesity update June 2014. www.oecd.org/health/Obesity-Update-2014.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2015.
3. 3 Jia, H., Lubetkin, E.I., Trends in quality-adjusted life-years lost contributed by smoking and obesity. Am J Prev Med 38:2 (2010), 138–144, 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.043.
4. 4 Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K., Flegal, K.M., Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief(131), 2013, 1–8.
5. 5 Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K., Flegal, K.M., Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA, 311(8), 2014, 806, 10.1001/jama.2014.732.
6. 6 Cawley, J., Meyerhoefer, C., The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ 31:1 (2012), 219–230, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003.
7. 7 Sicher, J., Special issue: Top-10 CSD results for 2009. Bev Dig, 56(7), 2010.
8. 8 Silver M. Guess which country has the biggest increase in soda drinking. NPR.org. www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/19/415223346/guess-which-country-has-the-biggest-increase-in-soda-drinking. Published June 19, 2015. Accessed July 27, 2015.
9. 9 Ogden, C.L., Kit, B.K., Carroll, M.D., Park, S., Consumption of sugar drinks in the United States, 2005–2008. NCHS Data Brief(71), 2011, 1–8.
10. 10 Nearly half of Americans drink soda daily. Gallup.com. www.gallup.com/poll/156116/Nearly-Half-Americans-Drink-Soda-Daily.aspx. Accessed July 22, 2015.
11. 11 Woodward-Lopez, G., Kao, J., Ritchie, L., To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic?. Public Health Nutr 14:3 (2011), 499–509, 10.1017/S1368980010002375.
12. 12 Lowe AP, Hacker G. Selfish giving: how the soda industry uses philanthropy to sweeten its profits. Center for Science in the Public Interest; 2013. http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/cspi_soda_philanthropy_online.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2015.
13. 13 Simon M. And now a word from our sponsors: Are America's nutrition professionals in the pocket of big food? Eat Drink Politics; 2013. www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/AND_Corporate_Sponsorship_Report.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2015.
14. 14 National Black Nurses Association. Coca Cola Initiative. www.nbna.org/coca%20cola. Published 2014. Accessed July 23, 2015.
15. 15 Freedhoff Y. The chair of the AMA's Council on Science and Public Health works for Coca-Cola? Weighty Matters. April 2013. www.weightymatters.ca/2013/04/the-chair-of-amas-council-on-science.html. Accessed July 23, 2015.
16. 16 Dorfman, L., Cheyne, A., Friedman, L.C., Wadud, A., Gottlieb, M., Soda and tobacco industry corporate social responsibility campaigns: how do they compare?. PLoS Med, 9(6), 2012, e1001241, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001241.
17. 17 Flint SW. Are we selling our souls? Novel aspects of the presence in academic conferences of brands linked to ill health. J Epidemiol Community Health. In press. Online March 23, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206586.
18. 18 Rosenberg, N.J., Siegel, M., Use of corporate sponsorship as a tobacco marketing tool: a review of tobacco industry sponsorship in the USA, 1995–99. Tob Control 10:3 (2001), 239–246, 10.1136/tc.10.3.239.
19. 19 Stone, M., Siegel, M.B., Tobacco industry sponsorship of community-based public health initiatives: why AIDS and domestic violence organizations accept or refuse funds. J Public Health Manag Pract 10:6 (2004), 511–517, 10.1097/00124784-200411000-00007.
20. 20 Belt, O., Stamatakos, K., Ayers, A.J., Fryer, V.A., Jernigan, D.H., Siegel, M., Vested interests in addiction research and policy. Alcohol brand sponsorship of events, organizations and causes in the United States, 2010-2013. Addiction 109:12 (2014), 1977–1985, 10.1111/add.12727.
21. 21 Nestle, M., Soda Politics: Taking on Big Soda (and Winning). 2015, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
22. 22 Flint, S.W., Infecting academic conferences: brands linked to ill health. Lancet Glob Health, 3(5), 2015, e259, 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70091-4.
23. 23 Transparency. Coca-Cola. http://transparency.coca-colacompany.com/transparency-search#TCCC. Published 2015. Accessed December 21, 2015.
24. 24 Feeding America. Mission partners. www.feedingamerica.org/about-us/about-feeding-america/partners/food-and-fund-partners/mission-partners/. Accessed January 13, 2016.
25. 25 Feeding America. 2014 Annual Report: bringing hope to 46 million people. http://www.feedingamerica.org/about-us/about-feeding-america/annual-report/2014-annual-report.pdf. Accessed August 19, 2106.
26. 26 Food Research and Action Center honors American Academy of Pediatrics president, New York City SNAP Task Force at 25th annual benefit dinner. Food Research and Action Center. http://frac.org/food-research-and-action-center-honors-american-academy-of-pediatrics-president-new-york-city-snap-task-force-at-25th-annual-benefit-dinner/. Published June 10, 2015. Accessed January 13, 2016.
27. 27 Coca-Cola. Healthy fun in the summer sun: Coca-Cola heats up support of active, healthy lifestyles and military heroes. www.coca-colacompany.com/press-center/press-releases/healthy-fun-in-the-summer-sun-coca-cola-heats-up-support-of-active-healthy-lifestyles-and-military-heroes/. Published August 13, 2012. Accessed January 13, 2016.
28. 28 Coca-Cola. $10.5 million in new grants from the Coca-Cola foundation will spark sustainability efforts on six continents. www.coca-colacompany.com/press-center/press-releases/105-million-in-new-grants-from-the-coca-cola-foundation-will-spark-sustainability-efforts-on-six-continents/. Published August 30, 2012. Accessed January 13, 2016.
29. 29 Children's Miracle Network Hospitals. Corporate partners. http://childrensmiraclenetworkhospitals.org/Partners/Sponsors. Accessed January 13, 2016.
30. 30 Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere. Our partners are leaders. www.care.org/about/partnerships/corporate-partners/our-partners. Accessed January 13, 2016.
31. 31 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Space coast dragon boat race. Event sponsor list. Available upon request (web page no longer active). Accessed June 24, 2015.
32. 32 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Treasure valley walk to cure diabetes. Event sponsor list. Available upon request (web page no longer active). Accessed June 24, 2015.
33. 33 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Roanoke walk to cure diabetes. Event sponsor list. Available upon request (web page no longer active). Accessed June 24, 2015.
34. 34 Centers for Disease Control Foundation. Our partners. www.cdcfoundation.org/what/partners#category-299. Accessed January 25, 2016.
35. 35 Coca-Cola United Bottling Company. Diet Coke has heart. http://cocacolaunited.com/blog/2013/02/08/2783/. Published February 8, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2016.
36. 36 HSN. HSN Cares celebrates “American Heart Month” by partnering with Diet Coke, The Heart Truth and Walgreens. www.hsni.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=739405. Published February 11, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2016.
37. 37 Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. The Coca-Cola Company supports two fellowships with the U.S.-Russia Collaboration. www.fnih.org/news/press-releases/the-coca-cola-company-supports-the-us-russia-collaboration-in-the-biomedical-sciences-fellowship-program. Published July 27, 2012. Accessed January 25, 2016.
38. 38 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diet Coke supports the Heart Truth Campaign. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/hearttruth/media-room/sponsor-dietcoke.htm. Published January 23, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2016.
39. 39 Coca-Cola. Getting the world moving is a team sport. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923065450/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/getting-the-world-moving-is-a-team-sport. Published May 7, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2016.
40. 40 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Congressional Justification FY 2014. www.nichd.nih.gov/about/budget/CJ/Documents/CJ_NICHD_2014.pdf.
41. 41 American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation. Meet our partners. www.aafpfoundation.org/online/foundation/home/corporate-partners/meet.html. Published June 15, 2015. Accessed January 26, 2016.
42. 42 Coca-Cola. Sustainability. Meet our partners: American College of Cardiology. www.coca-colacompany.com/sustainability/meet-our-partners-american-college-of-cardiology/. Published September 27, 2013. Accessed January 26, 2016.
43. 43 Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola Company sponsors Exercise Is Medicine program. www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/doctors-orders-exercise-can-save-your-life/. Published October 19, 2012. Accessed January 26, 2016.
44. 44 Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola Foundation—2011 grants. http://assets.coca-colacompany.com/c0/91/5c8a678246dd96470f4e306938ed/2011_grants_contributions_paid.pdf. Accessed January 26, 2016.
45. 45 Association for Healthcare Foodservice. 2016 Leadership Conference sponsors. http://healthcarefoodservice.org/sponsorship-and-advertising/2016-annual-conference-sponsors/. Published 2016. Accessed January 26, 2016.
46. 46 Harvard Medical School Division of Nutrition. 13th Annual Postgraduate Nutrition Symposium. http://nutrition.med.harvard.edu/education/1107_edu_nut_symp13_program.html. Accessed January 26, 2016.
47. 47 Rodwell WY. The Coca-Cola Foundation awards $26 million to 85 global organizations during first quarter 2012. Business Wire. www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120611005924/en/Coca-Cola-Foundation-Awards-26-Million-85-Global. Published June 11, 2012. Accessed January 26, 2016.
48. 48 Pray L. Relationships between the brain, digestive system, and eating behavior. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Activities/Nutrition/Foodforum/2014-JUL-09/workshop-in-brief. Published September 2014. Accessed January 26, 2016.
49. 49 Roman E. Western Massachusetts chapter of National Association of Hispanic Nurses promotes nursing for Latino students. MassLive. www.masslive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/06/nursing_association_targets_la.html. Published June 30, 2014. Accessed January 26, 2016.
50. 50 Who we are. National Black Nurses Association. www.nbna.org/who. Published October 24, 2013. Accessed January 26, 2016.
51. 51 National Hispanic Medical Association national conference to focus on health and wellness strategies for local Hispanic communities. PR Newswire. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-hispanic-medical-association-national-conference-to-focus-on-health-and-wellness-strategies-for-local-hispanic-communities-300056159.html. Published March 25, 2015. Accessed January 26, 2016.
52. 52 2014 Impact report. Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-hispanic-medical-association-national-conference-to-focus-on-health-and-wellness-strategies-for-local-hispanic-communities-300056159.html. Published 2015. Accessed January 26, 2016.
53. 53 Eat Right Pro: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Meet our sponsors. www.eatrightpro.org/resources/about-us/advertising-and-sponsorship/meet-our-sponsors. Accessed January 28, 2016.
54. 54 Aids Walk Miami. Event sponsor list. Available upon request (web page no longer active). Accessed January 28, 2016.
55. 55 America Scores. Reaching beyond the goal: 2011 annual report. www.americascores.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/FY2011-AR_lowres4.pdf. Published 2011.
56. 56 America Scores. Our sponsors: America Scores Denver. www.americascores.org/affiliates/denver/about-us/our-sponsors. Accessed January 28, 2016.
57. 57 American Society for Nutrition. Our sustaining partners. www.nutrition.org/our-members/corporate-members/our-sustaining-partners/. Published August 3, 2015. Accessed January 28, 2016.
58. 58 Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Reducing childhood obesity in Louisiana: charting the course for 2020. http://labs.pbrc.edu/Physical_Activity_Epidemiology/ChildhoodObesityandPublicHealthAnOunceofPreventionoraPoundofCure.htm. Accessed January 28, 2016.
59. 59 Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Childhood Obesity and Public Health Conference at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. www.pbrc.edu/childhood_obesity_conference/. Accessed January 28, 2016.
60. 60 Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation. Partners. www.healthyweightcommit.org/partners/. Accessed January 28, 2016.
61. 61 National Foundation for Governors’ Fitness Councils. Sponsors and partners. http://natgovfit.org/solution/sponsors-partners/. Accessed January 28, 2016.
62. 62 National Organization on Disability. Corporate partners. https://nod.org/partners/corporate.html. Accessed January 28, 2016.
63. 63 Partnership for a Healthier America. Drink up: supporting brands & organizations. http://ahealthieramerica.org/our-work/you-are-what-you-drink/. Accessed January 28, 2016.
64. 64 NAACP. Project HELP (Healthy Eating, Lifestyles, and Physical Activity). www.naacp.org/pages/2799. Accessed January 28, 2016.
65. 65 Save the Children. Corporate partners. www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.6148397/k.C77B/Corporate_Partners.htm. Accessed January 28, 2016.
66. 66 Audi T, Esterl M. Soda's new enemy: San Francisco—city moves closer to enacting ordinances to curb the consumption of sugary drinks. www.wsj.com/articles/san-francisco-votes-to-impose-health-warnings-on-sugary-drink-ads-1433887735. Published June 10, 2015. Accessed February 2, 2016.
67. 67 Imamura, F., O'Connor, L., Ye, Z., et al. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ, 2015, h3576, 10.1136/bmj.h3576.
68. 68 Malik, V.S., Popkin, B.M., Bray, G.A., Després, J.-P., Willett, W.C., Hu, F.B., Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 33:11 (2010), 2477–2483, 10.2337/dc10-1079.
69. 69 Choi C. Coke ending sponsorship of dietitians group. Associated Press. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/d6fc7dd2924e4c8b8a315cdd7912fe1d/coke-ending-sponsorship-dietitians-group. Published September 29, 2015. Accessed November 24, 2015.
70. 70 Rules would limit marketing of unhealthy foods in schools. CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/news/rules-would-limit-marketing-of-unhealthy-foods-in-schools/. Published February 25, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2016.
71. 71 Watzman N. Food and media companies lobby to weaken guidelines on marketing food to children. The Sunlight Foundation. http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2011/12/05/Food_and_media_companies_lobby/. Published December 5, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2016.
72. 72 Texas Beverage Association. SNAP restrictions: a misguided and ineffective effort. http://texbev.org/snap-restrictions-a-misguided-and-ineffective-effort/. Published February 18, 2013. Accessed February 28, 2016.
73. 73 Lallanilla M. 7 Worst foods available with food stamps. Live Science. www.livescience.com/28074-food-stamps-snap-junk-food.html. Published March 20, 2013. Accessed February 28, 2016.
74. 74 Levin R. Beverage association on guard against limits to food stamp use. The Hill. http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/228141-beverage-association-on-guard-against-limits-to-food-stamp-use. Published May 17, 2012. Accessed February 28, 2016.
75. 75 Lowe P. Lobbyists of all kinds flock to Farm Bill. Harvest Public Media. http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/lobbyists-all-kinds-flock-farm-bill. Published July 13, 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
76. 76 Rosiak L. Coca-Cola's food-stamp lobbying effort falls flat, conservative group says. The Washington Times. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/apr/24/coca-cola-called-out-food-stamp-lobbying/. Published April 24, 2013. Accessed February 28, 2016.
77. 77 Simon M. Food stamps: follow the money. Eat Drink Politics. www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/FoodStampsFollowtheMoneySimon.pdf. Published June 2012. Accessed February 28, 2016.
78. 78 Taintor D. Florida GOP to food stamp recipients: no sweets for you. Talking Points Memo. http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/florida-gop-to-food-stamp-recipients-no-sweets-for-you. Published February 7, 2012. Accessed February 28, 2016.
79. 79 Pear R. Soft drink industry fights proposed food stamp ban. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/us/politics/30food.html. Published April 29, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2016.
80. 80 Lobbying spending database H.R.1599, 2014: Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act of 2015. OpenSecrets. www.opensecrets.org/lobby/billsum.php?id=hr1599-114. Published 2015. Accessed February 28, 2016.
81. 81 Grossman E. Big food is spending millions to lobby for less transparency. http://civileats.com/2015/08/19/big-food-is-spending-millions-to-lobby-for-less-transparency/. Published August 19, 2015. Accessed February 28, 2016.
82. 82 Hopkinson J. GMA unifies industry in label fight. Politico. www.politico.com/story/2014/02/gma-unifies-food-industry-in-gmo-label-fight-103223. Published February 6, 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
83. 83 Tims D. Coca-Cola donation to anti-GMO-labeling fight makes M. 92 the spendiest in Oregon history. Oregon Live. www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/10/coca-cola_donation_to_anti-gmo.html. Published October 17, 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
84. 84 Blain G. Groups are paying big money to stop NY lawmakers from passing law that would require GMO food labels. New York Daily News. www.nydailynews.com/new-york/groups-spend-big-stop-bill-gmo-labels-article-1.1830995. Published June 16, 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
85. 85 Lobbying spending database H.R.1699: Genetically Engineered Food Right-to-Know Act. OpenSecrets. www.opensecrets.org/lobby/billsum.php?id=hr1699-113. Published 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
86. 86 Berhsin P. Data release: Failed CA Prop. 37 (GMO Labeling)—Funding Profile ($55M Raised). MapLight. http://maplight.org/data-release/data-release-failed-ca-prop-37-gmo-labeling-funding-profile-55m-raised. Published March 9, 2013. Accessed February 28, 2016.
87. 87 Mapes J. Grocery manufacturers disclose big donors to anti-GMO labeling campaign in Washington. Oregon Live. www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/10/grocery_manufacturers_disclose.html. Published October 18, 2013. Accessed February 28, 2016.
88. 88 Evans N. SB 1381—An act to add Section 110663 to, and to add Article 6.6 (commencing with Section 110808) to Chapter 5 of Part 5 of Division 104 of, the Health and Safety Code, relating to genetically engineered food. MapLight. http://maplight.org/california/bill/2013-sb-1381/4077376/total-contributions. Published 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
89. 89 Kennedy B. GMA files lawsuit to overturn Vermont's unconstitutional mandatory GMO labeling law. Grocery Manufacturers Association. www.gmaonline.org/news-events/newsroom/gma-files-lawsuit-to-overturn-vermonts-unconstitutional-mandatory-gmo-label/. Published June 13, 2014. Accessed February 28, 2016.
90. 90 O'Hara J, Musicus A. Big soda vs. public health. Center for Science in the Public Interest. https://cspinet.org/new/pdf/big-soda-vs-public-health-report.pdf. Published 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016.
91. 91 Campanile C. Lawmaker proposes warning label on sugary drinks to fight obesity. New York Post. http://nypost.com/2014/11/13/lawmaker-proposes-warning-label-on-sugary-drinks-to-fight-obesity/. Published November 13, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2016.
92. 92 Ax J. Judge blocks New York City large-soda ban, Mayor Bloomberg vows fight. Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-sodaban-lawsuit-idUSBRE92A0YR20130311. Published March 11, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2016.
93. 93 Achen P. Industry supersized spending to beat beverage tax. Burlington Free Press. www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/2015/04/27/lobbyist-spending-beverage-tax/26476317/. Published April 27, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016.
94. 94 Clients lobbying on H.R.1687: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tax Act of 2015. OpenSecrets. www.opensecrets.org/lobby/billsum.php?id=hr1687-114. Published 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016.
95. 95 Prentice C. U.S. lawmaker takes soda tax battle to Capitol Hill. Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-sugar-sodatax-idUSKBN0FZ08320140730. Published July 30, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2016.
96. 96 Dinkelspiel F. A record $3.6 million spent in Berkeley campaigns. Berkeleyside. www.berkeleyside.com/2014/11/03/a-record-3-6-million-spent-in-berkeley-campaigns/. Published November 3, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2016.
97. 97 Meyer J. Quirky ballot issues: Durango stuffs bag fee, Telluride slams soda tax. The Denver Post: The Spot. http://blogs.denverpost.com/thespot/2013/11/06/quirky-ballot-issues-bag-fee-in-durango-falls-soda-tax-in-telluride-denied/102393/. Published November 6, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2016.
98. 98 Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, other soda makers spend millions to defeat San Francisco tax. CBS SF Bay Area. http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/11/05/coca-cola-pepsico-other-soda-makers-spend-millions-to-defeat-san-francisco-tax/. Published November 5, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2016.
99. 99 Wall T. Time right for soda tax, proponents say; business groups will fight it. The State Journal-Register. www.sj-r.com/article/20140222/News/140229725. Published February 23, 2014. Accessed March 16, 2016.
100. 100 Choy, L., Dela Cruz, M.R., Hagiwara, M., et al. Insights in public health: taxing sugar sweetened beverages to improve public health: policy action in Hawai'i. Doctoral Health Policy Seminar, spring 2013. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72:8 (2013), 286–291.
101. 101 Rogers R. Soda tax trounced in Richmond but may rise again on larger stages. San Jose Mercury News. www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_21951297/soda-tax-trounced-richmond-but-may-rise-again. Published November 8, 2012. Accessed March 16, 2016.
102. 102 Velazquez M. El Monte planning commissioner sues over soda tax ballot language. Daily Breeze. www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20120827/el-monte-planning-commissioner-sues-over-soda-tax-ballot-language. Published August 27, 2012. Accessed March 16, 2016.
103. 103 Marcelo, P., Competing claims on soda tax; general assembly. The Providence Journal, 1, April 11, 2012.
104. 104 Otterbein H. How the beverage lobby quietly killed the soda tax in Philly, again. Philadelphia Magazine. http://www.phillymag.com/citified/2015/06/12/soda-tax-philadelphia/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016.
105. 105 Spielman F. Influential alderman revives idea to tax sugary drinks. Chicago Sun-Times. http://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/influential-alderman-revives-idea-to-tax-sugary-drinks/. Published July 29, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016.
106. 106 Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384:9945 (2014), 766–781, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.
107. 107 Grocery Manufacturers Association. Our members. http://web.archive.org/web/20131223031329/http:/www.gmaonline.org/forms/MemberDirectory/viewMemberDirectoryAll. Published December 23, 2013. Accessed March 16, 2016.
108. 108 Lobbying spending database—Coca-Cola Co, 2015. OpenSecrets. www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000000212. Accessed September 10, 2015.
109. 109 Lobbying spending database—PepsiCo Inc, 2015. OpenSecrets. www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000000200. Accessed September 10, 2015.
110. 110 Lobbying spending database—American Beverage Association 2011. OpenSecrets. https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000000491&year=2011. Accessed September 10, 2015.
111. 111 O'Connor A. Coca-Cola funds scientists who shift blame for obesity away from bad diets. New York Times. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/?_r=0. Published August 9, 2015. Accessed June 12, 2016.
112. 112 Coke discloses more of its funding on health efforts. U.S. News and World Report. www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2016-03-24/coke-discloses-more-of-its-funding-on-health-efforts. Published June 30, 2014. Accessed June 12, 2016.
113. 113 Neuman, W., Nonprofit ends soda tax support; Save the Children says about-face unrelated to talks with Coke for grant. The International Herald Tribune, 20, December 16, 2010.
114. 114 Cialdini, R.B., Influence: Science and Practice, 5th ed, 2009, Pearson Education, Boston.
115. 115 Grynbaum MM. In N.A.A.C.P., industry gets ally against soda ban. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/nyregion/fight-over-bloombergs-soda-ban-reaches-courtroom.html. Published January 23, 2013. Accessed December 7, 2015.
116. 116 Choi C. Emails reveal Coke's role in anti-obesity group. CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/news/emails-reveal-cokes-role-in-anti-obesity-group/. Published November 24, 2015. Accessed November 24, 2015.
117. 117 Federal Trade Commission Self-regulation in the alcohol industry. www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/self-regulation-alcohol-industry-report-federal-trade-commission/140320alcoholreport.pdf. Published 2014. Accessed November 24, 2015.
118. 118 O'Connor A. University returns $1 million grant to Coca-Cola. New York Times. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/06/university-returns-1-million-grant-to-coca-cola/. Published November 6, 2015. Accessed June 12, 2016.
119. 119 Lurie J. Pepsi has made it almost impossible to track its money trail. Mother Jones. www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/pepsico-foundation-investments-taxes. Published December 14, 2015. Accessed June 12, 2016.