Expading dual labour market theory: Crack dealers and the informal sector

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy

Volumn 20, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 96-134

  Cross, John C ^a   Johnson, Bruce D ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (United States)

Author keywords

Crime; Drug abuse; Informal markets; Labour market

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992957675     PISSN: 0144333X     EISSN: 17586720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/01443330010789098     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adler, William M. 1994 Land of Opportunity: One Family's Quest for the American Dream in the Age of Crack. New York: Grove/Atlantic.
2. Alonso, Jorge et al 1980 Lucha Urbana y Acumulación de Capital. Mexico City: La Casa Chata.
3. Anason, Dean 1997 “Drug Profit Laundering Scam Uses U.S. Banks,” in American Banker. (10/23/97) 162(205):4.
4. Becker, Gary S. 1968 “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach,” Journal of Political Economy 76(2):169–217.
5. Belenko, Steven 1993 Crack and the Evolution of Anti-Drug Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
6. Belenko, Steven, Jeffrey A. Fagan, and Ko-Lin Chin 1991 “Criminal Justice Responds to Crack.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28:55–74.
7. Bromley, Ray 1978 “Organization, Regulation and Exploitation in the So-Called ‘Urban Informal Sector’: The Street Traders of Cali, Colombia.” World Development 6:1161–72.
8. Brownstein, Henry H. 1996 The Rise and Fall of a Violent Crime Wave: Crack Cocaine and the Social Construction of a Crime Problem. Albany, NY: Harrow & Heston.
9. Bryant, Kevin M and Mitchell J. Miller 1997 “Routine activity and labor market segmentation: an empirical test of a revised approach.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 22(1):71–100.
10. Calavita, Kitty and Henry N. Pontell 1993 “Savings and Loan Fraud as Organized Crime: Toward a Conceptual Typology of Corporate Illegality” in Criminology 31(4):519–53?.
11. Caulkins, Jonathan P., and Peter Reuter 1998 “What Price Data Tell us About Drug Markets,” Journal of Drug Issues 28(3):593–612.
12. Caulkins, Jonathan P. 1997 “Modeling the domestic distribution network for illicit drugs.” Management Science. 43(10):1364–71.
13. Caulkins, Jonathan P., Bruce Johnson, Angela Taylor & Lowell Taylor 1999 “What Drug Dealers Tell Us About Their Costs of Doing Business” in Journal of Drug Issues 29(2), pp 323–340.
14. Clawson, Patrick L. and Rensselaer W. Lee 1996 The Andean Cocaine Industry. New York: Saint Martin's Press.
15. Cooper, Mary 1989 The Business of Drugs. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.
16. Cross, John 1998 Informal Politics: Street Vendors and the State in Mexico City. Stanford, Ca; Stanford University Press.
17. Cross, John 1999 “Informal Sector” in The Encyclopedia of Political Economy, O'Hara, Phillip A., ed., London & New York; Routledge.
18. Crutchfield, Robert D. and Susan R. Pitchford 1997 “Work and Crime: The Effects of Labor Stratification.” Social Forces 76(1):93–118.
19. Curtis, Richard and Oliver Wendel 1999 “Toward the Development of a Typology of Illegal Drug Markets.” Paper presented at the Lindesmith Center, New York.
20. De Soto, Hernando 1989 The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper and Row.
21. Doeringer, P and M. J. Piore 1971 Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis, Lexington, MA: Heath/Lexington Books.
22. Dorn, Nicholas, Lutz Oette and Simone White 1998 “Drugs Importation and the Bifurcation of Risk” in The British Journal of Criminology, 38(4):537–560.
23. Dunlap, Eloise and Bruce D. Johnson 1996 “Family and Human Resources in the Development of a Female Crack-Seller Career: Case Study of a Hidden Population.” Journal of Drug Issues 26:175–198.
24. Dunlap, Eloise, Bruce D. Johnson and Ali Manwar 1994 “A successful female crack dealer: Case study of a deviant career.” Deviant Behavior 15: 1–25
25. Dunlap, Eloise, Bruce D. Johnson, and Lisa Maher 1997 “Female Crack Sellers in New York: Who They Are and What They Do.” Women and Criminal Justice 8(4):25–55.
26. Egan, Timothy 1999 “CRACK'S LEGACY: A SPECIAL REPORT: A Drug Ran Its Course, Then Hid With Its Users” New York Times. 9/19/99. p 1, 46.
27. Fagan, Jeffrey A. and Ko-lin Chin 1989 “Initiation into Crack and Cocaine: A Tale of Two Epidemics.” Contemporary Drug Problems 16:579–618.
28. Fagan, Jeffrey A. 1992 “Drug selling and illicit income in distressed neighborhoods: The economic lives of street level drug users and dealers.” Pp 99–146 in Drugs, Crime and Social, eds. Adele V. Harrell and George Peterson. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute Press.
29. France, Mike “Corporate America's Colombian Connection: How ‘Peso Brokers’ use U.S. manufacturers to wash the narcotic cartel's cash,” in Business Week (12/1/97) #3555:165–7.
30. Furst, R. Terry, Bruce D. Johnson, Eloise Dunlap and Richard Curtis “The Stigmatized image of the ‘crackhead’: a sociological exporation of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City.” Deviant Behavior 20:153–181.
31. Goldstein, Paul J., et al 1989 “Crack and Homicide in New York City, 1988: a conceptually based event analysis.” Contemporary Drug Problems 16:651–687.
32. Golub, Andrew and Bruce D. Johnson 1994 “A Recent Decline in Cocaine Use Among Youthful Arrestees in Manhatten (1987–1993).” American Journal of Public Health 84:1250–54.
33. Gordon, Diana R. 1994 “The return of the dangerous classes: drug prohibition and policy politics,” in De-Americanizing drug policy: the search for alternatives for failed repression, Lorenz Bollinger (ed) New York.
34. Grey, Mike 1998 Drug Crazy: How we got into this mess & how we can get out. New York: Random House.
35. Greenfield, Harry 1993 Invisible, Outlaws, and Untaxed: America's Underground Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
36. Hall, Mary F. 1997 “The ‘War on Drugs’: a continuation of the war on the African American Family.” Smith College Studies in Social Work 67: 609–621.
37. Hamid, Ansley 1990 “The Political Economy of Crack-Related Violence”. Contemporary Drug Problems. 17(1):31–78
38. Hart, J. Keith 1973 “Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 6:106–20.
39. Hatsukami, and Fischmas 1996 “Crack Cocaine amd Cocaine Hydrochloride: are the differences myth or reality?” Journal of the American Medical Association 276:1580–8.
40. Huston, Peter 1995 Tongs, Gangs and Triads: Chinese Crime Groups in North America. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.
41. Iacobacci, Mario 1999 “Segmented and Dual Labor Markets” in The Encyclopedia of Political Economy, O'Hara, Phillip A., ed., London & New York; Routledge.
42. Jacobs, Bruce A. 1996a “Crack dealer's apprehension avoidance techniques: a case of restrictive deterrence.” Justice Quarterly 13:359–381.
43. Jacobs, Bruce A. 1996b “Crack dealers and restrictive deterrence: identifying narcs.” Criminology 34:409–31.
44. Jacobs, Bruce A. 1999 Dealing Crack: The Social World of Streetcorner Selling. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
45. Jensen, Eric L. and Jurg Gerber 1998 The new war on drugs: symbolic politics and criminal justice policy. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing company
46. Johnson, Bruce D., Eloise Dunlap and Lisa Maher 1998 “Nurturing for Careers in Drug Use and Crime: Conduct Norms for Children and Juveniles in Crack Using Households” in Substance Abuse and Misuse 33(7):1511–1546.
47. Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub and Jeffrey Fagan 1995 “Careers in Crack, Drug Use, Drug Distribution, and Nondrug Criminality.” Crime & Delinquency 41(3):275–295)
48. Johnson, Bruce D. and John Muffler 1992 “Sociocultural Aspects of Drug Use and Abuse in the 1990s.” Pp. 118–35 in Substance Abuse Treatment, 2 ed., edited by J. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, and R. Millman. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
49. Johnson, Bruce D., Terry Williams, Kojo Dei, and Harry Sanabria 1990 “Drug Abruse and the Inner City: Impact on Hard Drug Users and the Community.” Pp. 9–67 in Drugs and Crime, Vol 13, Michael Tory and James Q. Wilson. (eds). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. Johnson, Bruce D. and Natarajan 1995 “Strategies to avoid arrest: Crack seller's response to intensified policing.” American Journal of Police 14(3/4):49–69.
51. Lee, Rensselaer 1992 “Colombia's Cocaine Syndicates,” in Alfred McCoy and Alan Block (eds.) War on Drugs: Studies in the Failure of US Narcotics Policy. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.
52. Lopez-Garza, Marta C. 1985 Informal Labor in a Capitalist Economy: Urban Mexico. Doctoral Dissertation in Sociology at UCLA. AnnArbor, Mich.: University Microfilms Library Service.
53. Maher, Lisa 1998 Sexed Work: Gender, Race and Resistance in a Brooklyn Drug Market. New York: Clarendon Press.
54. Maher, Lisa and Kathleen Daly 1996 “Women in the street-level drug economy: continuity or change?” Criminology 34:465–491.
55. Maher, Lisa, Eloise Dunlap, Bruce D. Johnson, et al 1996 “Gender, power and alternative living arrangements in the inner-city crack culture.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:181–205.
56. MacCoun, Robert, and Peter Reuter 1992 “Are the wages of sin $30 an hour? Economic aspects of street-level drug dealing,” Crime and Delinquency 38:477–91.
57. McCahay, Richard M. 1982 “Labor Market Segmentation, human capital, and the economics of crime.” Dissertation.
58. Mieczkowski, Thomas 1991 “Crack distribution in Detroit,” Contemporary Drug Problems 17(1):9–30.
59. Mieczkowski, Thomas 1992 “Crack dealing on the street: The crew system and the crack house.” Justice Quarterly 9:151–63.
60. Miller, Jody 1995 “Gender and power on the streets: street prostitution in the era of crack cocaine.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 23:427–452.
61. Morales, Edmundo 1990 Cocaine White Gold Rush in Peru. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
62. Painter, James 1995 Bolivia and Coca: A Studyin Dependency. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
63. Peattie, Lisa A. 1987 “An Idea in Good Currency and How it Grew: The Informal Sector.” World Development 15(7):851–60.
64. Portes, Alejandro and John Walton 1981 Labor, Class and the International System. New York: Academic Press.
65. Portes, Alejandro, Manuel Castells, and Lauren A. Benton 1989 The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
66. Rakowski, Cathy A. 1994 “Convergence and Divergence in the Informal Sector Devate: A Focus on Latin America.” World Development 22:501–516.
67. Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine 1989 “Crack in Context: Politics and the Media in the Making of a Drug Scare.” Contemporary Drug Problems 16:535–78
68. Reuter, Peter 1985 The Organization of Illegal Markets. Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited.
69. Saint-Paul, Gilles 1997 Dual Labor Markets: A Macroeconomic Perspective. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
70. Sethuraman, S. V. 1981 The Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries: Employment, Poverty and Environment. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.
71. Simon, David R. and D. Stanley Eitzen 1998 Elite Deviance. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
72. Skolnick, Jerome H., Theodore Correl, Elizabeth Navarro, and Rober Rabb 1990 “The Social Structure of Street Drug Dealing”. American Journal of Police. 9(1):1–41.
73. Slapper, Gary 1993 “Corporate Manslaughter: an examination of the determinants of prosecutorial policy.” Social and Legal Studies 2:424–443.
74. Tokman, Victor E. 1978 “An Exploration into the nature of Informal-Formal Sector Relationships.” World Development 6:1065–76.
75. UN-IDCP (United Nations International Drug Control Program) 1979 World Drug Report. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
76. U.S. Sentencing Commission 1995 Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Sentencing Commission.
77. VanNostrand, Lise-Marie and Richard Tewksbury 1999 “The motives and mechanics of operating an illegal drug enterprise.” Deviant Behavior 20:57–83
78. Waldorf, Dan 1993 “Don't be your own best customer—drug use of San Francisco gang drug sellers.” Crime, Law and Social Change 19(1):1–15.
79. Webb, Gary 1998 Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. New York: Seven Stories Press.
80. Weir, William 1995 In the Shadow of the dope fiend: America's war on drugs. North Haven, CT: Shoestring Press.
81. Williams, Terry 1990 The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring. Perseus Press.
82. Williams, Terry 1993 Crackhouse: Notes from the end of the line. New York: Viking Penguin.
83. Wilson, William Julius 1980 When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
84. Yeager, Matthew 1975 “The Political Economy of Illicit Drugs.” Contemporary Drug Problems 4:141–178.
85. Zentner, Joseph L. “Cocaine and the Criminal Sanction.” in Journal of Drug Issues 7(2):93–101