Crack de/ lers' apprehension avoidance techniques: A case of restrictive deterrence

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 359-381

  Jacobs, Bruce A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993028917     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418829600093011     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Adler, P.A. 1985. Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper. Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Anderson, E. 1990. Streetwise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. Biernacki, P. and D. Waldorf. 1981 "Snowball Sampling." Sociological Methods and Research 10:141-63.
4. Bourgois, P. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in el Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Carey, J.T. 1968. The College Drug Scene. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
6. Cromwell, P., J. Olson, and D. Avary. 1991. Breaking and Entering: An Ethnographic Analysis of Burglary. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
7. Decker, S.H. and B. Van Winkle. 1994. Slinging Dope: The Role of Gangs and Gang Members in Drug Sales." Justice Quarterly 11:583-604.
8. Decker, S.H., R. Wright, and R. Logie. 1993. "Perceptual Deterrence among Active Residential Burglars: A Research Note" Criminology 31:135-47.
9. Dunlap, E., B. Johnson, and L. Maher. 1995. "Female Crack Sellers in New York City: Who They Are and What They Do." Unpublished manuscript.
10. Dunlap, E., B. Johnson, and A. Manwar. 1994. "A Successful Female Crack Dealer. Case Study of a Deviant Career." Deviant Behavior 15:1-25.
11. Durkheim, E. 1951. Suicide. New York: Free Press.
12. Empey, L.T. and M.C. Stafford. 1991. American Delinquency. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
13. Fagan, J. 1989. "The Social Organization of Drug Use and Drug Dealing among Urban Gangs." Criminology 27:633-69.
14. Felson, M. 1987. "Routine Activities and Crime Prevention in the Developing Metropolis." Criminology 25:911-31.
15. Fields, A. 1984. "Weedslingers: A Study of Young Black Marijuana Dealers." Urban Life 13:247-70.
16. Gibbs, J.P. 1975. Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence. New York: Elsevier.
17. Glassner, B. and C. Carpenter. 1985. "The Feasibility of an Ethnographic Study of Property Offenders: A Report Prepared for the National Institute of Justice." Mimeographed report.
18. Goffman, E. 1971. Relations in Public: Micro Studies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books
19. Inciardi, J.A. 1986. The War on Drugs: Heroin, Cocaine, Crime, and Public Policy. Palo Alto: Mayfield.
20. Inciardi, J.A. 1991. "Kingrats, Chicken Heads, Stow Necks, Freaks, and Blood Suckers: A Glimpse at the Miami Sex-for-Crack Market." Pp. 37-67 in Crack Pipe as Pimp, edited by Mitchell S. Rather. New York: Lexington Books.
21. Jacobs, B.A. 1993. "Undercover Deception Clues: A Case of Restrictive Deterrence." Criminology 31:281-99.
22. Jacobs, B.A. 1996. "Crack Dealers and Restrictive Deterrence: Identifying Narcs." Criminology, in press.
23. Jacobs, J. 1961. The Life and Death of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
24. Johnson, B., T. Williams, and H. Sanabria. 1991. "Emerging Models of Crack Distribution." Pp. 56-78 in Drugs and Crime: A Reader, edited by T. Mieczkowski. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
25. Klein, M. 1995. The American Street Gang. New York: Oxford University Press
26. Langer, J. 1977. "Drug Entrepreneurs and Dealing Culture." Social Problems 24:377-85.
27. Lieb, J. and S. Olson. 1976. "Prestige, Paranoia, and Profit: On Becoming a Dealer of Illicit Drugs in a University Community" Journal of Drug Issues 6:356-69.
28. MacCoun, R. and P. Reuter. 1992. "Are the Wages of Sin $30 an Hour? Economic Aspects of Street-Level Drug Dealing." Crime and Delinquency 38:477-91.
29. Manning, P.K. 1980. The Narcs' Game. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
30. Mark, A., R. Kleiman, and K.D. Smith. 1990. "State and Local Drug Enforcement: In Search of a Strategy." Pp. 69-108 in Drugs and Crime, Vol. 13, edited by Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. McCall, G. 1978. Observing the Law. New York: Free Press.
32. Mieczkowski, T. 1989 "Geeking Up and Throwing Down: Heroin Street Life in Detroit." Criminology 32:197-219.
33. Moore, M.H. 1977. Buy and Bust. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
34. Morris, N. and F. Zimring. 1969. "Deterrence and Corrections." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 381:137-46.
35. Oakley, A. 1981. "Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms." Pp. 50-70 in Doing Feminist Research, edited by Helen Roberts. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul
36. Padilla, F.M 1992. The Gang as an American Enterprise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
37. Paternoster, R. 1987. "The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues." Justice Quarterly 4:173-217.
38. Paternoster, R. 1988. "Decisions to Participate in and Desist from Four Types of Common Delinquency: Deterrence and the Rational Choice Perspective." Law and Society Review 23:7-40
39. Paternoster, R 1989. "Absolute and Restrictive Deterrence in a Panel of Youth: Explaining the Onset, Persistence, Desistence of Offending, and Frequency of Delinquent Offending." Social Problems 36:289-309.
40. Paternoster, R. and A. Piquero. 1995. "Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:251-86.
41. Polsky, N. 1967. Hustlers, Beats, and Others. Chicago: Aldine.
42. Redlinger, L.J. 1975. "Marketing and Distributing Heroin." Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 7:331-53.
43. Sanchez-Jankowski, M. 1991. Islands in the Street Berkeley: University of California Press.
44. Schutz, A. 1967. The Phenomenology of the Social World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
45. Shaw, C.R. and H.D. McKay. 1992. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Stafford, M. and M. Warr. 1993. "A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30:123-35.
47. Stark, R. 1987. "Deviant Places: A Theory of the Ecology of Crime." Criminology 25:893-909.
48. Sviridoff, M. and S.T Hitlsman. 1994. "Assessing the Community Effects of Tactical Narcotics Teams." Pp. 114-28 in Drugs and Crime, edited by D.L. MacKenzie and C-D. Uchida. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Taylor, C. 1990. Dangerous Society. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
50. Van Maanen, J. 1978. "The Asshole." Pp. 221-38 in Policing: A View from the Street, edited by Peter K. Manning and John Van Maanen. Santa Monica: Goodyear.
51. Waldorf, D. and S. Murphy. 1995. Perceived Risks and Criminal Justice Pressures on Middle Class Cocaine Sellers." Journal of Drug Issues 25:11-32.
52. Williams, T. 1989. The Cocaine Kids. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
53. Worden, R.E., T.S. Bynum, and J. Frank. 1994. "Police Crackdowns on Drug Abuse and Trafficking." Pp. 95-113 in Drugs and Crime, edited by D.L. MacKenzie and C.D. Uchida. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
54. Wright, R.T. and S.H. Decker. 1994. Burglars on the Job. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
55. Yablonsky, L. 1966 The Violent Gang. New York: Macmillan.
56. Zimring, F.E. and G.J. Hawkins. 1973. Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
57. Zipf, G. 1950. The Principle of Least Effort. Reading, M.A: Addison-Wesley.